Nationalism in Europe
Chapter 10, Pages 268 - 287
Quote of the day
Learning Goals
● I will understand how Otto Von Bismarck gained
power and what he annexed to add to German
territory.
● I will understand when the Second Reich came to
power and what government it set-up.
● I will understand why Germany set the economic
standard for Europe during the 1800’s.
A Unified Germany
Otto von Bismarck
● Otto Von Bismarck was a Prussian diplomat that rose to Chancellor, or Prime
Minister in 1862.
● Bismarck mastered Realpolitik, or realistic politics based on the needs of the
state.
● Bismarck would lead Prussia into three wars that paved the way for German
unity.
○ The Danish War of 1864
○ The Seven Weeks War
○ Franco-Prussian War
● Bismarck annexed many provinces to complete German unification.
○ Annex means to add (territory) to one's own territory by appropriation.
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●
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Danish War of 1864
○ Bismarck's first step in unifying Germany was to regain the Prussian states of Schleswig
and Holstein from Denmark. Germany recognized that an aggressive war to defeat
Denmark would likely incur the wrath of Britain. So Bismarck employed the help of
Austria, and provoked a war on Denmark in the Danish War of 1864.
○ With Austria's help, Prussia succeeded in defeating the Danes and annexing Schleswig.
Holstein was given to Austria.
The Seven Weeks War
○ Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866, beginning the Seven Weeks War.
○ With Austrian defeat, the unification of Germany came within reach as Prussia annexed
Holstein, Hanover, and other German territory at the same time dissolving the German
Confederation and regaining control over the German state. The Northern German
Confederation was then established under the control of Prussia and a new constitution
was created.
Franco-Prussian War
○ The Franco- Prussian War began when Bismarck encouraged a Hohenzollern prince to
take Spanish throne. This threatened French power in Europe and incited war in 1871.
Bismarck again led Germany to victory and German unification was complete.
● William I took the title of Kaiser, or emperor, allowing for
German Nationalists to celebrate the birth of the Second
Reich, or empire in January 1871.
○ They set-up a constitution that allowed for a two house
legislature.
■ The upper house had the power to veto anything the
lower house passed.
Germany Strengthens
● Germany was setting the economic standard for Europe by
the 1800’s.
○ August Thyssen built a small steel factory of 70 workers
into a steel empire of 70,000 employees.
○ German scientists supported research and development
in the universities and hired trained scientists to solve
technological problems in their factories.
○ By 1871, Germany had a single currency, a reorganized
banking system, and coordinated railroads built by the
various German states.
● What does the word annex mean?
● What are two reasons Germany was able to set the
economic standard in Europe?
Quote of the day
Learning Goals
● I will understand how Otto Von Bismarck gained
power and what he annexed to add to German
territory.
● I will understand when the Second Reich came to
power and what government it set-up.
● I will understand why Germany set the economic
standard for Europe during the 1800’s.
The Iron Chancellor attacks Catholics
and Socialists
● Bismarck wanted to keep France weak and isolated, and he
also realized that he needed to erase local loyalties and crush
all opposition to the imperial state.
○ Bismarck gained the name, “Iron Chancellor” because of
how he targeted these local loyalties, the Catholic Church,
and the Socialists in Germany.
● Catholics made up 1/3rd of the German population.
○ Bismarck was a Lutheran who believed that Catholics
were loyal to the Pope instead of Germany.
○ Bismarck would launch something called the “Kulturkampf”
or a conflict between cultures or value systems.
○ Bismarck passed laws that allowed the state to supervise
Catholic education and approve appointment of priests.
● After his campaign against the Catholics failed, Bismarck
began his campaign against the Socialists in the late 1870’s.
● German Marxists organized the Social Democratic Party,
which called for Parliamentary Democracy and laws to
improve condition for the working class.
○ Bismarck would pass laws that dissolved socialist groups,
shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings.
■ Workers unified in support of the socialist cause.
● By the 1890’s, Germans had health and accident insurance
as well as old-age insurance to provide retirement benefits.
● By 1912, the Social Democratic Party held more seats in the
Reichstag than any other party.
Kaiser William II
● In 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser.
● In 1890, William asked Bismarck to resign, stating that he
was the only master in the Reich.
○ William resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms.
■ He did implement social welfare, or programs to help
certain groups of people.
■ He continued Bismarck's public schools that taught
obedience to the emperor along with reading, writing,
and mathematics.
■ William launched an ambitious campaign that
expanded the German military, which helped it rival
Britain and France for overseas territory.
● Why did Bismarck gain the name, “Iron Chancellor”?
● What are two things the Social Democratic Party helped to
enact in Germany?
Quote of the day
Learning Goals
● I will understand how Giuseppe Mazzini helped to
begin the unification process with his group the
Young Italy.
● I will understand how Count Camillo defeated the
Austrians with the help of France.
● I will understand how Giuseppe Garibaldi helped to
unite all of Italy after defeating the British.
Unifying Italians
Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
and Giuseppe Garibaldi
Introduction (Do not write)
● Count Camillo Cavour was a ruthless politician that helped
build a strong Italian state.
● Before he came to power, Italians thought of themselves
Venetians if they were from Venice, Neapolitans from Naples,
or Tuscans if they were from Tuscany.
● During the Congress of the Vienna, Austrians took control of
much of northern Italy, while Hapsburg monarchs ruled
various other Italian states.
● Italian nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and
focused on expelling Austrian forces.
Giuseppe Mazzini
● In the 1830’s, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a group called,
Young Italy.
○ The goal of the secret society was “to constitute Italy, one,
free, independent, republican nation.”
○ Mazzini spent much of his life in exile, plotting and
dreaming of a united Italy.
○ Even though he failed at this endeavour, Mazzini and
other nationalists thought that a unified Italy made sense
because of geography, common language, and history.
○ His party constantly reminded Italians of the glories of
ancient Rome and the medieval papacy.
Count Camillo Cavour
● In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime
minster.
○ Like Bismarck in Prussia, Cavour was a monarchist who
believed in Realpolitik.
○ Cavour wanted to reform Sardinia's economy by improving
agriculture, railroads, and encouraged commerce by supporting
free trade.
○ In 1855, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean war
against Russia.
■ Cavour gained the attention of Napoleon III, allowing for a
secret deal with Napoleon who promised aid in case Cavour
went to war with Austria.
■ A year later, Cavour and Sardinia went to war with Austria,
defeating them with the help of France.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
● Giuseppe Garibaldi, an ally of Mazzini, wanted to unite the
southern part of Italy.
○ He accepted aid from Cavour and amassed a force of
1,000 red shirt volunteers that made quick work of the
British, unifying Southern Italy.
○ Cavour became worried that Giuseppe would set-up his
own republic in the south.
○ He urged Victor Emmanuel to send troops to deal with
Giuseppe.
○ Instead, the Sardinians overran the papal states and linked
up with Giuseppe and his forces in Naples.
○ In 1861, Victor Emmanuel was crowned King of Italy after
Giuseppe turned over Naples and Sicily to him.
● Who founded the group, Young Italy?
● Who was crowned King of Italy?
Quote of the day
Learning Goals
● I will understand how strong regional rivalries in Italy
still left the country with critical issues.
● I will understand what type of government was
set-up by Victor Emmanuel.
● I will understand how the problems of Italy led to
people leaving the country to settle somewhere else.
A Unified Italy
● By 1870, Italy had a unified land when Rome and Venetia were
given up by Germany and France.
● Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical national
issues.
○ The north was richer and had more cities, while the south was
rural and poor.
○ Popes resented the seizures of the Papal States and of Rome.
■ The Vatican was granted to the Catholic Church at this time.
● Victor Emmanuel set-up a Constitutional Monarchy with a
two-house legislature.
○ The upper house consisted of appointed members, while the
lower house consisted of elected members.
● Italy did industrialize in the northern regions, while reformers
campaigned to improve education and working conditions.
○ Still many Italians emigrated, or moved away from their
homeland.
○ Most settled in the United States, Canada, and Latin
American nations.
Get a piece of paper out and answer these questions! Hold on to
them so we can go over them together. This is your exit slip!
● Who utilized Realpolitik, and what is its definition.
● What did Germany do that allowed them to set the standard for
European economics?
● How did Bismarck gain the nickname “Iron Chancellor”?
● The Social Democratic Party helped to do what for Germany?
● Who founded the group Young Italy and what did they try to
accomplish?
● Who joined Britain and France in the Crimean War and what did the
alliance lead to?
● Who overran the Papal States?
● What type of government did Victor Emmanuel set-up?
Quote of the day
Nationalism threatens old regimes
Section 4, Pages 279 - 284
Learning Goals
● I will understand how different nationalities
challenged the continuity of the Austrian Empire.
● I will understand how the formation of
Austria-Hungary gave hope to smaller nationalities
within the empire.
● I will understand who lived in the Ottoman Empire
and how it was slowly dismantled.
The Habsburg Monarchy
● Rule and change nothing was the motto Austrians took after the
Congress of Vienna.
○ Newspapers were censored to not even include the word
constitution, and the government limited industrial development.
● The Habsburgs led Austria and its mixture of people that included:
Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Romanians, and Germans.
● Francis Joseph took the throne at 18 and led until the empire's
downfall in 1916 during World War I.
○ Francis set-up a new constitution and legislature that placed
Germans in charge after he was defeated in Italy.
○ Hungarians would disagree with this and demand change after
the war with Prussia in 1866.
○ In 1867, Francis Deak helped create a dual monarchy of
Austria-Hungary.
● The agreement to recognize Austria-Hungary as separate
states with a divided constitution and parliament angered
others who were not of Austrian or Hungarian descent.
○ Francis Joseph was emperor of Austria and King of
Hungary.
■ The two shared ministries of finance, defense, and
foreign affairs but were independent in all other areas.
■ By the 1900’s, nationalists unrest often left the
government paralyzed in the face of pressing political
and social problems.
● The Ottoman Empire ruled a multinational area like the Habsburgs.
○ Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East made up the
empire.
■ An area called the Balkans lied in this empire which had
areas of Greece, Serbia who both had gained
independence between the 1810’s and 1830’s.
■ Still nationalist stirrings would lead to the more and more
conflict in the area.
● Austria-Hungary would take control of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
● Britain and France would take control over the lands in
the Middle East and North Africa.
● Wars would continue for decades giving the area the
nickname the “Balkan Powder Keg”.
● What nationalities lived within the Austrian empire?
● What areas were included in the Ottoman Empire?
Quote of the day
Russia: Reform and Reaction
Section 5, Pages 282 - 287
Learning Goals
● I will understand the vastness that Russia had, but
how they failed to use it.
● I will understand what Nicholas I did to try and
strengthen autocracy and what the three pillars of
Russian absolutism are.
● I will understand what steps Alexander II took to try
and make Russia an industrialized nation that was
feared by others.
● Serfdom had disappeared in Western Europe by the 1700’s but
still survived and spread in Russia.
● Reformers wanted to end the autocratic rule, economic
backwardness, and social injustice that plagued Russia.
● By the 1800’s, Russia had acquired a vast multinational empire
that was rich in natural resources, allowing for a global presence.
○ Even with all of these aspects, Russia continued to fall behind
western powers in economic and social developments due to
its leadership and social structure.
■ Landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any
change that would threaten their privileges.
■ The majority of Russians fell into serfdom.
Nicholas I
● Alexander I died in 1825, inciting a revolt by liberal army
officers called the Decembrist Revolt.
○ These army officers demanded a constitution and other
reforms from the new Czar, Nicholas I.
○ Instead, Nicholas banned books from Western Europe and
had those with liberal or revolutionary ideas judged to be
insane and placed in mental hospitals.
● Nicholas embraced the three pillars of Russian absolutism.
○ Orthodoxy, or the strong ties to the Russian Orthodox
Church.
○ Autocracy, or the absolute power of the state.
○ Nationalism, or the respect for Russian traditions.
Alexander II
● Alexander II took the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War.
○ The war ended in a defeat, showing the flaws that Russia had
to the rest of the world.
○ The Russians had only a few miles of railroad, and the military
bureaucracy was inefficient.
■ In 1861, Alexander issued a royal decree that required
emancipation, or the freeing of the serfs.
● This was good, but left many serfs poor, fostering even
more discontent.
○ Alexander set-up a system of local government were elected
assemblies, called zemstvos, were made responsible for
matters such as road repair, schools, and agriculture.
■ Trial by jury, ease of censorship, and reforming the military
were also priorities.
● What are the three pillars of Russian Absolutism?
● What were the names of the local governments that
Alexander II setup?
Quote of the day
Russia Continued
Learning Goals
● I will understand what steps Alexander III took to try
and restore order after the assassination of
Alexander II.
● I will understand what steps that Alexander III and
Nicholas II took to try and industrialize Russia.
● I will understand how the war with Japan led to
discontent, Bloody Sunday, and then the National
Legislature.
Alexander III
● Peasants had freedom but still no land and liberals wanted a
constitution and an elected legislature.
● A revolutionary group called the People's Will assassinated officials
and plotted to kill the czar.
○ They succeeded in 1881 when they exploded bombs near
ALexander II carriage.
● Alexander III took over and strengthened the secret police, restored
strict censorship, and exiled critics to Siberia.
○ He also began something called the Russification, which aimed
to suppress cultures of non-Russian people, or the Jews.
■ He revived old laws that forced jews to live in certain
restricted areas and limited the number of Jews allowed to
study in universities and practice law and medicine.
Russian Jews in Liverpool
Russia focuses on industrialization
● In the 1890’s, Alexander III and his son, Nicholas II began
focusing on growing industry.
○ Count Sergei Witte, finance manager, encouraged
railroad building to connect coal and iron mines with
factories.
○ He utilized capital, mostly from France, to build railroads
and invest in transportation.
○ Nobles and peasants feared industrial growth while
government officials and business leaders encouraged it.
○ Industrialization in Russia would bring the same problems
it did throughout the world.
Russia Industrialized
● Long hours, low pay, and slums brought discontent.
● Socialists preached the teachings of Karl Marx.
○ One of these revolutionaries was named Vladimir Ulyanov.
■ He would changed his name to Lenin.
● In 1904, Russia entered into a war with Japan.
○ The war was a failure and allowed for the unleashing of
pent up discontent.
■ A march was organized by an Orthodox Priest that
would end at the czar's Winter Palace.
■ The protestors were met by soldiers who opened fire,
creating the day, Bloody Sunday.
○ The protest led to Nicholas creating a Duma, or elected
national legislature.
● What revolutionary group assassinated the Czar?
● What protest led to the creation of the Duma?