The End of the War
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TEKS
1(B), 8(B), 24(C), 24(D), 24(F)
The End of the War
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Begin Taking Notes
How did President Nixon’s policies lead to American withdrawal from
from Vietnam?
2. Why did President Nixon lead a campaign promising to restore law and order?
3. What happened in Vietnam after the withdrawal of American forces?
forces?
4. What was the legacy of the Vietnam War?
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Nixon’s Vietnam Policy
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Toward the end of his term as President, Johnson had called for peace negotiations to
end the Vietnam War. However, the resulting Paris peace talks,
talks, which began in May 1968,
failed to produce an agreement.
President Nixon campaigned on the claim that he had a secret plan
plan to end the war. In
June 1969, he began the policy of Vietnamization,
Vietnamization, replacing American troops in Vietnam
with South Vietnamese soldiers.
Nixon’s Vietnam Policy
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Although Nixon wanted to end the war, he did not want to lose it.
it. He therefore launched
secret bombing raids and expanded the war to Cambodia, hoping to destroy
destroy Viet Cong
camps there.
Nixon hoped his Cambodian attacks would help America in peace negotiations.
negotiations. Instead,
the attacks resulted in both civil war in Cambodia and more antiwar
antiwar protests in the
United States.
Nixon Calls for Law and Order
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The Silent Majority
Nixon had campaigned promising a return to law and order. As President,
President, he strengthened this position, discouraging
protest against the war.
In a 1969 speech, Nixon appealed to those who, he felt, quietly supported his policies. He referred to this group of
Americans as “the silent majority.”
Kent State and Jackson State
When student antiwar protesters at Kent State University in Ohio reacted angrily to Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia,
Nixon ordered the National Guard to Kent State. After students threw
threw rocks at the guardsmen, the troops opened fire,
killing and wounding both protesters and bystanders.
The violence at Kent State, and a similar incident at Jackson State
State in Mississippi, horrified Americans.
Kent State University – May 4, 1970
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On May 4, 1970 the Ohio National Guard opened fire into a busy college
college campus during
a school day. A total of 67 shots were fired in 13 seconds. Four students: (L to R) Allison
Krause, William Schroeder, Jeffrey Miller, and Sandra Scheuer were killed. Nine students
were wounded.
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MONDAY, MAY 4, 1970
At 11 a.m., about 200 students gathered on the Commons. Earlier that morning, state and local
officials had met in Kent.
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Some officials had assumed that Gov. Rhodes had declared Martial Law to be in effect-but he had
effect--but
not. In fact, martial law was not officially declared until May 5. Nevertheless, the National Guard
resolved to disperse any assembly.
As noon approached, the size of the crowd increased to 1,500. Some
Some were merely spectators, while
others had gathered specifically to protest the invasion of Cambodia
Cambodia and the continued presence of the
National Guard on the campus. Upon orders of Ohio's Assistant Adjutant
Adjutant General Robert Canterbury,
an army jeep was driven in front of the assembled students. The students were told by means of a
bullhorn to disperse immediately.
Students responded with jeers and chants.
When the students refused to disperse, Gen. Canterbury ordered the
the guardsmen to disperse them. Approximately 116
men, equipped with loaded MM-1 rifles and tear gas, formed a skirmish line towards the students.
students. Aware of bayonet
injuries of the previous evening, students immediately ran away from the attacking National Guardsmen. Retreating up
Blanket Hill, some students lobbed tear gas canisters back at the
the advancing troops, and one straggler was attacked with
clubs.
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The Guard, after clearing the Commons, marched over the crest of the hill, firing tear gas and
scattering the students into a wider area. The Guard then continued
continued marching down the hill and onto a
practice football field. For approximately 10 minutes, the guard stayed in this position. During this
time, tear gas canisters were thrown back and forth from the Guard's
Guard's position to a small group of
students n the Prentice Hall parking lot, about 100 yards away.
Some students responded to the guardsmen's attack by throwing stones.
stones. Guardsmen also threw stones
at the students. But because of the distance, most stones from both
both parties fell far short of their
targets. The vast majority of students, however, were spectators on the veranda of Taylor Hall.
While on the practice field, several members of Troop G, which would
would within minutes fire the fatal
volley, knelt and aimed their weapons at the students in the parking
parking lot. Gen. Canterbury concluded
that the crowd had been dispersed and ordered the Guard to march back to the commons area. Some
members of Troop G then huddled briefly.
After reassembling on the field, the Guardsmen seemed to begin to
to retreat as they marched back up
the hill, retracing their previous steps. Members of Troop G, while
while advancing up the hill, continued to
glance back to the parking lot, where the most militant and vocal
vocal students were located. The students
assumed the confrontation was over. Many students began to walk to their next classes.
As the guard reached the crest of the Blanket Hill, near the Pagoda
Pagoda of Taylor Hall, about a dozen
members of Troop G simultaneously turned around 180 degrees, aimed
aimed and fired their weapons into
the crowd in the Prentice Hall parking lot. The 1975 civil trials
trials proved that there was a verbal
command to fire.
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A total of 67 shots were fired in 13 seconds. Four students: Allison
Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer and William
Schroeder were killed. Nine students were wounded: Joseph Lewis, John Cleary, Thomas Grace, Robbie Stamps,
Donald Scott MacKenzie,
MacKenzie, Alan Canfora,
Canfora, Douglas Wrentmore,
Wrentmore, James Russell and Dean Kahler.
Kahler. Of the wounded, one
was permanently paralyzed, and several were seriously maimed. All
All were fullfull-time students.
Joe Lewis lies on the sidewalk at Kent State University after being
being wounded by gun fire from the
National Guard on May 4, 1970.
John Cleary lies wounded after being shot by the National Guard, who left the area without offering to
assist the students.
John Cleary lies wounded after being shot by the National Guard during a protest
against the war at Kent State University on May 4, 1970.
Students cordon off an area while others assist a student wounded
wounded by gunfire from
the National Guard during a rally at Kent State University on May
May 4, 1970.
Mary Vecchio,
Vecchio, a fifteen year old runaway from Florida, kneels over the body of Jeffrey Miller who
had been killed during a 1313-second volley of gunfire by the National Guard on the Kent State
University campus on May 4, 1970.
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American Withdrawal from Vietnam
Aftermath of the War in Asia
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South Vietnam Falls
After American forces had withdrawn, North Vietnam attacked strategic
strategic cities in South Vietnam, ending with its capital, Saigon.
Following a lastlast-minute evacuation of both American soldiers and Vietnamese refugees,
refugees, South Vietnam surrendered in April 1975, and Vietnam
became unified under a Communist government.
Southeast Asia After the War
In April 1975, Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a Communist force
force led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge killed a quarter of the Cambodian
population, claiming they were “tainted” with Western ways.
Vietnam’s new leaders forced hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese into “reeducation camps”; refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and newly
Communist Laos fled their home countries.
The Legacy of the War
With a cost of at least $150 billion, and hundreds of thousands of American soldiers killed or wounded, the
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The Vietnam Veterans Memorial
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Vietnam War was the longest and least successful war in American history.
Thousands of American soldiers who did not return home after the war were listed as POWs (prisoners of war) or
MIAs (missing in action). Many remain unaccounted for today.
In Vietnam, millions were dead or wounded, many of them civilians.
civilians. The war also heavily damaged the landscape
of Vietnam.
In 1994, the United States lifted its trade embargo against Vietnam;
Vietnam; in 1995, full diplomatic relations were restored.
Designed by 2121-year old Maya Ying Lin and completed in 1982, the Vietnam Veterans
Veterans
Memorial stands near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. It
It consists of a long
wall of black granite, listing the names of every American who died
died in the Vietnam War.
Since its completion, visitors have added to the memorial by leaving
leaving personal tokens at
the wall in memory of their loved ones.
The End of the War—
War—Assessment
Which of these options best describes Vietnamization?
Vietnamization?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
American attacks on Viet Cong camps in Cambodia
The takeover of Saigon by North Vietnam
Nixon’s policy of replacing American troops with South Vietnamese
Vietnamese soldiers
The redivision of Vietnam at the 17th parallel
Why did many Southeast Asians flee their countries after the Vietnam
Vietnam War?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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To make up for American POWs
To aid in student protests
To escape new and sometimes brutal Communist governments
To contribute to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
The End of the War—
War—Assessment
Which of these options best describes Vietnamization?
Vietnamization?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
American attacks on Viet Cong camps in Cambodia
The takeover of Saigon by North Vietnam
Nixon’s policy of replacing American troops with South Vietnamese
Vietnamese soldiers
The redivision of Vietnam at the 17th parallel
Why did many Southeast Asians flee their countries after the Vietnam
Vietnam War?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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To make up for American POWs
To aid in student protests
To escape new and sometimes brutal Communist governments
To contribute to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
QUIZ
Put your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to 10.
Make sure to title the quiz.
Complete the quiz.
QUIZ
Work
Look over your notes from today.
1. Answer the 4 questions from today’s lecture.
2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key terms in your
summary!
Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes.
Make sure to put your Name,
Name, Date,
Date, and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page.
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Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the handhand-in/collection basket.
Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade.
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