CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - NOTETAKING GUIDE
I. Early History of Earth
A. What was early Earth like?
a. Some scientists suggest that it was probably very ______________.
b. The energy from colliding ______________________ could have heated its surface, while both the
_________________of minerals and the ______________ of radioactive materials heated its interior.
c. Volcanoes might have frequently spewed lava and gases, relieving some of the pressure in
Earth’s hot interior. These gases helped form Earth’s early ___________________________.
II. The Origin of Life
A. Early Ideas
a. In the past, the ideas that decaying meat produced maggots, mud produced fishes, and
grain produced mice were reasonable explanations for what people observed occurring in
their environment.
b. Such observations led people to believe in __________________________
______________________________ — the idea that nonliving material can produce life.
c. In 1668, an Italian physician, Francesco ______________, disproved a commonly held belief at
the time—the idea that decaying meat produced maggots (immature flies).
d. However, during Redi’s time, scientists began to use the latest tool in biology—the
___________________________ (invented by Anton Van _________________________________).
e. Although Redi had disproved the spontaneous generation of large organisms, many
scientists thought that _______________________ were so numerous and widespread that they
must arise spontaneously-probably from a vital force in the air.
f. In the mid-1800s, Louis __________________________ designed an experiment that disproved the
spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
g. Pasteur set up an experiment in which air, but no microorganisms, was allowed to contact a
_____________ that contained nutrients.
h. Pasteur’s experiment showed that microorganisms do not simply arise in broth, even in the
presence of air.
i. From that time on, ____________________, the idea that living organisms come only from other
living organisms, became a cornerstone of biology.
B. The Evolution of Cells
a. Fossils indicate that by about 3.4 billion years ago, ________________________________ prokaryotic
cells existed on Earth. But these were probably not the earliest cells. The first forms of life
may have been prokaryotic forms that evolved from a “__________________________”.
b. Because Earth’s atmosphere lacked oxygen, scientists have proposed that these organisms
were most likely _______________________________.
c. For food, the first prokaryotes probably used some of the organic molecules that were
abundant in Earth’s early _______________________.
d. Over time, these __________________________________ would have used up the food supply.
e. Heterotrophs are organisms which obtain their food from other heterotrophs or
____________________________(plants).
C. The First True Cells
a. Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food (i.e. plants). These first autotrophs
were probably similar to present-day _________________________________________
b. Archaebacteria are prokaryotic and live in _________________ environments, such as deep-sea
vents and hot springs.
c. The earliest autotrophs probably made glucose by ___________________________________ rather
than by photosynthesis.
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d. In chemosynthesis, autotrophs release the energy of inorganic compounds, such as sulfur
compounds, in their environment to make their food (they use ______________________ instead
of sunlight).
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
DNA
Size
Organization
Metabolism
Organelles
D. The Endosymbiont Theory (________________________________)
a. Complex eukaryotic cells probably ____________________ from simple prokaryotic cells.
b. The endosymbiont theory, proposed by American biologist Lynn __________________________ in
the early 1960s, explains how eukaryotic cells may have arisen.
c. The endosymbiont theory proposes that eukaryotes evolved through a
______________________________ relationship between ancient prokaryotes.
d. New evidence from scientific research supports this theory and has shown that
_____________________________ and _____________________________ have their own ribosomes that are
similar to the ribosomes in prokaryotes.
e. In addition, both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____________________________
___________________________________________ of the cells that contain them.
f. The fact that some modern prokaryotes live in close association with eukaryotes also
supports the theory. (i.e. _______________________________________________)
III. The Discovery of Cells
a. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek = Dutch scientist who invented the first light _______________________.
b. Robert Hooke = English scientist who identified and named the “__________” while observing
__________________________ with a light microscope.
c. Robert Brown = English scientist who identified and named the _______________ of the cell.
d. Matthias Schleiden = German scientist that noted all __________________ are made of cells.
e. Theodor Schwann = German scientist who noted that all ______________________ are made of cells.
f. Rudolf Virschow = Russian scientist who stated that cells come from _______________________ cells.
IV. The Cell Theory
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Modern Additions:
4. All cells contain ____________________ information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in ________________________________ composition.
6. All ______________________ ______________ (metabolism and biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
V. CELLS
Two Different Types of Cells
1. __________________________________ = no nucleus
2. ____________________________________ = true nucleus
* All lack a nucleus
* All have a nucleus * All contain DNA inside a nucleus
* Contain DNA
* All contain organelles
* Contain cytoplasm
* All contain cytoplasm
* All lack organelles
* All have a cell membrane
* Only bacteria are made of prokaryotic cells
* All have a cell membrane
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A. EUKARYOTES
* Greek = “_____________ _________________________”
* Compartmentalized with ___________________________ (membrane-bound structures)
* Eukaryotic cells include: ____________________________________________________________________
a. TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
i. __________________________
ii. __________________________
V. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES (See Organelle Chart)
PLANT
ANIMAL
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope/Membrane
Nuclear Envelope/Membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Smooth E.R.
Smooth E.R.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes
Golgi Body/Apparatus
Golgi Body/Apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
VI. Cell Venn Diagram *create a Venn diagram inside your notebook*
CELL VENN DIAGRAM
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