+$%,7$7,,,
7KH,UUHVLVWLEOH
5LVHRI&LWLHV
Karina Marzano Franco
Abstract
Karina Marzano)UDQFR
Project Manager
Regional Programme Energy
Security and Climate Change
in Latin America - Konrad
Adenauer Foundation
)URP WR 2FWREHU /DWLQ $PHULFD
ZLOO KRVW IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV
&RQIHUHQFH RQ +RXVLQJ DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH 8UEDQ
'HYHORSPHQW KHOG HYHU\ \HDUV 7KH WKLUG HGLWLRQ
RI WKLV &RQIHUHQFH +DELWDW ,,, ZLOO WDNH SODFH LQ
4XLWR(FXDGRUDQGZLOOEHWKHILUVWJOREDOFRQIHUHQFH
DIWHUWKHDSSURYDORIWKH6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW
*RDOV6'*
7KH8QLWHG1DWLRQV*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\GHFLGHG
WR FRQYHQH WKH +DELWDW ,,, &RQIHUHQFH WR UHLQYLJRUDWH
WKH JOREDO FRPPLWPHQW WR VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW
DQGWRIRFXVRQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH1HZ8UEDQ
$JHQGD,WVREMHFWLYHVDUHWRVHFXUHUHQHZHGSROLWLFDO
FRPPLWPHQW IRU VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW
DVVHVVWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVWRGDWHDGGUHVVSRYHUW\DQG
LGHQWLI\HPHUJLQJFKDOOHQJHV
7KLV UHSRUW SUHVHQWV WKH LQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ +DELWDW ,,, DQG WKH $JHQGD IRU
6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW )URP D /DWLQ $PHULFDQ
SHUVSHFWLYH ZH DQDO\VH WKH LQFUHDVLQJ SURPLQHQFH RI
FLWLHV DV LQWHUQDWLRQDO FOLPDWH DFWRUV DQG WKH
H[SHFWDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKH&RQIHUHQFH
2
Introduction
+DELWDW,,,ZDVFRQYHQHGE\WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\WRUHLQYLJRUDWH
WKH JOREDO FRPPLWPHQW WR VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG VKRXOG EH EXLOW RQ WKH
EDVLV RI SUHYLRXV FRQIHUHQFHV +DELWDW , 9DQFRXYHU +DELWDW ,, ,VWDQEXO 7KH FRQIHUHQFH ZLOO UHVXOW LQ D FRQFLVH IRFXVHG IRUZDUGORRNLQJ DQG
DFWLRQRULHQWHGRXWFRPHGRFXPHQWWKH1HZ8UEDQ$JHQGD18$7KLVGRFXPHQW
ZLOO VHW JOREDO VWDQGDUGV RI DFKLHYHPHQW LQ VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW
UHWKLQNLQJWKHZD\ZHEXLOGPDQDJHDQGOLYHLQFLWLHVWKURXJKGUDZLQJWRJHWKHU
FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK FRPPLWWHG SDUWQHUV UHOHYDQW VWDNHKROGHUV DQG XUEDQ DFWRUV DW
DOOOHYHOVRIJRYHUQPHQWDVZHOODVWKHSULYDWHVHFWRU
7KH 4XLWR ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 3ODQ LV RQH RI WKH WZR SDUWV RI WKH 18$ DQG UHIHUV WR
VSHFLILFFRPPLWPHQWVE\YDULRXVSDUWQHUVLQWHQGHGWRFRQWULEXWHWRDQGUHLQIRUFH
WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH RXWFRPHV RI +DELWDW ,,, &RQIHUHQFH $ GUDIW 18$
6XUDED\D 'UDIW LV DOUHDG\ DSSURYHG DQG ZLOO EH DGRSWHG LQ 4XLWR 7KHVH
FRPPLWPHQWVVHHNWREHFRQFUHWHDFWLRQVPHDVXUDEOHDQGDFKLHYDEOHIRFXVHGRQ
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGZLWKJUHDWGHSWKRILQIRUPDWLRQIRUIXWXUHDFFRXQWDELOLW\DQG
WUDQVSDUHQF\
:KLOH +DELWDW , DLPHG WR FRQWURO XUEDQ JURZWK +DELWDW ,, DSSURYHG WKH +DELWDW
$JHQGD ZKLFK KDG WZR PDLQ JRDOV WR JXDUDQWHH DGHTXDWH VKHOWHU IRU DOO DQG
VXVWDLQDEOH KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV GHYHORSPHQW LQ DQ XUEDQL]LQJ ZRUOG $GRSWHG E\
FRXQWULHV WKH +DELWDW $JHQGD FRQWDLQHG RYHU FRPPLWPHQWV DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV1RZ+DELWDW,,,DGYDQFHVWKURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQDWLRQDO
DQG ORFDO XUEDQ SROLFLHV WKDW LQWHJUDWH WKH QRWLRQ RI HTXLW\ WR WKH DJHQGD DOVR
HQFRXUDJLQJPRUHSDUWLFLSDWLYHDQGLQFOXVLYHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ
3UHSDUDWLRQIRU4XLWRDQGWKH3RVW$JHQGD
,Q SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU 4XLWR D VHULHV RI HYHQWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG LQFOXGLQJ WKH
'LDORJXHVRQ+DELWDW,,,DQG18$LQ5LRGH-DQHLURRQ6HSWHPEHU7KH
SURSRVHG WRSLFV ZHUH LQ OLQH ZLWK WKH 18$ ULJKW WR WKH FLW\ XUEDQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\
DQG UHVLOLHQFH GHFHQW KRXVLQJ XUEDQ VXVWDLQDEOH PRELOLW\ XUEDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
GHPRFUDWLF JRYHUQDQFH DQG VRFLDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ XUEDQ VSDFH DQG FLWL]HQ VHFXULW\
PHWURSROLWDQJRYHUQDQFHDQGPDQDJHPHQW7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQV
KHOG LQ 5LR ZDV WR VXSSRUW WKH %UD]LOLDQ SRVLWLRQ DQG SURSRVDOV UHODWHG WR WKH
3RVW $JHQGD DQG WKH 6'*V HVSHFLDOO\ WKH 6'* 6XVWDLQDEOH &LWLHV RQ
ZKLFKWKHGLVFXVVLRQVDWWKH+DELWDW,,,&RQIHUHQFHZLOOIRFXV
3
7KH $JHQGD IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW ZDV DSSURYHG E\ WKH ZRUOG
OHDGHUVLQDQGLQFOXGHV6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV6'*DQG
WDUJHWV ZKLFK RIILFLDOO\ FDPH LQWR IRUFH RQ -DQXDU\ DQG DUH XQLYHUVDOO\
DSSOLFDEOH IRU WKH QH[W \HDUV $FFRUGLQJ WR GDWD SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH 6'* PHQWLRQHGEHIRUHRIXUEDQH[SDQVLRQLQWKHFRPLQJGHFDGHVZLOO RFFXULQ
WKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG0RUHRYHUPLOOLRQSHRSOHOLYHLQVOXPVDQGWKHQXPEHU
ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR LQFUHDVH 2QH RI WKH WDUJHWV HVWDEOLVKHG E\ WKH 6'* LV WR
HQKDQFH LQFOXVLYH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG FDSDFLW\ IRU SDUWLFLSDWRU\
LQWHJUDWHG DQG VXVWDLQDEOH KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQW SODQQLQJ DQG PDQDJHPHQW LQ DOO
FRXQWULHVE\+DELWDW,,,VKRXOGSULRULWL]HWKHPHDQVWRDFKLHYHWKLVJRDO
6RXUFH%DVHGRQGDWDIURP:RUOG8UEDQL]DWLRQ3URVSHFWV7KH5HYLVLRQ
6XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQ'HYHORSPHQWZLOOEHWKHIRFXV
RI+DELWDW
6XVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ WKH JOREDO FOLPDWH DJHQGD
HVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKHUHSRUW2XU&RPPRQ)XWXUH$VDZHOONQRZQFRQFHSW
VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWLVGHILQHGDVPHHWLQJWKHQHHGVRIWKHSUHVHQWZLWKRXW
FRPSURPLVLQJ WKH DELOLW\ RI IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV WR PHHW WKHLU RZQ QHHGV 7KLV
FRQFHSWKDVHPHUJHGDVWKHJXLGLQJSULQFLSOHIRUORQJWHUPJOREDOGHYHORSPHQW
DQGFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHSLOODUVWKDWPXVWEHDFKLHYHGLQDEDODQFHGZD\HFRQRPLF
GHYHORSPHQWVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQ
4
6LQFH WKH 81 &RQIHUHQFHV RQ KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV D QHZ W\SH RI VXVWDLQDEOH
GHYHORSPHQW DULVHV LQ WKH DJHQGD VXVWDLQDEOH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW 7KLV PHDQV
WKDW FLWLHV JDLQ SURPLQHQFH LQ WKH FOLPDWH DJHQGD KLJKOLJKWLQJ WKH FRRSHUDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKHP DV & &LWLHV &OLPDWH *URXS 5HVLOLHQW &LWLHV DQG WKH &%
1DWLRQDO )RUXP RI WKH 6HFUHWDULHV RI (QYLURQPHQW RI WKH %UD]LOLDQ PXQLFLSDO
FDSLWDOV
*UHDWHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG LQIOXHQFH RI ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV DQG WKHLU UHSUHVHQWDWLYH
RUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKHSURFHVVRIJOREDODQGORFDOJRYHUQDQFHZKDWZHKHUHFDOOWKH
,UUHVLVWLEOH 5LVH RI &LWLHV ZLOO DOVR EH HPSKDVL]HG GXULQJ +DELWDW ,,, 7KH
SURPLQHQFHRIFLWLHVLVGXHWRDQXPEHURIIDFWRUVZKLOHFLWLHVRFFXS\RQO\RI
WKH WRWDO ODQG RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH\ DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU RI WKH HFRQRP\
*'3 PRUH WKDQ RI WKH JOREDO HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ RI JUHHQKRXVH
JDVHVHPLVVLRQV*+*VDQGRIJOREDOZDVWH7KHUHIRUHWKHUHLVQRHIIHFWLYH
FOLPDWHVROXWLRQZLWKRXWWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIFLWLHV
7KH KLJK GHQVLW\ RI FLWLHV FDQ EULQJ HIILFLHQF\ JDLQV DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQ
ZKLOH UHGXFLQJ UHVRXUFH DQG HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ 6'* ,Q WKLV UHJDUG MRLQW
DFWLRQEHWZHHQFRPSDQLHVVWDWHVPXQLFLSDOLWLHV1*2VDQGFLYLOVRFLHW\UHJDUGLQJ
WKHSODQQLQJRIQDWLRQDODQGORFDOSROLFLHVLVSURSRVHG
7KH/DWLQ$PHULFDQXUEDQVSDFH
7KH LVVXH LV HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ /DWLQ $PHULFD RQH RI WKH PRVW XUEDQLVHG
UHJLRQV LQ WKH ZRUOG ZKHUH RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ LV SURMHFWHG WR OLYH LQ XUEDQ
DUHDVE\8UEDQDUHDVLQWKHUHJLRQDUHRIWHQQRWDEOHWRFRSHZLWKWKHUDSLG
SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK UHVXOWLQJ IURP UXUDO PLJUDWLRQ OHDGLQJ WR HOHYDWHG SRYHUW\ DQG
FULPH UDWHV ,Q FUHDWLQJ D PRUH VXVWDLQDEOH HFRQRPLF RUGHU LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR
UHVSHFWWKHVRFLDOGLPHQVLRQVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGLQFOXGHWKHPLQWKHFLW\SODQQLQJ
SURFHVV 7KH 6'*V DLP WR HQG DOO IRUPV RI SRYHUW\ ILJKW LQHTXDOLWLHV DQG WDFNOH
FOLPDWHFKDQJHZKLOHHQVXULQJWKDWQRRQHLVOHIWEHKLQG7KHLQWHQVLW\DQGVSHHG
RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ KDYH FDXVHG ODQG RFFXSDWLRQ WKDW GRHV QRW WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RI LQGLYLGXDOV HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ
SDUWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQZLWKOHVVHFRQRPLFSRZHU
2Q WKH WRS RI WKDW /DWLQ $PHULFD DQG WKH &DULEEHDQ DUH FRQVLGHUHG SDUWLFXODUO\
YXOQHUDEOHLQWKLVDUHDZLWKRILWVXUEDQSRSXODWLRQOLYLQJLQORZO\LQJFRDVWDO
DUHDV //&$V LH WKRVH UHJLRQV WKDW ZLOO EH PRVW VHYHUHO\ DIIHFWHG E\ ULVLQJ VHD
OHYHOV DQG H[WUHPH ZHDWKHU HYHQWV 7KLV DVSHFW FRYHUV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI XUEDQ
SODQQLQJ WR HQVXUH LQGLYLGXDOV JUHDWHU VHFXULW\ DJDLQVW QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV 7KLV LV
LQWULQVLFDOO\ OLQNHG WR HFRQRPLF LQHTXDOLW\ ZKLFK JHQHUDWHV PDUJLQDOL]HG ZKR GXH
WRODFNRIRSWLRQVHQGXSOLYLQJRQWKHKLOOVDQGVORSHVPRUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRQDWXUDO
GLVDVWHUV
5
7KHUHJHQHUDWLYHFLWLHV
2QH RI WKH LVVXHV RI JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH WR WKH .RQUDG $GHQDXHU )RXQGDWLRQ
SDUWLFXODUO\WRWKH5HJLRQDO3URJUDPPH(./$LVWKHHQHUJ\LVVXHLQZKLFKFLWLHV
DOVRDVVXPHSURPLQHQFHWRGD\7KHIXWXUHRIJOREDOHQHUJ\HVSHFLDOO\WKHLVVXH
RI SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ WKDW VXSSOLHV WKH XUEDQ FHQWUHV VWDQGV RXW DV D PDMRU
FKDOOHQJH $OWKRXJK QRW D QHZ FKDOOHQJH ZKDW LV QHZ LV WKH XUJHQF\ RI D
GHILQLWLYHWUDQVLWLRQRIWKHHQHUJ\PDWUL[IURPIRVVLOIXHOVWRWKHXVHRIUHQHZDEOH
VRXUFHV *HRWKHUPDO VRODU ZLQG DQG RWKHU VRXUFHV DFFRXQW IRU RI ZRUOG
HOHFWULFLW\ JULG ZKLOH ELRIXHOV DQG VROLG ZDVWH DFFRXQW IRU DQG DUH JURZLQJ
VLJQLILFDQWO\ )DFLQJ VXFK D VFHQDULR WKH WHQGHQF\ LV WKDW FLWLHV DUH QR ORQJHU
PHUH FRQVXPHUV RI HQHUJ\ EHFRPLQJ LPSRUWDQW FHQWUHV IRU VRODU HQHUJ\
SURGXFWLRQ DQG XVH RI ELRJDV IURP VROLG ZDVWH ,Q WKH )HGHUDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 5LR
GH -DQHLUR 8)5- IRU H[DPSOH LW ZDV UHFHQWO\ EXLOW WKH ODUJHVW SDUNLQJ
SKRWRYROWDLF SDQHOV LQ %UD]LO ZKRVH FDSDFLW\ LQ WLPHV RI ORZ SHDN SRZHU FDQ
VXSSO\SRZHUWRWKHHQWLUHFDPSXVIRUDIHZKRXUV
7KLVHFRORJLFDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIXUEDQV\VWHPVRISURGXFWLRQFRQVXPSWLRQDQG
FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI HQHUJ\ ZDVWH IRRG DQG ZDWHU IDOOV ZLWKLQ WKH FRQFHSW RI
UHJHQHUDWLYH FLWLHV RU (FRSROLV FRLQHG E\ 6WHIDQ 6FKXULJ D UHVHDUFKHU DW WKH
:RUOG)XWXUH&RXQFLO$VVXPLQJWKDWFLWLHVPXVWQRWDEVRUEPRUHUHVRXUFHVWKDQ
WKH\FRXOGJHQHUDWHWKHSURSRVDOLVWRWUDQVIRUPFLWLHVLQUHJHQHUDWLYHV\VWHPV
$FFRUGLQJ WR D KROLVWLF DSSURDFK WKH REMHFWLYH LV WR DVVXUH WKDW ZH GHYHORS
FRPSUHKHQVLYH VWUDWHJLHV IRU DQ HQKDQFLQJ UHVWRUDWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DQ
XUEDQLVLQJKXPDQLW\DQGWKHHFRV\VWHPVZKLFKZHGUDZUHVRXUFHVIURPIRURXU
VXVWHQDQFH
3URVSHFWVIRU+DELWDW,,,
$OOWKHVHLGHDVDQGVXFFHVVVWRULHVZLOOEHEURXJKWWR4XLWREXWWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI
+DELWDW,,,LVEDVHGRQWKHFRPPLWPHQWRIDOOSDUWQHUVWRWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH
18$HVSHFLDOO\UHJDUGLQJWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIORFDODXWKRULWLHV)ROORZLQJDVHULHVRI
FRQIHUHQFHV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPLWPHQWV RQ FOLPDWH FKDQJH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH
GHYHORSPHQWLQUHFHQW\HDUV±5LRLQWKH$JHQGDIRU6XVWDLQDEOH
'HYHORSPHQW&23DQGWKHHQWU\LQWRIRUFHRIWKH3DULV$JUHHPHQWVFKHGXOHGIRU
1RYHPEHU+DELWDW,,,FDQKHOSV\VWHPDWL]HWKHDOLJQPHQWEHWZHHQFLWLHVDQGWKH
REMHFWLYHVRIQDWLRQDOSODQQLQJLQWKHLUUROHDVHQJLQHVRIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLFDQG
VRFLDO GHYHORSPHQW 6RPH TXHVWLRQV KRZHYHU VWLOO QHHG DQVZHUV HVSHFLDOO\
FRQFHUQLQJ ILQDQFLQJ DQG WHFKQLFDO VNLOOV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ HPHUJLQJ DQG
GHYHORSLQJ
8UEDQL]DWLRQ KDV EHHQ WUDGLWLRQDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG VRPHWKLQJ WR EH DYRLGHG GXH WR
YDULRXV SUREOHPV DQG FKDOOHQJHV LW FDXVHV 7KHUHIRUH 'U -RDQ &ORV 6HFUHWDU\
*HQHUDO RI WKH +DELWDW ,,, &RQIHUHQFH LQYLWHV XV WR XSGDWH WKH DSSURDFK WKH
SURSRVDOLVWRFRQVLGHUXUEDQL]DWLRQDVDWRRODORQJVLGHRWKHUVWUDWHJLHVVXFKDV
HQHUJ\ DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WR DFFHOHUDWH LQFOXVLYH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW
:HKRSHWKDWWKHRXWFRPHRI+DELWDW,,,KHOSXVFKDQJHWKHIRFXVRIWKLVLVVXH
6
9
Contact:
Dr.Christian Hübner
Regional Programme Energy Security and
Climate Change in Latin America
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
&DOOH&DQWXDULDV2I0LUDÀRUHV
Lima 18, Peru
Phone: +51 1 320 2870
[email protected]