J. KAU: Mar. Sci., vol.
12, Special Issue,interruptos
pp. 175-188
(1421 A.H. / 2001 A.D.)
Pseudoplagioporus
Durio...
175
Pseudoplagioporus interruptus Durio and Manter,
1968 and Hamacreadium agyptia sp. n. (Trematoda:
Opecoeliidae) from the Red Sea Fish in Egypt
NAHED EL. Abdou,*RICHARD A. HECKMANN,
SAMIR M. BELTAGY and **AMEEN A. ASHOUR
Department of Biology, Faculty of Education,
Ain Shams University, Cairo,
*Department of Zoology, WIDB,
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. USA; and
**Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
ABSTRACT. The present investigation includes a description of two species of trematodes, Hamacreadium egyptia sp. n. and Pseudoplagioporus interruptus Durio and
Manter, infecting two fish species, Lethrinus nebulosus Forsskål, 1775 and L. mahsena Forsskål, 1775 (Family: Lethrinidae ) in the Red Sea. Both trematodes were described from Egypt for the first time. Fish samples were collected during the period
from February to November, 1993. A total of 103 Lethrinidae fishes were examined,
the rate of infection was 25%. In Lethrinus nebulosus, 24% were found infected, with
the highest prevalence during summer (28%). In case of L. mahsena, 32% were found
infected with the highest infection rate during spring (58%). A full description is given to the trematodes using both light and scanning electron microscopy.
KEY WORDS: Helminth parasites, Digenetic trematodes, Ultrastructure, Helminth Prevalence, Red Sea.
Introduction
In Egypt the first record of Pseudoplagioporus
nebulosae (Nagaty and Abdel Aal, 1969) was from
Lethrinus nebulosus in the Red Sea. Moreover, two
other species of Pseudoplagioporus ''P. microchis
Yamaguti 1942 and P. yamagutii Ramadan (1979)''
were also recorded from the Red Sea fishes L. haematoperus; L. mehsena, L. nebulosus; L. sp.; Mallas sp. and Serranus sp., by Ramadan (1979).
The genus Pseudoplagioporus was created by Yamaguti (1938) who reported the following morphological characters of this genus: This group of
trematode has a submedian ovary, lying between
the two testes; occasionally opposite to the anterior
testis. Oral sucker and pharynx are well developed.
Genital pore lies sinistral to pharynx or oesophagus and vitellaria extend in lateral fields in the
bifurco-acetabular zone. The type species of this
genus is Pseudoplagioporus lethrini Yamaguti
(1938) infecting the fish Lethrinus haematopterus
from the Pacific coast of Japan and Naha region in
Ryukyu island.
Linton established the genus Hamacreadium in
1910 for trematodes having oblique testes, preacetabular cirrus pouch, lobulated ovary and caeca terminating at the posterior end of the body. He described H. mutabile from Neomaenis grisens and
N. apodus (cited in Ramadan, 1983).
175
176
N.E. Abdou et al.
Hamacreadium diacopac (Nagati et al., 1962)
from Diacope falviflama and H. khalili (Ramadan,
1983) from Lethrinus mahsena and L. nebulosus
are two other species of Hamacreadium described
from Red Sea fishes.
Materials and Methods
Specimens collected for the present study were
purchased from fishermen working in the area of
Hurghada City. Samples were obtained during 4
visits to the area. Each visit took 4 weeks and the
schedule was arranged to consider different seasonal changes over the year (1993) and the time of
maximal fishing activity.
All collected samples were taken immediately to
the Gohar Laboratory in the same city for study.
Fishs were identified, weighed, measured and
sexed after dissection
For Light Microscopy: The parasites were put
in between two glass slides with a drop of 70% alcohol until they relaxed. After washing with distilled water, each specimen was stained in acetocarmine for 15 min, differentiated in 70% acidalcohol, dehydrated, and cleaned in clove oil.
Specimens were mounted on glass slides in Canada balsam, covered with thin cover slips and dried
in an oven at 40ºC. Specimens were drawn by
using camera lucida. All measurements were presented in millimeters (mm).
For scanning electron microscopy, another
group of parasites were washed in 0.7% saline solution and fixed in 7% formalin until transferred to
the Electron Microscope laboratory of Brigham
Young University, Provo-Utah. In the laboratory,
each specimen was washed 6 times with sodium
cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2), then fixed in osmium
tetroxide (OsO4) for 2 hr. The fixed samples were
washed in buffer solution, then fixed again in
OsO4 for 12 hr. Re-washing in a solution of cacodylate buffer was then done, and immersion of samples into 2% tannic acid for 8 hr was ensued (Murakami, 1977). Before the final step of fixation in
OsO4 for 2 hr, samples were washed in cacodylate
buffer again. The samples were dehydrated in a
graded series of ethanol, critical point dried,
mounted on stubs and coated with gold. The samples were observed with a high resolution scanning
electron microscope (Joel 6100).
Results and Discussion
Pseudoplagioporus interruptus Durio and Manter, 1968
Five worms, were collected from the alimentary
tracts of fish Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775)
and Lethrinus mahsena (Forsskål, 1775). All
measurements in mm.
Description
Light microscopy: The trematode worms are
orange in colour, elongated in shape and range
from 6.0 to 7.0 (6.5) long by 1.3 to 1.5 (1.4) wide.
Both ends of the trematode are rounded with slightly notched posterior border.
Rounded Oral sucker is lying subterminal, and
measuring 0.24 to 0.32 (0.27) in length by 0.26 to
0.39 (0.33) in width. The ventral sucker is located
at the end of the first third of the body, measuring
0.45 to 0.62 (0.55) in length and 0.39 to 0.68 (0.53)
in width; numerous characteristic muscle fibers are
present on both sides of the ventral sucker (Plate 1,
Fig. 1)Æ They are organized in a radial shape.
Pharynx is well developed and followed by a
long oesophagus. Intestinal arch is wide and intestinal caeca are unequal in length. One of the two
intestinal caeca ends close to the excretory pore,
while the other branch is shorter and ends 0.2 from
the excretory pore.
Genitalia composed of 2 diagonal Testes with irregular outlines situated intercecal nearly at the
middle of the fluke. Their lengths range from 0.27
to 0.50 (0.41) and 0.22 to 0.42 (0.37) in width. The
Cirrus sac appears swollen posteriorly and gets
narrower anteriorly and terminates in the genital
pore. Genital pore is located on the left side just
behind the intestinal bifurcation.
Ovary is lobulated, intercecal, lying in the middle of the body. Ovary ranges in length from 0.19
to 0.25 (0.23) and 0.28 to 0.32 (30) in width. Vitelline glands are numerous and extend in two groups
on both lateral sides of the fluke, at the level just
posterior to the testes, the vitelline glands appear as
extra – and interacecal bands on both sides of the
body, with few of such glands overlap the intestinal caeca. The vitelline glands extend anteriorly to
the level of intestinal bifurcation and posteriorly to
the posterior extremity of the fluke. Each vitelline
Pseudoplagioporus interruptos Durio...
177
Plates (1 and 2) Pseudoplagioporus interruptus Durio and Manter, 1968.
Plate (1): Fig. 1-2. Light microscopy:
FIG. 1. Light microscope drawing of the fluke showing oral sucker S, pharynx G, intestinal secum n, ventral sucker V, radial muscles
F, testes T, ovary O, vitelline glands Vg, egg E, genital pore R, and excretory pore ExÆ
FIG. 2. Light microscope image of the fluke.
Plate (1): Fig. 3-6. Scanning electron microscope images:
FIG. 3. Whole body of the fluke. Oral sucker O, ventral sucker V, and excretory pore ExÆ
FIG. 4. High magnification image of oral sucker showing the distribution of papillae on the tegument of the lip and around the sucker.
FIG. 5. High magnification of the square area in Plate 4 showing the tegumental papillae P.
FIG. 6. Transverse section of the fluke through the uterus showing eggs EÆ
178
N.E. Abdou et al.
gland is oval to elongate in shape and their sizes
range from 0.07 to 0.09 (0.07) in length and 0.05 to
0.07 (0.06) in width. Two narrow longitudinal vitelline ducts extend on both sides of the intestinal
caeca and another middle transverse vitelline duct
is clearly visible (Plate 2 Fig. 1 and 2).
Scanning electron microscopy: A scanning electron microscopy of the tegument revealed that surface of the fluke is covered with a rather smooth,
unarmed tegument. The genital pore is situated at
the mid-distance between the oral and ventral suckers. In a transverse section of the fluke at the level
of the uterus (Plate 1 Fig. 3).
In all cases, Eggs are numerous, fill the uterus,
which extend anteriorly from the middle vitelline
duct to the level of ventral sucker. Groups of egg
measuring 0.06 to 0.08 (0.07) in length and 0.04 in
width (Plate 1 Fig. 1 and 2).
On and around the oral sucker the tegument has
numerous large papillae which have no special arrangement (Plate 1 Fig. 4). At high magnification,
these papillae appear lobulated and measuring 10
to 15 µm in width (Plate 1 Fig. 5). The tegument of
Plate (2) Scanning Electron Microscope Images (continued).
FIG. 7. High magnification of the body tegument showing the presence of pores (arrows).
FIG. 8. High magnification of the surface of the ventral sucker showing Cobblestone-like processes.
179
Pseudoplagioporus interruptos Durio...
the ventral sucker reveals cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes (Plate 2 Fig. 8). On the dorsal
surface of the fluke, minute pits are found scattered in a regular pattern (Plate 2 Fig. 7). Eggs appear smooth, and rounded (Plate 2 Fig. 6).
The present fluke appears different from P. interruptus, which had been redescribed by GrabdaKazubska (1980) from fish Grenidens indicus in
Pakistan, in the position of the ventral sucker and
testes. The caecal arch is wider in the present sample compared to the other descriptions of P. interruptus of Grabda-KazubskaÆ
Prevalence of Pseudoplagioporus interruptus
Durio and Manter, 1968 Pseudoplagioporus interruptus flukes were recovered from Lethrinus nobulosus and L. mahsena. Among 45 fish belonging to
Lethrinus nebulosus, 11 were found infected with a
percentage of 24%. While in L. mahsena, 16 fishes
out of 58 examined samples were found infected
(27%). Table 1 summarizes the prevalence of Pseudoplagioporus interruptus in Red Sea fishes.
Again, the present specimen can be differentiated from P. interruptus, described from L. chrysostomus by Bray and Cribb (1989), in size and position of ventral sucker; body length; and ovary
width.
Table 2 shows a comparison between the original description of P. interruptus as given by Durio
and Manter (1968), its redescription by Bray and
Cribb (1989), and the present material.
Discussion
The present work represents the first record of
P. interruptus Durio and Manter, 1968 from the
Red Sea fishes and from the hosts L. nebulosus
and L. mehsenaÆ
According to the available literature no similar
flukes have been previously studied by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The present
work may represent the first description of the tegumental topography of a member of this family.
The obtained sample of Pseudoplagioporus interruptus, differs from the original description given by Durio and Manter (1968). The body appears
longer (Table 2), the extension of vitelline glands
was interrupted in the level of testes, while it lies
opposite to the ventral sucker in the original description. The position of the genital pore was near
to the caecal bifurcation in the present specimen
however, it is external to the intestinal caeca in the
original description.
The topographical surface of P. interruptus is
characterized by, aspinous tegument, few tegumental folds appear around the oral sucker, lobulated
papillae are found on the rim and around the oral
sucker, Cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes are
found on the rim of the ventral sucker. Absence of
papillae from the ventral and dorsal surface, and
presence of pits on the dorsal surface are characteristic.
TABLE 1. Prevalence of Pseudoplagioporus interruptus Durio and Manter, 1968 in the Red Sea fishes.
Hosts
Lethrinus nebulosus
Sex
male
female
Infection
male
female
Total
Length range (mm)
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
inf
8
320 - 1500
32 - 42
1
3
4
0
non
30
155 - 2020
28 - 59
5
10
15
0
inf
3
685 - 1500
39 - 55
0
1
2
0
non
4
695 - 3100
36 - 60
0
0
4
0
45
155 - 3100
28 - 60
6
14
25
0
inf
15
330 - 1240
27 - 42
6
4
5
0
non
37
85 - 1220
19 - 40
4
15
11
7
inf
1
250
25
1
0
0
0
non
5
270 - 1310
27 - 42
1
2
0
2
58
85 - 1310
19 - 42
12
21
16
9
Total
Lethrinus mahsena
Number Weight range (g)
180
N.E. Abdou et al.
TABLE 2. A comparison of the descriptions of Pseudoplagioporus interruptus by Durio and Manter (1968), Bray and Cribb (1989),
and the present.
Characters
Pseudoplagioporus
interruptos Durio and Manter,
1968
Pseudoplagioporus
interruptos, Durio and Manter,
1968; Bray and Cribb, 1968
Present description
Body: length (mm)
width (mm)
2.2 - 4.3
0.72 - 1.33
1.8 - 2.6
0.65 - 0.94
4.8 - 5.2
1.26 - 1.51
Oral sucker: length (mm)
width (mm)
0.30 - 0.40
–
0.22 - 0.30
0.24 - 0.30
0.24 - 0.32
0.26 - 0.39
Ventral sucker: length (mm)
width (mm)
0.47 - 0.71
–
0.34 - 0.49
0.44 - 0.60
0.45 - 0.62
0.39 - 0.68
– in the anterior half separated
by the uterus
–
–
in the posterior half,
in the posterior half
0.15 - 0.33
0.18 - 0.25
0.27 - 0.50
0.22 - 0.42
–
–
0.14 - 0.20
0.12 - 0.17
0.19 - 0.25
0.28 - 0.32
mid-oesophagus level,
interrupted opposite to the
ventral sucker
interrupted at the level of
acetabulum and extend to the
mid pharynx anteriorly
interrupted at the level of
the testes and extend to the
mid pharynx anteriorly
51 - 67 µm
40 - 59 µm
51 - 0 µm
38 - 59 µm
62 - 77 µm
40 µm
L. sp., L. glyphodon,
Plectorhynchus sp.,
Epinephelus merra and
Choerodon albigena
L. sp., L. chrysostomus, and
L. glyphodon
L. nebulosus and
L. mehsena
New Caledonia, Australia
New Caledonia, Australia
Red Sea, Harghada, Egypt
Testes:
length (mm)
width (mm)
Ovary: length (mm)
width (mm)
Vitelline glands distribution
Egg: length (mm)
width (mm)
Hosts
Location
Aspinous surface of the described trematode
was previously reported in other flukes such as
Gorgoderina attenuata (Nadakavukaren and Nollen, 1975); Leucochloridium sp. (Bakke, 1976);
Phyllodistomum umblae (Bakke and Baily, 1987);
Concinnum epomopis (Otubanjo, 1985) and Austrobilhariza variglandis (Barber and Caira, 1995).
The tegumental microtopography of the oral
sucker was characterized by lobulated papillae
raised from the folds around the oral sucker. These
papillae could be similar to what was described before under terms (wart-like cuticular bosses of
Schistosoma mansoni (Miller et al., 1972); papillalike integumental elevations of Diplostomum phoxini (Erasmus, 1970) and spherical surface elevations of Gorgoderina attenuata (Nadakavukaren
and Nollen, 1975).
The tegumental folds were previously described
from Gorgoderina attenuata (Nadakavukaren &
Nollen, 1975); Leucochloridium sp. (Bakke, 1976);
Concinnum epomopis (Otubanjo, 1985) and Phyllodistomum umblae (Bakke and Bailey, 1987).
The presence of folds on the tegument overlying
the suckers were previously observed in Leucochloridium sp. by Bakke (1976). He suggested that
the folds in the oral sucker may result from body
flexure and movements of the oral sucker itself. But
for the best of my knowledge, there are no TEM
studies so far had been done to insure this idea.
The protuberances ''Cobblestone-like cytoplasmic process'' of the ventral sucker were described
in many previous studies (Lee et al., 1984, 1987
and Chai et al., 1992). They may serve to increase
the surface area for absorptive function or to give a
rough surface to the ventral sucker that could be
useful for attachment of the parasite with the intestinal villi of the host (Nadakavukaren and Nollen
1975).
Pseudoplagioporus interruptos Durio...
No sensory papillae were observed on the surface of the body of the present fluke, this comes to
be similar to Gorgoderina attenuata Æ
The tegumental pits or holes that were demonstrated in the present material were characterized
by a rounded outline and regular distribution. Pits
are observed from several flukes such as Leucochloridum sp. (Bakke, 1976), Echinostoma revolutum (Smales and Blankespoor, 1984); and Concinnum epomopis (Otubanjo, 1985). Bakke (1976)
assumed that the function of these pits could be secretory, absorptive or sensory. Moreover, Smales
and Blankespoor (1984) suggested that the presence of such pits on the body surface of Echinostoma may have a secretory function only.
As regards the prevalence of this trematode in
fish hosts, the following data were observed:
– In fish Lethrinus nobulosus, the total infection
rate was 24%. The highest rate of infection was recorded during summer season (28%) followed by
24% in fall, then 16% in spring. No infection was
recorded during winter. The female fishes were
more infected by P. interruptus compared to males
(42% and 21% respectively).
– In L. mahsena, the total infection rate was
higher than that in L. nebulosus (28%). The infection rates were (58%) in spring, (19%) in summer
and (31%) in fall. Infection rate in males is higher
than females (29% and 17% respectively).
At the global level the distribution of genus
Pseudoplagioporus in the other areas is limited,
according to the available literatures, many species
of the genus were previously described such as
Pseudoplagioporus microrchis (1942) from Lethrinus haematopterus from Naha-Ryukyu island, Japan; Pseudoplagioporus trematode genera recorded from the marine fishes of the Arabian Gulf by
Saoud et al. in 1986. Pseudoplagioporus lethrini
Yamaguti (1938) parasite of Lethrinus sp. and P.
interruptus Durio and Manter, 1968 collected from
Lethrinus sp. and L. glyphodon were redescribed
from New Caledonia, Australia by Durio and
Manter (1968). Bilqees (1980) redescribed Pseudoplagioporus interruptus and P. lethrini from the
fish Crenidens indicus in Karachi coast, Pakistan.
181
Bray and Cribb (1989) recorded P. interruptus
Durio and Manter (1968) from Lethrium chrysostomus and Hamacreadium mutabile Linton (1910)
from Lutjanus amabilis in Heron island and Fairfax Island in the Southern Great Barrier Reef,
Queensland, Australia.
2 – Hamacreadium egyptia sp. n.
This trematode was also collected from the intestine of Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) and
Lethrinus mahsena (Forssål, 1775). All measurements in mm.
Description
Light Microscopy; Body is elongate, measuring
1.18 long and 0.52 wide, with the maximum width
at the level of ventral sucker. Fore body is conical
and hind body is rounded and wide. Oral sucker is
terminal, spherical and measuring 0.13 long and
0.1 wide. Pharynx is globular and measures 0.17
by 0.13. Oesophagus is wide and short, measuring
0.09 long and 0.05 wide. The caecal bifurcation is
situated much close to the oral sucker rather than to
the ventral sucker. Caecal arch is quite wide and
the intestinal caeca are unequal in length and terminate close to the posterior extremity of the body.
Ventral sucker is large, median and measures 0.2
in diameter.
Two testes are slightly irregular in shape and situated on the posterior third of the body. They are
unequal in size, the left testis is 0.05 long and 0.06
wide and the right testis is 0.06 in diameter. Cirrus
sac is well developed, it lies obliquely and extends
posteriorly to the ventral sucker, overlapping the
left cecum. Genital pore is situated anteriorly close
to the caecal bifurcation.
Ovary is small, rounded and situated on the
right side of the body in front of the posterior testis
and very close to the ventral sucker. It measures
0.04 long by 0.03 wide. Vitelline glands are very
small, continuous, and extending far to the anterior
end of the body. Eggs are not visible in the present
preparation. Excretory pore is terminal and seen
on the mid posterior extremity of the fluke (Plate 3
Fig. 1 and 2).
Scanning Electron Microscopy: The trematode
body has a conical shape, which is pointed anteriorly and has a wide posterior extremity. The excre-
182
N.E. Abdou et al.
Plates (3 and 4) Hamacredium egyptia sp.n.
Plate (3) Light microscopy.
FIG. 1. Camera Lucida drawing of the fluke showing the oral sucker S, oesophagal gland G, intestinal caeca I, ventral sucker X, testes
T, ovary O, cirrus sac C, and excretory opening Ex.
FIG. 2. Light microscope image of the fluke.
tory pore opens on a slightly invaginated posterior
tegumental notch on the mid posterior extremity of
the body (Plate 4 Fig. 3).
Scanning electron microscopy of H. egyptia sp.
n. revealed that the body surface of the fluke is
covered with aspinose thick tegument with deep
folds and ridges. Several papillae were recognized
around the mouth opening and the genital atrium
(Plate 4 Fig .3). There are several aciliated domeshaped papillae on the surface of the fore body,
which are more numerous in the region between
the oral and ventral suckers. Some of these papillae possess central openings with cilia protruding
from them (Plate 4 Fig. 4).
The oral sucker is surrounded by large number
of smooth papillae, which lack any opening or
pores (Plate 4 Fig. 4). There is no distinct pattern of
these papillae arrangement. The tegument covering
of exvaginated cirrus has roughed surface (Plate 4.
Fig. 5). At high magnification, this tegument of the
cirrus appears covered with several outgrowths,
some of which are bidigitate (Plate 4 Fig. 6).
The genital pore is situated on the mid ventral
surface of the fluke just anterior to the ventral sucker (Plate 5 Fig. 4). No papillae are observed on the
outer rim of the ventral sucker (Plate 4 Fig. 7).
The present trematode was found to be hitherto
undescribed and given the name H. egyptiaÆ
Discussion
The investigation of the present Hamacreadium
species showed a close resemblance with H. diacopae Nagaty et al. (1962) that was described from
Pseudoplagioporus interruptos Durio...
183
Plate (4) Scanning electron micrographs.
FIG. 3. Whole body of the fluke showing oral suckers S, genital atrium G, ventral sucker X Æ
Fig. 4. High magnification of the anterior end of the fluke showing the oral sucker S, genital atrium G, tegumental papillae (arrows).
FIG. 5. High magnification of the genital atrium showing the protruded cirrus.
FIG. 6. High magnification of the tegumental surface of the cirrus.
FIG. 7. The tegument around the ventral sucker XÆ
Diacope fulviflama in the Red Sea. The two species are closely similar in many respects including
the shape of the body, the situation of each of the
ventral sucker, cirrus sac and testes. However, the
present species differs from the above mentioned
species in having vitelline glands extending from
oral sucker to the posterior end of the body. Also,
it differs in having an unlobulated ovary situated
close to the ventral sucker. Table 3 shows a comparison between the present species of Hamacreadium and the other close species.
The present species differs from H. diacopae
Nagaty and Abdel Aal (1962) in the size of the
184
N.E. Abdou et al.
TABLE 3. A comparison between the present description of Hamacreadium egyptia sp. n. and the related species.
Characters
H. diacopae (Nagaty
et al., 1962)
H. khalili (Ramadan,
(1983)
H. mutabile (Linton,
1910)
Present description
H. egyptia sp. n.
Body: length (mm)
Body: width (mm)
1.7 - 3.1
0.83 - 1.1
2.9 - 6.5
2.5 - 3.3
2.2
0.92
1.2
0.52
Oral sucker: length (mm)
Oral sucker: width (mm)
0.21 - 0.32
0.23 - 0.31
0.20 - 0.40
0.20 - 0.40
0.23
0.20
0.13
0.10
Ventral sucker: length (mm)
Ventral sucker: width (mm)
0.29 - 0.53
0.37 - 0.51
0.42 - 0.72
0.41 - 0.80
0.42
0.40
0.19
0.19
Oesophagus: length (mm)
Oesophagus: width (mm)
0.05
–
0.14 - 0.57
–
0.23
–
0.10
0.11
Testes
Anterior: length (mm)
Anterior: width (mm)
Posterior: length (mm)
Posterior: width (mm)
0.18 - 0.26
0.11 - 0.21
0.18 - 0.26
0.10 - 0.18
0.40 - 1.02
0.32 - 0.62
0.42 - 0.97
0.38 - 0.71
0.29
0.20
–
–
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.16 - 0.21
0.09 - 0.24
Lobulated
0.10 - 0.52
0.20 - 0.74
Lobulated
0.15
0.17
Non lobulated
0.034
0.027
Non lobulated
aggregated in two
groups
from the intestinal
furca to the posterior
end
from oesophagus
level to posterior end
of the body
from oral sucker level
to the posterior end of
the body
Hosts
Lethrinus mahsena,
L. nebulosus
Lutjanus
fulviflamma, L.
russelli
Diacope fulviflama
(Hebra)
Lethrinus mahsena, L.
nebulosus
Locality
Hurghada, Red Sea
Arabian Gulf
Hurghada, Red Sea
Hurghada, Red Sea
Ovary: length (mm)
Ovary: width (mm)
Vitelline glands
distribution
body and the internal organs (Table 3). In addition
to the fact that the vitelline glands never extend far
anteriorly to the area of the oral sucker in H. diacopaeÆ
The present material could also be differentiated
from H. khalili Ramadan (1983) infecting the Red
Sea fish Lethrinus mahsena and L. nebulosus in the
shape and size of the body, in possessing a large
ventral sucker situated at the middle of the body
(Table 3) and the distribution of the vitellaria.
It also differs from the description of H. mutabile Linton, 1910 given by Saoud et al. (1987)
from Lutjanus fulviflamina and L. russelli from the
Arabian Gulf in the distribution of the vitellaria,
which extend from the intestinal furca to the posterior end of the body and in the shape and position
of the ovary.
Hamacreadium egyptia n. sp. differs from H.
mutabile Linten, 1910 described from Lutjanus
amabilis from Queensland-Australia by Bray and
Cribb (1989) in the body shape; distribution of the
vitellaria; and in size and position of the ventral
sucker (Table 3).
Because of the lack of SEM studies on members
of the family Opecoelidae making a comparison of
the present materials with other species is difficult.
The aspinous tegument was recorded from Gorgoderina attenuata (Nadakavukaren and Nollen,
1975); Leucochloridium sp. (Bakke, 1976); Concinnum epomopis (Otubanjo, 1985) and Phyllodistomum umblae (Bakke and Baily, 1987).
The fluke surface of the present material is encircled by tegumental folds or ridges at irregular intervals. Those ridges have big protuberances or
Cobblestone-like cytoplasmic process that give a
spongy appearance to the tegumental surface. A
similar pattern of ridges was observed on the tegument of the most of the previously mentioned trematodes, for example Gorgoderina attenuata (Nadakavukaren and Nollen, 1975); Leucochloridium sp.
Pseudoplagioporus interruptos Durio...
(Bakke, 1976); Metagonimus yokogawai (Lee et
al. 1984); Concinnum epomopis (Otubonjo, 1985)
and Phyllodistomum umblae (Bakke and Bailey,
1986).
Nadakavukaren and Nollen (1975) assumed that
the ridges on the tegument are caused by contraction waves of the internal musculature of the fluke.
Also, he suggested that the tegumental protuberances may serve to increase the surface area for absorptive functions of tegument much like the microtriches of cestodes. Otubanjo (1985) agreed
with Nadakavukaren that the formation of large
body folds and ridges increase the surface area of
trematode.
Two types of sensory papillae on the fore body
surface, ciliate-dome shaped papillae and aciliatedome shaped papillae, are present. The first type of
papillae was previously described from Fibricola
seoulensis (Seo et al., 1984 & 1985); Heterophyopsis continua (Hong et al., 1991). The SEM
investigation on the surface of Leucochloridium
sp. (Bakke, 1976) and Phyllodistomum conostomum revealed the presence of domed aciliate papillae on the surface of the fluke.
The distribution pattern of papillae on the trematode surface was found to be different among different families. For example: It may have a regular
pattern of distribution arranged in circles; lines; or
in symmetrical groups such as those reported in
Phyllodistomum conostomum; Fibricola seoulensis
(Seo et al., 1984); Phyllodistomum umblae (Bakke
and Bailey, 1987); Echinostoma cinetorchis (Lee
et al., 1992); and Heterophyes nocens (Chai et al.,
1992). However, in some other cases, the papillae
distribution is random such as in Gorgoderina attenuata (Nadakavukaren and Nollen, 1975); and
Leucochloridium sp. (Bakke, 1976).
The functions of several types of papillae remain speculative for all helminths. Edwards et al.
(1977), Hoole & Mitchell (1981) and Smales &
Blankespoor (1984) suggested that these papillae
are mechano and chemo-receptors that serve assessment of the host environment (Ciliated papillae are usually ascribed tango-, rheo-, and chemoreceptive function, whereas, dome-shaped papillae
have been shown to have a secretory function).
185
Few studies have been done on the fine structure
of these papillae. Recently, in 1993 _drsk made a
transmission electron microscope study on the ventral sucker papillae of Brachylaimus aequans and
divided these papillae into three types according to
the internal receptor structure. His study revealed
the presence of nerve fibre running from the receptors to the nerve trunk as described early in juvenile trematode, Gorgoderina vitelliloba by Hoole
and Mitchell (1981). According to these results it
could be proposed that these papillae are functioning as sense organs to the fluke.
Bakke (1976) mentioned that the domed papillae
seem to be a fundamental type that have been frequently recorded in trematodes, and he believed
that they have a sensory function. Frederichsen
(1978) also assumed that the dome shaped papillae
appear to be an opening of goblet-like gland cells,
while the unciliated papillae appear to be sensory.
Details of the terminal genitalia were used in the
classification of digenetic trematodes by Yamaguti
(1971); Bakke (1976).
In the present investigation the cirrus surface
was found covered by papillae in a specific pattern.
This pattern shows similarity with description of
the cirrus morphology of two echinostomes trematode, Echinostoma revolutum and Isthmiophora
melis, given by Smales and Blankespoor (1984). In
E. revolutum, the cirrus tegument is smooth and
has fine ridges. In Isthmiophora melis, the cirrus
has the tegumental pattern similar to that of the
body surface with papillae scattered over the visible portion.
As regards the geographical distribution of genus
Hamacreadium, many species of this genus were
described from different hosts in different locations.
– In Egypt: Hamacreadium mutbile was redescribed from Serranus merra, L. mahsena, L. nebulosus, Teuthis marmorata and Diacope fulviflamma
in the Red Sea by Nagaty (1941). Hamacreadium
mutabile Linton, 1910 from Lethrinus mahsena, L.
nebulosus, Epinephelus chlarostigma, E. summana, and Anampses caeruleopunctatus, H. grardagense from Variola louti; and H. khalili from Lethrinus mahsena and L. nebulosus were redescribed
from the Red Sea by Ramadan (1983).
186
N.E. Abdou et al.
Hamacredium caranxi (Saoud et al. 1977) was
described for the first time from a Paciform fish,
Caranx altissimus in the coastal water of Suakin,
Sudan (an old deserted part on the Red Sea). The
same authors, Saoud et al. (1986 and 1987) redescribed Hamacreadium mutabile Linton (1910)
from Lethrinus nebulosus; Epinephelus tauvina; E.
chlorostigma; E. areolatus and E. summana from
fishes of Arabian GulfÆ
In Japan, Yamaguti (1934) described H. epinepheli from Epinephelus akaara and Lethrinus
haematopterus. Moreover, H. mutbile was also recorded from Lethrinus sp. in Fiji by Manter (1963).
The same species was redescribed from Lutjanus
sp., L. amabilis, L. fulviflamma and Lethrinus variegatus from New Caledondia by Manter (1968).
Hamacreadium interruptus Nagaty (1941) was
redescribed by Fischthal and Kuntz (1965) from
Lethrinus microdon from North Borneo-MalaysiaÆ
Hamacreadium mutabile from Lutianus rivulatus, and L. fulviflamma was redescribed by Hafeezullah (1971). He also described two new species,
H. krusadaiensis from L. frenatus and H. leiognathi from Leiognathus daura from Bengal and Arabian Sea, India.
Pritchard (1966) redescribed H. mehsena Nagaty (1941) from the Hawaiian fishes. This species
was originally described from the Red Sea.
Summary
Pseudoplagioporus interruptus Durio & Manter
(1968) is a pinkish Opecoeliid trematode obtained
from the intestines of Lethrinus nebulous and L.
mehsena fishes. It is distinguished by the interruption of the vitelline glands in two lateral groups,
ovary is submedian between the two testes. The
body tegument is smooth and has several pores
however, it has a lobulated papillae in the distance
between the oral and ventral suckers. Cobblestonelike processes are elevated from the tegument of
the ventral sucker.
Hamacreadium egyptia sp. n. is a small whitish
Opecoeliid trematode infecting the intestine of
Lethrinus nebulous and L. mehsena fishesÆ It has a
relatively big ventral sucker in the middle of the
body. The intestinal caeca are unequal, and the cirrus is well developed. Vitelline glands are small
and covering the entire body. The body tegument is
aspinous and characterized by the presence of several folds. Two types of sensory papillae, ciliatedome type and aciliate-dome type are scattered on
the body tegument in irregular pattern. The cirrus
tegument is spongy and free from papillae however, two groups of ciliated papillae are present
around it
Hosts
: Lethrinus nebulous and L. mehsena
Location : Intestine
Locality : Hurghada-Red Sea, Egypt.
Type specimens: Deposited at the University of
Nebraska State Museum, Systematic research collection numbers HWML 39567 (one slide). Senior
author has additional samples in her collections.
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