Faculty of Science Course Syllabus Department of Biology Biol 2004 Diversity of Life II: Diversity of Plants and Microorganisms Winter 2016 Instructor(s): Dr. Arunika Gunawardena (Plants) [email protected] LSC- Biology 6076 B, Office hours: Tues & Thurs 2:30-3:30 or by appointment Dr. Alastair Simpson (Microorganisms) [email protected] LSC-Biology 5088 Office hours: By appointment Lara Gibson (Lab Instructor) [email protected] LSC- Biology 5014 Office hours: When my door is open, or by appointment Course Description: Introduces the main domains of plant, fungal and microbial life, based on modern phylogenetic taxonomy. Examines the diversity, structure, physiology and ecology of non – animal life forms. Reviews the origins of the main lineages of living things - Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota, as well as the main groups of eukaryotes Course Prerequisites: A grade of C+ or higher in BIOL 1010.03 or (BIOL 1020.03, or BIOA 1002.03 or BIOL 1030.03) and BIOL 1011.03 or (BIOL 1021.03, BIOA 1003.03, or BIOL 1031.03); or SCIE 1505.18. Students who took any of these course prior to Fall 2013 and earned a C- or C should consult an advisor. Lectures: Lectures are held in the ROWE Management Building 1028 Tuesday & Thursdays 1:35- 2:25 See schedule below Table 1: Schedule of Lecture date, topic and laboratory topic for Winter term 2016. Please note, lecture topics may vary slightly by date but test dates are fixed. Date Jan5 Jan7 Jan12 Jan14 LectureTopic IntroductiontoPlants Bryophytes(i) Bryophytes(ii),Seedlessvascularplants(i) Seedlessvascularplants(ii) LaboratoryTopic Jan19 Jan21 Jan26 Jan28 Feb2 Feb4 Feb9 Feb11 Feb16 Feb18 Feb23 Feb25 Gymnosperms(i) Gymnospersm(ii) Angiosperms(i) Angiosperms(ii) Diversityoffloweringplants(i) Diversityoffloweringplants(ii) Primaryplantbody:roots,leaves,stems Theprivatelifeofplants StudyBreak:NoClass StudyBreak:NoClass TopicTBA Introductiontomicroorganisms:The prokaryotecell **Planttestoutsideofregularclasstime Theprokaryotecellcontinued Metabolicdiversityinprokaryotes Bacterialdiversity1 Bacterialdiversity2 Bacterialdiversity3 Archaea Introductiontomicrobialeukaryotes(cells andevolution) Microbialeukaryotesdiversity1:Mostly microalgae Microbialeukaryotesdiversity2:Mostly protozoa Macroalgae Fungi Bryophytes Feb26 March1 March3 March8 March10 March15 March17 March22 March24 March29 March31 April5 NoLabs Introduction SeedlessVascularPlants Gymnosperms Angiosperms NoLabs PlantLabExam Techniquepractice,teeth (1),Sporestains,Fungi(1) Teeth(2),Unknowns Fungi(2),Bacteriophage(1) Fungi(3),Bacteriophage(2) Protists,cyanobacteriaand algae Laboratories: Laboratory sessions occur weekly in rooms 5009 & 5014 of the biology tower. Laboratory sessions start on January 12th. You are expected to attend each lab session in your own lab period. If you know you are going to miss a session, please contact Lara Gibson prior to your regular date. The date and time of each lab are as follows: Table 2: Laboratory sessions for Diversity of Plants and Microorganism by lab section, indicating time and teaching staff. Lab Section Room Day and Time TA B01 5009 Monday 1:35 pm- 4:25 pm Chloe B02 5012 Monday 1:35 pm- 4:25 pm Gabrielle B03 5009 Tuesday 2:35- 5:25 pm Travis B05 5012 Tuesday 2:35- 5:25 pm Ellen B04 5009 Wednesday 2:35 pm- 5:25 pm Rebecca B06 5012 Wednesday 2:35 pm- 5:25 pm Heba B07 5009 Thursday 10:05- 12:55 Catherine B08 5012 Thursday 10:05- 12:55 Kaitlyn B09 5009 Thursday 2:35 pm- 5:25 pm Jacob B10 5012 Thursday 2:35 pm- 5:25 pm Kira Laboratory session are held weekly for 11 weeks of the term on the following dates: 1) January 11-14, 2) January 18-22, 3) January 25-28, 4) February 1-4, 5) February 8-11, 6) February 22-25 (Plant lab exam), 7) February 29- March 3rd, 8) March 7th- 10th, 9) March 14th- 17th, 10) March 21- 24th, 11) March 28- 31st. Course Objectives/Learning Outcomes The biology department has created a curriculum map of the courses it offers. If you are interested in seeing the map, you can find it at: https://biology.academics.cs.dal.ca/ On that page if you click on the courses link, you will come to a list of all the courses offered by the biology department. Clicking on any of the individual classes, leads to a class page, with a map for the class, illustrating what classes are needed to take the class and what subsequent classes require the class of interest. Below the map, you’ll find a list of assumed learning outcomes, these are the skills and topics a student is expected to know at the start of the class. Following this list is a second list of student learning outcomes, these are the topics and skills a student is expected to learn during the class of interest. The assumed learning outcomes, the list of skills and topics we expect you to be familiar with at the start of Biology 2004, include: • • Compareandcontrastthefundamentalfeaturesofmitosisandmeiosiswithemphasisonthe movementofhomologouschromosomesduringthesecellularreproductiveprocesses. Createscientificquestions,proposeawrittenhypothesisasatentativeanswertothatquestion andgenerateobservablepredictionsconsistentwiththathypothesisinthecontextofa particularexperiment. Demonstrateanunderstandingofmolecularphylogenetics,includingtheconceptoftracingthe evolutionhistoryofgenes(e.g.geneduplication,horizontalgenetransfer). Describethebasicstructureandfunctionoforganelles. Describethecomponentsofphotosynthesisandthemainstepsandproductsofeach component. DescribethemostbasicsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenBacteria,ArchaeaandEukaryotes, andtheevolutionaryrelationshipsbetween‘protists’andanimals,plantsandfungi. Describethephenomenonof(primary)endosymbiosisanditsroleintheoriginsofmitochondria andplastids(chloroplasts). Knowbasicfeaturesofthemajorgroupsoffungi,includingstructure,growthandlifecycles Knowthelifecyclesofmajorplantgroups. Observediversityofform,aswellaskeysharedstructures,acrossarangeofcellandorganism types. Recallbasicchemicalconcepts:bonding,formulas,concentration,theprincipleofbalancing chemicalequations,radiometricdating/radioactivedecay. Recallbasicmathematicalconceptsandtechniques:logarithms,exponentials,solvingsimple algebraicequations,slopesandintercepts,graphingandinterpretingsimplegraphs Understandthefeaturesthatallowedtransitionfromaquatictoterrestrialenvironments. Useandknowwhentomakeuseofcommonbiologicalresearchtoolssuchascompound microscopes,gelelectrophoresisunits,pipettorsandmicropipettors,bioinformaticstools,and enzymeassays. Describethebasicstructureandfunctionofbiologicalmembranes. Describethedifferentmacromolecules. Describethemajorplantcell,tissueandorgantypes. RecallhowcellsproduceandutilizeATP. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The student learning outcomes, the list of skills and topics we expect you to learn during Biology 2003, include: • • • • • • • • • • • Applystandardmicrobiologicaltechniques(streakplates,bacteriophageplaqueassays) Arrangeplantspecimensintothecorrectphyla Assessthecredibilityofsourcematerial Beabletouseadichotomouskeytoidentifygymnosperms Collectandprepareafungalsampleforidentification Comparereproductivestructures,dominance,sporetype,andvasculartissuebetweenplant phyla(includingovarypositionandracemetype) Describethediversityofsomemajorgroupsofprokaryotes:focusonProteobacteria;Grampositives;Cyanobacteria. Describethefourmajorplantgroups Describethemicrobialfoodweb(intheocean):dominanceandroleofBacteria;bacterivory andmicrobialpredation;mixotrophy;viruses Explainthedifferencesbetweenthethreemajorgroupsofmacroalgae(reds,greens,browns), triphasiclifecycleofredalgaeandcomplexthallusorganizationinsomebrownalgae Explainthekeyfeaturesofthemajorplantlineages(Non-vascularlandplants,seedless vascularplants,gymnosperms,angiosperms,monocotyledons,eudicotiyledons) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Familiaritywithdiagnosticbacterialidentification(catalasetest,differentialmedia,antibiotic sustainability) Identifyalgalgroupsbasedonpigmentation Learnandapplyaseptictechniquestocultureworkandsteriletransfers Prepareaformallabreportonaselecttopic Compareplantandanimalorganism Constructscientificdrawingswithscalebars Contrastgenerationaldominance,sporetype,dependenceonwater,independencefrom water,andreproductionbetweenthefourmajorplantlineages. DescribetheArchaea:SharedfeatureswithEukaryotes;ThermophilyandMethanogenesis. Describethebacterialspecies‘concept’,phylogenetictreeofprokaryotes(includingtheroleof genetransfer) DescribetheFungaldiversity:natureofhyphae;basicdifferencesbetweenzygomycotes, ascomycotes,andbasidiomycotes;Mycorrhizae DescribetheNitrogencyclefromamicrobialperspective(examplesofanaerobicrespiration, lithotrophy,nitrogenfixation) Describetheplastiddiversityineukaryotes,includingprimaryvssecondaryendosymbiosis Determineatestablequestionandalternatehypotheses Explaintheimportanceofplantstohumansandotherorganisms(oxygenproduction,crops, primaryproducers) Prepareslidesforusewithacompoundmicroscope(wetmounts,Gramstains,bacterialspore stains,andfungalhyphaecultureslides) Understandstructuresandfunctionsofmajorcomponentsof,andreplicationof,prokaryotic cells UseacompoundmicroscopewithKohlerillumination,includingimmersionoil Contrastplantlifecyclesbetweenphyla(Hepatophyta,Anthocerophyta,Bryophyta, Lycopodiophyta,Pteriodophyta,Cycadophyta,Ginkogophyta,Coniferophyta,Genetophyta, Anthophyta) Contrastthebenefitsandchallengesofmovingontoland Contrastthetissuearrangementofrootsandstemsbetweenmonocotsanddicots Describethedifferenttypesofpollinators,seeddispersalmethods,inflorences,andflowers. Describetheimportanceanddiversityofvascularplantsandsuccessofterrestrialplantlife Describetheprimaryplantbody(Root,Shootsandflowers) DescribetheprotistcellsandsomemajorgroupsofProtists;focusonHaptophytes,Diatoms, Apicomplexanparasites,Ciliates,Cellularslimemolds(includinglife/sexualcyclesforthelatter four) Differentiatebetweenthedifferentclassificationsoffruits Differentiatebetweenthedifferentgerminationtypes Explaintheenvironmentalfactorswhichlimitbryophyteandseedlessvascularplant distribution GiveexamplesofFermentation,Anaerobicrespiration,Lithotrophy,andAnoxygenic photosynthesis(vsoxygenicphotosynthesis) Relateevolutionaryadaptationstoplantdevelopmentandreproduction Course Materials Required: 1) Introduction to Botany, Custom Edition for Dalhousie University. Pearson. Available at the bookstore 2) Slonczewski & Foster 2013; Microbiology: An Evolving Science; Third Edition. An electronic copy can be purchased through: http://books.wwnorton.com/books/webad-detail-editions.aspx?id=4294990210 Old copies of Microbiology: An Evolving Science; Second Edition, or the 'custom edition for Dalhousie' excerpts from the Second Edition will also work. 3) Biology 2004 Laboratory Manual. These will be available through the bookstore. 4) A lab coat is required. Dalhousie university policy states that all students will wear a lab coat when attending a laboratory session with potential hazards. Lab coats can be transported to and from lab in a plastic bag. 5) Supplementary course notes: There are supplementary course notes for parts of the microorganisms section. These will be made available to you later in the term. 6) A clicker response system is required for the plant laboratory sessions and the microorganism section. Recommended: For a writing reference we recommend: Kinsely K. 2005. A student handbook for writing in biology. 2nd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. 237 p. [Dalhousie Killam call number QL 605 P68 1996] On course reserve at the Killiam Library: The following items will be placed on course reserve: • One copy of Introduction to Botany (2hr loan) • One copy of Microbiology (2 hr loan) WEB SITES: The course maintains an Online Web Learning (OWL) site at https://dalhousie.blackboard.com/webapps/login/ You can also access this logon from the main Dalhousie page by clicking on the OWL link on the upper right page banner. Once you log in you should be able to see pages for any of your classes that have OWL pages. The class maintains a class twitter feed @DalBiodiversity. You are not obliged to sign up to twitter or follow this feed. However this feed is for you if want articles on biodiversity, animals, plants, and the occasional picture. As a general rule we will not follow student accounts (we’re sure there are things you want to tell your friends and not us). The Dalhousie University Science Librarian, Michelle Paon, has put together a subject guide for biology. On this page you will find links to the key databases, relevant books, writing guides, and other useful research tools. You can find the subject guide here: http://dal.ca.libguides.com/content.php?pid=453&hs=a, and as a link on the OWL page. Course Assessment Test 1, based on plant diversity lecture material, **February 26** Test 1 is outside of regular class time. Please let us know if you have a conflict Test 2, based on microbial diversity lecture material Test 2 is scheduled by the registrar in regular exam period Lab mark = 27.5% Note: Lab exam held in lab week of Feb 22-25 45.0% Total = 100.0% 27.5% Table 3: Laboratory assessment components Assignment PlantsintheNews Microscopesetup WeeklyPlantQuizzes OWLbasedgymnospermquiz Unknownfruitassignment LabBook LabExam LabQuizzes Drawings Unknownassignment Macroalgaeassignment Bacteriophagequestionsheet Microscopeset-up Fungispeciesreport Cultureplates Slidepreparation OverallLabMarks Numberto MarkperNumber Complete PlantSection 1 0.5 1 0.5 4 1.5 1 1 1 1.5 1 2 1 11 MicroorganismSection 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 2.5 1 0.5 1 5 7 0.25 6 0.25 TotalValue 0.5 0.5 6 1 1.5 2 11 3 3 3 2 2.75 0.5 5 1.75 1.5 45 Conversion of numerical grades to Final Letter Grades follows the Dalhousie Common Grade Scale A+ (90-100) A (85-89) A- (80-84) B+ (77-79) B (73-76) B- (70-72) C+ (65-69) C (60-64) C- (55-59) D F (50-54) (<50) Note: As the Dalhousie common grade scale specifies grades as a whole number, we will consider the first decimal place when assigning grades and use standard rounding rules. Course Policies 1) Lecture Recordings: It is not permissible to make video or audio recordings of the lectures. The PowerPoint slides of the lectures will be made available to you. 2) Absences: It is likely that at some point during the term you will have to miss some instructional time due to illness or other exceptional circumstances. It is your responsibility to contact us as soon as you know you will miss a lab or test. For labs, the ideal situation would be to cover the material at a later lab session. However, it will not always be possible to accommodate requests to attend an alternate lab. The appropriate accommodation will be decided on a case by case basis. In all cases you are responsible for the missed material. Make-up examinations will be scheduled to accommodate students who miss an exam through illness and other legitimate reasons. Times, dates and locations will be determined closer to the examination time. Appropriate documentation (Doctors note, official letter from Dalhousie Sports Coach, etc.) WILL be required to receive permission to sit a make-up exam. If you know of your absence prior to the exam or are ill on the day of the exam please contact the appropriate lecture. 3) Assignments: All work submitted for credit must be completed independently, unless designated as a group project. Group work should be peer-reviewed prior to submission and all members of the group will be assigned the same grade. 4) Late Assignments:Unless otherwise stated all assignments are due at the start of your regular lab period, during the appropriate week. Grace Period: Because we understand that life gets busy, we have a grace period FOR SELECT ASSIGNMENTS. Where the grace period is in effect, you may always have until 1:30 pm the Monday following the official due date. However past this grace period, NO late assignments will be accepted. To be excused from an assignment past this grace period, you will have to provide documentation of a valid excuse. The grace period applies to the 1) Cyanobacteria & Protists drawings 2) The bacteriophage question sheet, 3) The fungi species report. 5) Referencing Style: In your work, ANY and ALL statements that were not empirically derived for yourself as part of an experiment or study, for that assignment, must be credited to a source. When crediting other people’s work please use the Name-Date system of the Council for Science Editors (CSE) style. There is a link to the style guide on the OWL website. All sources should be collected into a list at the end of your work and presented in CSE style. Your source list should be in alphabetical order. Referencing & Photo Credits (Con’t): A skill you should be cultivating throughout your academic career is to determine the credibility of your sources. The peer review process, where the methodology, results and broader context of an experiment are written up and submitted to other researchers in the same field of study are the most credible forms published work. Books and documentaries often draw their evidence from the peer-reviewed literature and as such would be considered credible sources. New articles may or may not be based on peer-reviewed sources and so have varying degrees of credibility. Web sources can be very confusing, some are based on the peer reviewed literature, some are based on people’s unsupported opinion or current working theories. There is a credible checklist flowchart to help you determine the credibility of web sources. A PDF copy of the flowchart document is located on OWL, under the lab folder. The flow chart was developed based on the criteria outlined by Dalhousie University Librarians. Please use the flowchart in conjunction with the following table (This will also be posted on OWL as a word document). As you move through the flowchart add “+” or “-“ to your table. As you increase the number of “-“ signs the credibility of your site decreases. After you have gone through all criteria you can determine if you site is credible, less credible or not credible. Table 4 Summary of online source credibility Web Site 1. Authority 2. Purpose/ Objectivity 3. Currency 4. Accuracy Overall 1. 2. If you are using websites as a references, please include the table as an appendix to your report. Photos: Not all photos presented on the internet are available for use. Some were developed for specific companies or sites and require permission or payments for use. However, if you look around you can often find photos that are published with creative commons or educational use licenses. A good source for useable photos is http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Referencing & Photo Credits (Con’t): If it unclear under which type of license the photo was posted, you must contact the creator of work to ask permission to use it for your project. When you present a photo you should place the name of the photographer and the license under which the photo is being used beside the photo. The full reference for where the photo was taken from should be included in your reference list. For example if you wanted to use this super cute photo of a Tardigrada in a presentation you could include the tag “Bob Goldstein & Vicky Madden, Creative Commons license”, either underneath or beside the photo. Then in your reference list you would include the full reference of: Goldstein B, Madden V. 2008. Wikimedia commons [Internet]. USA: UNC Chapel Hill; [2008 May; cited July 30, 2015]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waterbear.jpg At some point you may want to use video in your work. YouTube is a good source, but again you need to watch what type of license the video is published under. If it is the standard YouTube license, you can play the video from the YouTube platform, but cannot download it or embed in your presentation. If it is under a creative commons license, you can download and embed it. One thing to watch for is pirated video, ie, clips from shows like The Blue Planet or Shape of Life. If the clips are hosted on the production companies YouTube channel, chances are you may use them. However, if the clips have been posted by a private individual who has taken the clips from a video, it is not likely posted under fair use. If you use photos/ video in your work, you must 1) ensure the photo is licensed under a creative commons, public domain, or educational use license, and 2) on or near the photo indicate who the photographer is and the type of license it is used under. DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY POLICIES 1) Accommodation Policy for Students Students may request accommodation as a result of barriers related to disability, religious obligation, or any characteristic protected under Canadian Human Rights legislation. The full text of Dalhousie’s Student Accommodation Policy can be accessed here: http://www.dal.ca/dept/university_secretariat/policies/academic/student-accommodation-policywef-sep--1--2014.html Students who require accommodation for classroom participation or the writing of tests and exams should make their request to the Advising and Access Services Centre (AASC) prior to or at the outset of the regular academic year. More information and the Request for Accommodation form are available at www.dal.ca/access. 2) Academic Integrity Academic integrity, with its embodied values, is seen as a foundation of Dalhousie University. It is the responsibility of all students to be familiar with behaviours and practices associated with academic integrity. Instructors are required to forward any suspected cases of plagiarism or other forms of academic cheating to the Academic Integrity Officer for their Faculty. The Academic Integrity website (http://academicintegrity.dal.ca) provides students and faculty with information on plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty, and has resources to help students succeed honestly. The full text of Dalhousie’s Policy on Intellectual Honesty and Faculty Discipline Procedures is available here: http://www.dal.ca/dept/university_secretariat/academic-integrity/academic-policies.html Course note on academic integrity: The process of studying science is iterative; meaning that experimentation leads to new questions which in turn lead to new experiments. As such, any research you do is going to be built on the ideas of others, and you need to acknowledge their contribution to your thoughts. This is why we reference our work. This basic skill is the foundation on which scholarly careers are built. Throughout the term you will work both individually, in pairs and in small groups. In all cases it is expected that the work you turn in is your own and that it complies with Dalhousie’s academic integrity policy. In response to an increase in Academic offences in the Faculty of Science, and as a result we have been asked to remind you that it is up to YOU to ensure that you are fulfilling your responsibilities as academic scholars. You should be aware of two common offenses: 1. If you share your work with someone else and they copy it and submit it. BOTH parties, the person who shared the work and the person who copied the work will be held responsible and given a severe penalty. If someone asked to ‘borrow’ your work as an example, say no. Instead ask them what part of the assignment they are struggling with and see if you can answer their questions on that part. If you can’t remind them of our very extensive discussion board. You should also think about this in the context of a class you have already taken and your friend is currently in. If you pass on your assignment and they copy it, you can lose your mark for your completed class. 2. A fair number of classes encourage collaborative learning, we want you to work together to make the best answer possible. However, this does not mean that you can write one answer and each turn it in as your own. You still must turn in original writing to receive credit. Shared writing will be treated as plagiarism. It is my sincere hope that you recognize that the assignments in any particular class are designed to help you master the course content and other skills needed to be a professional in your field. The more you practice a skill, the better you become at it and eventually it becomes a marketable skill, which can only serve you well in the long run. 3) Student Code of Conduct Dalhousie University has a student code of conduct, and it is expected that students will adhere to the code during their participation in lectures and other activities associated with this course. In general: “The University treats students as adults free to organize their own personal lives, behaviour and associations subject only to the law, and to University regulations that are necessary to protect • • • • theintegrityandproperfunctioningoftheacademicandnon–academicprogramsand activitiesoftheUniversityoritsfaculties,schoolsordepartments; thepeacefulandsafeenjoymentofUniversityfacilitiesbyothermembersoftheUniversityand thepublic; thefreedomofmembersoftheUniversitytoparticipatereasonablyintheprogramsofthe UniversityandinactivitiesontheUniversity'spremises; thepropertyoftheUniversityoritsmembers.” The full text of the code can be found here: http://www.dal.ca/dept/university_secretariat/policies/student-life/code-of-student-conduct.html SERVICES AVAILABLE TO STUDENTS The following campus services are available to help students develop skills in library research, scientific writing, and effective study habits. The services are available to all Dalhousie students and, unless noted otherwise, are free. Service General Academic Advising Dalhousie Libraries Studying for Success (SFS) Writing Centre Support Provided Location Help with - understanding degree requirements and academic regulations - choosing your major - achieving your educational or career goals - dealing with academic or other difficulties Help to find books and articles for assignments Help with citing sources in the text of your paper and preparation of bibliography Killam Library Ground floor Rm G28 Bissett Centre for Academic Success In person: Killam Library Rm G28 By appointment: - e-mail: [email protected] - Phone: (902) 494-3077 - Book online through MyDal Killam Library Ground floor In person: Service Point (Ground floor) Help to develop essential study skills through small group workshops or oneon-one coaching sessions Match to a tutor for help in course-specific content (for a reasonable fee) Meet with coach/tutor to discuss writing assignments (e.g., lab report, research paper, thesis, poster) - Learn to integrate source material into your own work appropriately - Learn about disciplinary writing from a peer or staff member in your field Librarian offices Killam Library 3rd floor Coordinator Rm 3104 Study Coaches Rm 3103 Killam Library Ground floor Learning Commons & Rm G25 Contact By appointment: Identify your subject librarian (URL below) and contact by email or phone to arrange a time: http://dal.beta.libguides.com/sb.php?subject_id=34328 To make an appointment: - Visit main office (Killam Library main floor, Rm G28) - Call (902) 494-3077 - email Coordinator at: [email protected] or - Simply drop in to see us during posted office hours All information can be found on our website: www.dal.ca/sfs To make an appointment: - Visit the Centre (Rm G25) and book an appointment - Call (902) 494-1963 - email [email protected] - Book online through MyDal We are open six days a week See our website: writingcentre.dal.ca
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz