1 UNIT S as in Snake ★ ★ New Skills • • • Letter/Sound Association: Ss says /sss/ First Tricky Word Oral Vocabulary: snazzy, snoozing New Activities • • • • • • Alphabet Beat (song) Alphabet Cheer (9 sounds) Zee-Zi-Ziddly (song) ABC Poem Handwriting Practice Sound Dictation Planning Information • 4-Day Unit Materials • • • • ABC Wall Cards CD 1 ABC Poem Book Unit 1 Spelling Folders Unit Spelling Word New Tricky Word I Blue words are among the 100 words most commonly used by children in writing. 1 UNIT Day 1 6–10 MINUTES S as in Snake Alphabet Routines Objectives—Alphabetic Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary, Music Experience ★ Choral Practice ★ Alphabet Beat ★ Alphabet Cheer Day 2 Objectives—Alphabetic Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary, Music Experience Choral Practice Alphabet Beat Alphabet Cheer (9 sounds) Poem ★ Poem ★ S as in Snake S as in Snake 20 MINUTES Slow Letter S Ss says /sss/ 2 Unit 1 • Daily Planner 20 MINUTES Objectives—Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Handwriting Objectives—Phonics, Handwriting, Oral Language ★ Letter/Sounds and Handwriting ★ Letter/Sound Association ★ Handwriting Practice ★ Dictation ★ Sounds • S, s ★ Tricky Word • I ★ Mixed Sound Review • I, s, S Spelling and Dictation Continuous Unvoiced 6–10 MINUTES ★ = Introduction of a new skill or activity Day 3 Unit 1 • Daily Planner 6–10 MINUTES Objectives—Alphabetic Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary, Music Experience Day 4 6–10 MINUTES Objectives—Alphabetic Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary, Music Experience Choral Practice Choral Practice Alphabet Beat Alphabet Beat ★ Zee-Zi-Ziddly (Vocal) Alphabet Cheer SCRIPTING Lessons are lightly scripted to provide you with a clear guide to important instructional steps. As you read, try to visualize your instruction. Then as you teach, use the scripts only as needed. For easy reference, new tasks and skills are marked with stars. As you internalize the basic procedures, you will be able to prepare lessons with a quick glance at the new items. Read. Analyze. Teach well. Poem Poem S as in Snake S as in Snake 20 MINUTES Objectives—Phonics, Handwriting, Oral Language Dictation CHECK AND CORRECT During dictation, after students write each sound, word, or sentence, write the correct response on the board or overhead. Then have students check and correct their work. Provide assistance, as needed. 20 MINUTES Objectives—Phonics, Handwriting, Oral Language Dictation Sounds • S, s Sounds • S, s Tricky Word • I Tricky Word • I Mixed Sound Review • S, s, I Mixed Sound Review • I, S, s BUILD FLUENCY In any given lesson, continue dictation of the sounds and words, as time allows. Multiple opportunities to write the same sounds and words allow students to build fluency and confidence in their spelling and handwriting skills. Unit 1 • Daily Planner 3 1 DAY Alphabet Routines ★ Choral Materials ABC Wall Cards: Aa–Zz Spelling Songs CD 1: Alphabet Beat, Track 1 Alphabet Cheer, Track 2 Objectives Alphabetic Knowledge Letter Naming Fluency Alphabetical Order Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning and Ending Sounds Phonics Letter/Sound Associations: Aa, Ee, Ii, Kk, Mm, Rr, Ss, Ww, -y Music Experience ★ Alphabet Beat ➊ Have students listen to Alphabet Beat with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. ➋ Have students practice with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. ★ Alphabet Cheer (9 sounds) ➊ Have students listen to Alphabet Cheer with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. ➋ Have students practice with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 4 Unit 1 • Day 1 Activities Practice Let’s do Alphabet Cheer. Watch and say the cheer as I point to the ABC Cards. A says /ăăă/, ant in an ambulance, /ă/, /ă/, /ăăă/. B, C, D. E says /ēēē/, enormous emu, /ē/, /ē/, /ēēē/. F, G, H. I says /ĭ ĭ ĭ/, interesting insects, /ĭ/, /ĭ/, /ĭ ĭ ĭ/. J, K says /k/, kind kicking kangaroo, /k/, /k/, /k/. L, M says /mmm/, mouse on a monkey, /m/, /m/, /mmm/. N, O, P, Q. R says /rrr/, racing rabbit, /r/, /r/, /rrr/. S says /sss/, snazzy snoozing snake, /s/, /s/, /sss/. T, U, V. W says /www/, wild, wild wind, /w/, /w/, /www/. X, ★ Y says /īīī/, my, oh my, a fly in the sky, /ī/, /ī/, /īīī/. Z. ★ = Introduction of a new skill or activity Unit 1 • DAY 1 Alphabet Routines ★ Poem Materials ABC Poem Book: Unit 1 Objectives Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning Sound Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Vocabulary Defining and Using: snazzy, snoozing RW1: UNIT 1; S & WC: ★ S as in Snake UNIT 1 S as in S ➊ Use the Unit 1 poem to introduce and practice the nake Capital le tter small lett S, e S says ss r s, s. Snazzy sn oozing sn a k e, S, s, sss. continuous and unvoiced letter/sound association /sss/ as in snake. Say something like: The letter s is a slow sound. That means you can say it slowly. Listen to my slow letter s. /sss/ Say it with me. /sss/ ➋ Have students echo the title and each line of the poem. S as in Snake (S as in Snake) Capital letter S, small letter s, (Capital letter S, small letter s) S says /sss/. (S says /sss/) Snazzy snoozing snake, (Snazzy snoozing snake) /s/, /s/, /sss/. (/s/, /s/, /sss/) © Sopris West Educatio nal Services. All rights reserved . ➌ Introduce the vocabulary words “snazzy” and “snoozing.” Point to the snake and say something like: What kind of snake is in our poem? (a snazzy snoozing snake) Snazzy is a fun word for fancy. What makes the snake fancy? (He’s wearing a coat, hat, and tie.) That’s right. The snake is . . . (snazzy). He’s a snazzy snoozing snake. What’s the snazzy snake doing? (sleeping, napping) That’s right. Look at the snake. He’s sleeping. A fun way to say “he’s sleeping” is to say “he’s snoozing.” What is the snazzy snake doing? (snoozing, sleeping) Show me how to snooze. Our snake is a . . . snazzy snoozing snake. Unit 1 • Day 1 Activities 5 1 DAY Spelling ★ Letter/Sounds Materials Unit 1 Spelling Folders, cover Objectives Phonemic Awareness Beginning Sound Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Handwriting HANDWRITING GUIDES Use the Theo Bear Wall Card as a reference. The top line is the hat line, the middle line is the belt line, and the bottom line is the shoe line. and Handwriting ★ Letter/Sound Association ➊ Guide tracing the capital letter S using the Theo Bear guidelines and appropriate directions for plain or slanted text. Say something like: Touch under the letters at the top of the page. What letter do you see? (s) What sound does the letter s make? (/sss/) That’s right. Say the sound again. (/sss/) Trace the capital letter S with your finger. Start under the hat line and follow the arrow up . . . ➋ Continue with the small letter s. Trace the small letter s with your finger. Start under the belt line and follow the arrow up . . . ➌ Practice the letter/sound association s says /sss/. Say something like: Now touch the box with the heart. S says /sss/ as in . . . (snake). What sound does the letter s make? (/sss/) Touch the box with the star. That’s a picture of a . . . (spoon). S says /sss/ as in spoon. Say that with me. S says /sss/ as in spoon. Touch the box with the airplane. That’s a picture of the . . . (sun). S says /sss/ as in sun. Say that with me. S says /sss/ as in sun. 1 Name HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION If your class uses slanted text, modify your instructions by saying something like “follow the arrow and slant down to the shoe line” instead of “follow the arrow and continue down to the shoe line.” (LETTE R/SOUND ASSOCI ATIO If[bb_d ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ _____ ]<ebZ N ¾S¾¾¾ [h v ( (HAND WRITIN G PRACTIC © Sopris ¾S¾¾¾¾S¾¾¾¾S¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾ ¾¾¾¾s¾¾¾¾s¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾ ¾s¾¾¾s¾¾¾¾s¾¾ ¾s¾¾¾s¾¾¾¾s¾¾ ¾s¾ West Educa tional Servic es. All rights E reserved. 1 6 Unit 1 • Day 1 Activities ★ = Introduction of a new skill or activity Unit 1 • DAY 1 Spelling Letter/Sounds and Handwriting ★ Handwriting Practice ➊ Demonstrate and guide tracing and writing the capital letter S. • Demonstrate tracing. Say something like: I’m going to trace S as in Snake. Watch me trace the capital letter S with my pen. I start under the hat line and then follow the arrow. What sound does the letter S make? (/sss/) • Guide tracing. Say something like: Your turn. Start tracing the capital letter S. Start under the . . . (hat line). Then follow the arrow. What sound does the letter S make? (/sss/) NEATNESS When appropriate, teach students how to write neatly. Show them how to pay attention to the lines, the size, and the orientation of the letters. When neatness is treated with humor, students learn to write legibly without feeling they have to be perfect. When handwriting is neat, students can see their efforts. • Demonstrate and guide writing as students complete the line with their own letters. Have students say the sound as they write. Have students circle their best letter. ➋ Repeat with the small letter s on the remaining lines. Demonstrate and Critique: Watch me write another small letter s. Oops, oops, oops. It went way over the belt line. I’ll try again. That’s better. I’ll leave a finger space and write another. Oops! What’s wrong? (too small, backwards . . . ) Unit 1 • Day 1 Activities 7 2 DAY Alphabet Routines Choral Practice Materials ABC Wall Cards: Aa–Zz Spelling Songs CD 1: Alphabet Beat, Track 1 Alphabet Cheer, Track 2 Objectives Alphabetic Knowledge Letter Naming Fluency Alphabetical Order Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning and Ending Sounds Phonics Letter/Sound Associations: Aa, Ee, Ii, Kk, Mm, Rr, Ss, Ww, -y Music Experience Alphabet Beat Have students practice with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. Alphabet Cheer Have students practice with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. Let’s do Alphabet Cheer. Watch and say the cheer as I point to the ABC Cards. A says /ăăă/, ant in an ambulance, /ă/, /ă/, /ăăă/. B, C, D. E says /ēēē/, enormous emu, /ē/, /ē/, /ēēē/. F, G, H. I says /ĭ ĭ ĭ/, interesting insects, /ĭ/, /ĭ/, /ĭ ĭ ĭ/. J, K says /k/, kind kicking kangaroo, /k/, /k/, /k/. L, M says /mmm/, mouse on a monkey, /m/, /m/, /mmm/. N, O, P, Q. R says /rrr/, racing rabbit, /r/, /r/, /rrr/. S says /sss/, snazzy snoozing snake, /s/, /s/, /sss/. T, U, V. W says /www/, wild, wild wind, /w/, /w/, /www/. X, Y says /ıīīī/, my, oh my, a fly in the sky, /ī/, /ī/, /īīī/. Z. Poem Materials ABC Poem Book: Unit 1 Objectives Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning Sound Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Vocabulary Defining and Using: snazzy, snoozing S as in Snake ➊ Use the Unit 1 poem to practice the continuous and unvoiced letter/sound association /sss/ as in snake. Say something like: The letter s is a slow sound. That means you can say it . . . slowly. Say the s sound with me. /sss/ ➋ Have students echo the title and each line of the poem. ➌ Use the vocabulary words “snazzy” and “snoozing.” Say something like: The fancy coat makes the snake look . . . (snazzy). Snazzy is another word for fancy. Another word for sleeping is . . . (snoozing). What is the snake doing? (snoozing) 8 Unit 1 • Day 2 Activities Unit 1 • DAY 2 Spelling ★ Dictation After students write each letter or word, have them check and correct their work. Monitor and assist, as needed. Dictate each sound or word consecutively as many times as needed, then practice in random order. Materials Unit 1 Spelling Folders Objectives Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Tricky Word: I Handwriting Oral Language Responding to Questions: Who? ★ Sounds • S, s Say the first sound and the associated word. Have students say and write the sound. • Demonstrate. Watch me write /sss/ as in Snake. Say the sound. (/sss/) Yes, /sss/ as in . . . (snake). Write S. I wrote /sss/ with a capital letter S. • Provide independent practice. Now you’re going to write /sss/ as in Snake with a capital letter. Say the sound. (/sss/) Write /sss/ as in Snake with a capital letter. • Repeat with: /sss/ as in snake with a small letter HANDWRITING GUIDES (Reminder) Use the Theo Bear Wall Card as a reference. The top line is the hat line, the middle line is the belt line, and the bottom line is the shoe line. (continued) ★ = Introduction of a new skill or activity Unit 1 • Day 2 Activities 9 2 DAY Spelling Dictation (continued) PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Have students repeat each sound and word, as needed. ★ Tricky Word • I Tricky Words are words composed of irregular letter/sound associations or letter/sound associations students haven’t yet learned. ➊ Say the word. Use it in a sentence. Have students say and write the word. • Demonstrate. Watch me write the Tricky Word I. I see [ Jose]. I is always spelled with a capital letter. Write I. Read the word. (I) • Provide independent practice. Write the word I with a capital letter. I see [ Jose]. Read the word. (I) ➋ Use this question–response pattern. ◆◆ Who do you see? (I see [ Jose].) ★ Mixed Sound Review • I, s, S As time allows, continue dictation of the sounds and Tricky Word in random order, giving students multiple opportunities to build confidence. (ALPH ABET CHE ER (9 soun ds) Aa Bb Cc Mm N n Oo (DICTA TION 2 Dd Ee Pp Q q Rr Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Tt U u V v Ww ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ X x Yy Zz ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ (Day 2) 3 10 Unit 1 • Day 2 Activities ★ = Introduction of a new skill or activity ◆◆ = Practice oral language patterns with ELLs and children with language delays. Unit 1 • DAY 3 Alphabet Routines Choral Practice Materials ABC Wall Cards: Aa–Zz Spelling Songs CD 1: Alphabet Beat, Track 1 Alphabet Cheer, Track 2 Objectives Alphabetic Knowledge Letter Naming Fluency Alphabetical Order Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning and Ending Sounds Phonics Letter/Sound Associations: Aa, Ee, Ii, Kk, Mm, Rr, Ss, Ww, -y Music Experience Alphabet Beat Have students clap and chant with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. Alphabet Cheer Have students practice with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. Let’s do Alphabet Cheer. Watch and say the cheer as I point to the ABC Cards. A says /ăăă/, ant in an ambulance, /ă/, /ă/, /ăăă/. B, C, D. E says /ēēē/, enormous emu, /ē/, /ē/, /ēēē/. F, G, H. I says /ĭ ĭ ĭ/, interesting insects, /ĭ/, /ĭ/, /ĭ ĭ ĭ/. J, K says /k/, kind kicking kangaroo, /k/, /k/, /k/. L, M says /mmm/, mouse on a monkey, /m/, /m/, /mmm/. N, O, P, Q. R says /rrr/, racing rabbit, /r/, /r/, /rrr/. S says /sss/, snazzy snoozing snake, /s/, /s/, /sss/. T, U, V. W says /www/, wild, wild wind, /w/, /w/, /www/. X, Y says /īīī/, my, oh my, a fly in the sky, /ī/, /ī/, /īīī/. Z. Poem Materials ABC Poem Book: Unit 1 Objectives Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning Sound Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Vocabulary Using: snazzy, snoozing S as in Snake ➊ Use the Unit 1 poem to practice the continuous and unvoiced letter/sound association /sss/ as in snake. Say something like: What kind of sound is the letter s? (slow) Say the s sound. (/sss/) RW1: UNIT 1; S & WC: UNIT 1 S as in S nake Capital le tter small lett S, e S says ss r s, s. Snazzy sn oozing sn a k e, S, s, sss. ➋ Have students practice the poem, using a cloze format (i.e., students supply the last word of each line). ➌ Use the vocabulary words “snazzy” and “snoozing.” © Sopris West Educatio nal Services. All rights reserved . Why is the snake snazzy? (It has a fancy coat.) What is the snazzy snake doing? (sleeping) What’s another word for sleeping? (snoozing) Unit 1 • Day 3 Activities 11 3 DAY Spelling Dictation Materials Unit 1 Spelling Folders Objectives Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Tricky Word: I Handwriting Oral Language Responding to Questions: Who? After students write each letter or word, have them check and correct their work. Monitor and assist, as needed. Dictate each sound or word consecutively as many times as needed, then practice in random order. Sounds • S, s Say each sound and the associated word. Have students say and write each sound. Have them say the sound as they write. /sss/ as in Snake with a capital letter /sss/ as in snake with a small letter Tricky Word • I ➊ Say “I.” Use it in a sentence. Have students say and write the word. HANDWRITING GUIDES (Reminder) Use the Theo Bear Wall Card as a reference. The top line is the hat line, the middle line is the belt line, and the bottom line is the shoe line. You are going to write the Tricky Word I. I see [Esai]. Say the word. (I) Write the word with a capital. ➋ Use this question–response pattern. ◆◆ Who do you see? (I see [Esai].) Mixed Sound Review • S, s, I As time allows, continue dictation of the sounds and Tricky Word in random order, giving students multiple opportunities to build confidence. (ALPH ABET CHE ER (9 soun ds) Aa Bb Cc Mm N n Oo (DICTA TION Dd Ee Pp Q q Rr Gg Hh Ii Tt U u Jj Kk Ll V v Ww ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ X x Yy Zz ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾¾ (Day 2) (Day 3) 2 3 12 Unit 1 • Day 3 Activities ◆◆ = Practice oral language patterns with ELLs and children with language delays. Unit 1 • DAY 4 Alphabet Routines Choral Practice Alphabet Beat Materials ABC Wall Cards: Aa–Zz Spelling Songs CD 1: Alphabet Beat, Track 1 Zee-Zi-Ziddly, Track 3 Have students clap and chant with the CD as you point to the ABC Wall Cards. ★ Zee-Zi-Ziddly (Vocal) ➊ Have students listen to the CD as you point to the appropriate Objectives ABC Wall Cards. Alphabetic Knowledge Letter Naming Fluency Alphabetical Order Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Sound Substitution Beginning Sound Phonics Letter/Sound Associations: Aa, Ee, Ii, Kk, Mm, Rr, Ss, Ww, Zz Music Experience ➋ Have students sing with the CD as you point to the appropriate ABC Wall Cards. Let’s sing Zee-Zi-Ziddly. Watch and sing as I point to the ABC Cards. We can sing our ABCs. We can sing our ABCs. We can sing our ABCs. Listen for the a sound. ă, ī, ăddly, ī, ō ă, ī, ăddly, ī, ō ă, ī, ăddly, ī, ō Listen for the e sound. ēē, ī, ēēdly, ī, ō . . . Listen for the i sound. Mēē, mī, mĭddly, ī, ō . . . Listen for the r sound. Rēē, rī, rĭddly, ī, ō . . . Listen for the s sound. Zēē, zī, zĭddly, ī, ō . . . Listen for the z sound. Poem S as in Snake Materials ➊ Use the Unit 1 poem to practice the continuous and ABC Poem Book: Unit 1 unvoiced letter/sound association /sss/ as in snake. Say something like: What kind of sound is letter s? (slow) Say the s sound. (/sss/) Objectives Phonological Awareness Alliteration Phonemic Awareness Beginning Sound Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Vocabulary Using: snazzy, snoozing RW1: UNIT 1; S & WC: UNIT 1 S as in S nake Capital le tter small lett S, e S says ss r s, s. Snazzy sn oozing sn a k e, S, s, sss. ➋ Have students recite the poem with you, line by line, starting with the title. ➌ Use the vocabulary words “snazzy” and “snoozing.” Why is the snake snazzy? (He is wearing a hat, coat, and tie.) What is the snake doing? (snoozing) ★ = Introduction of a new skill or activity © Sopris West Educatio nal Services. All rights reserved . Unit 1 • Day 4 Activities 13 DAY 4 Spelling Dictation Materials Unit 1 Spelling Folders Objectives Phonics Letter/Sound Association: Ss Tricky Word: I Handwriting Oral Language Responding to Questions: Who? After students write each letter or word, have them check and correct their work. Monitor and assist, as needed. Dictate each sound or word consecutively as many times as needed, then practice in random order. Sounds • S, s Say each sound and the associated word. Have students say and write each sound. Have them say the sound as they write. /sss/ as in Snake with a capital letter /sss/ as in snake with a small letter Tricky Word • I ➊ Say “I.” Use it in a sentence. Have students say and write the word. I HANDWRITING GUIDES (Reminder) Use the Theo Bear Wall Card as a reference. The top line is the hat line, the middle line is the belt line, and the bottom line is the shoe line. I see [Eric]. ➋ Use this question–response pattern. ◆◆ Who do you see? (I see [Eric].) Mixed Sound Review • I, S, s As time allows, continue dictation of the sounds and Tricky Word in random order, giving students multiple opportunities to build confidence. LEGIBILITY AND NEATNESS Don’t forget to encourage each individual’s best handwriting efforts. 14 Unit 1 • Day 4 Activities ◆◆ = Practice oral language patterns with ELLs and children with language delays.
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