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The Nature of Science
SECTION
1.1
Earth Science
In your textbook, read about the scope of Earth science.
Use the terms below to identify of the major area of Earth science that studies each
subject. Each term can be used more than once.
astronomy
meteorology
oceanography
astronomy
geology
meteorology
astronomy
geology
oceanography
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
meteorology
geology
oceanography
1. Physical and chemical properties of the oceans
2. Objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere
3. Materials that make up Earth
4. Forces and processes that produce weather
5. Earth’s neighbors, distant stars, and other cosmic bodies
6. Rocks, glacial movements, and clues to Earth’s history
7. Creatures that inhabit salty water
8. Blanket of air that surrounds Earth
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
9. What subspecialty of Earth science studies patterns of weather over a long period of time?
a. geochemistry
b. climatology
c. tectonics
d. paleontology
10. Hydrology is the study of which of the following?
a. habitats of organisms
b. effects of internal processes on Earth’s surface
c. water flow on and below Earth’s surface
d. how the moon and stars affect people’s lives
11. What subspecialty of Earth science studies ancient environments?
a. paleontology
b. ecology
c. tectonics
d. hydrology
12. Which of the following might an ecologist study?
a. earthquakes and mountain building
b. the remains of organisms that once lived on Earth
c. the kinds of matter in the universe
d. how organisms interact with each other and their environments
13. In what field do scientists study the processes that change Earth’s composition?
a. climatology
Study Guide for Content Mastery
b. hydrology
c. geochemistry
d. paleontology
Chapter 1 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
1
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1.1
1
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STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Earth Science, continued
In your textbook, read about Earth’s systems and Earth science in your everyday life.
For each statement below, write true or false.
true
14. Earth’s lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of the planet.
false
15. The water in Earth’s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers makes
up the atmosphere.
true
16. The blanket of gases that surround Earth is the atmosphere.
false
17. The asthenosphere is the partially molten layer of Earth’s core.
false
18. The atmosphere contains about 78 percent oxygen.
true
19. About three-fourths of all freshwater on Earth is contained in glaciers.
false
20. The hemisphere includes all organisms on Earth as well as the
environments in which they live.
true
21. The atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere are
interdependent systems.
Answer the following questions.
22. How does continental crust differ from oceanic crust?
which is denser than granite.
23. Describe three ways the atmosphere helps support life on Earth.
The atmosphere is necessary for respiration; it protects inhabitants from
harmful radiation from the Sun; and it helps keep the planet at a temperature
suitable for life.
24. What is technology?
Technology is the application of scientific discoveries.
25. Name three products first developed for use in space that people now use in their
everyday lives.
Answers may vary, but could include freeze-dried foods, ski goggles,
micro-fabrics, and ultralight materials used in sports equipment.
2
Chapter 1 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Study Guide for Content Mastery
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Continental crust is made mostly of granite. Oceanic crust is mainly basalt,
Name
Class
1
CHAPTER
SECTION
1.2
Date
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Methods of Scientists
In your textbook, read about the nature of scientific investigations.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
Column B
c
1. Suggested explanation for an observation
a. independent variable
f
2. Organized procedure that involves making
b. constant
measurements and observations
a
c. hypothesis
3. Factor in an experiment that can be manipulated
by the experimenter
d
4. Factor in an experiment that can change if other
factors are changed
d. dependent variable
e. control
f.
b
5. Factor that does not change during an experiment
e
6. Standard for comparison that shows that the results
experiment
of an experiment are actually due to the condition
being tested
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
fire extinguisher
Wear (7)
laboratory glassware
safety goggles
loose clothing
safety goggles
spill
and a safety apron during any activity or experiment in
loose clothing before you begin any
laboratory
glassware
as food or drink containers. Know
a science lab. Tie back long hair and (8)
investigation. Never use (9)
the location and proper use of the (10) fire extinguisher , safety shower, fire
blanket, first aid kit, and fire alarm. Report any (11)
spill
, accident,
or injury to your teacher immediately.
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Chapter 1 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
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STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Methods of Scientists, continued
In your textbook, read about measurement and scientific notation.
Complete the table by matching each SI unit with its measurement.
Some measurements will have more than one unit.
centimeter
cubic centimeter
cubic meter
gram per millimeter
Kelvin
kilogram
milliliter
newton
second
millimeter
gram per cubic centimeter
kilometer
liter
square centimeter
Measurement
meter
square meter
Units
12. length
centimeter, kilometer, meter, millimeter
13. area
square centimeter, square meter
14. volume
cubic centimeter, cubic meter, liter, milliliter
15. mass
kilogram
16. weight
newton
17. density
gram per cubic centimeter, gram per milliliter
18. time
second
19. temperature
Celsius, Kelvin
Express each number in scientific notation.
20. 1 000 000
1 3 106
21. 0.01
1 3 1022
22. 325
3.25 3 102
23. 0.000 25
2.5 3 1024
24. 6421
6.421 3 103
Convert each number expressed in scientific notation to a number with no exponent.
25. 1 3 103
1000
26. 5 3 102
500
27. 9.99 3 108
28. 9.99 3 1028
4
999 000 000
0.000 000 099 9
Chapter 1 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Study Guide for Content Mastery
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Celsius
Name
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1
CHAPTER
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1.3
Date
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Communicating in Science
In your textbook, read about communicating results.
Answer the following questions.
1. Give three reasons why communicating scientific data is important to others.
Communicating scientific data allows others to learn of new discoveries, to
possibly verify what has been reported, and to conduct new experiments
using the data.
2. Describe two uses for the lab reports you write after doing an activity or experiment.
They can be used by the teacher to assess understanding of the activity or
experiment or can be compared with the results of other students.
The table below shows the results of an experiment. Use the data in the table to answer
the following questions.
Time (s)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Mass of product (g)
1.5
3.2
4.3
6.0
7.7
9.2
10.4
12.1
Mass of product (g)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. On the grid below, plot the mass of product versus time. Connect the data points with a line.
Mass of Product vs. Time
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (s)
60
70
80
90
4. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
time
5. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
mass of product
6. Describe the relationship between the dependent and independent variables in this experiment.
The mass of product increases with time.
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Chapter 1 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
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Name
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CHAPTER
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1.3
1
Date
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Communicating in Science, continued
In your textbook, read about models, theories, and laws.
Use the following terms to complete the statements.
law
model
7. A scientific
model
theory
is an idea, a system, or a mathematical
expression that is similar to an idea being explained.
8. A scientific
theory
is an explanation based on many observations
during repeated experiments.
9. A scientific
law
is a basic fact that describes the behavior of
a natural phenomenon.
Answer the following questions.
10. What was one model of the solar system developed by early astronomers?
An early model held that Earth was the center of our solar system and that
11. What is the current model of our solar system?
The current model holds that Earth and the other planets in our solar system
orbit the Sun.
12. What three conditions must be satisfied for a scientific theory to be valid?
The theory must be consistent with observations, must make predictions that
can be tested, and must be the simplest explanation of observations.
13. Under what conditions can a scientific model or theory change?
A scientific model or theory can change with the discovery of new data.
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Chapter 1 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Study Guide for Content Mastery
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the Sun and other planets orbited Earth.