Municipal Use of Unmanned
Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Presented To
What is a UAS?
In accordance with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA):
Unmanned Aircraft (UA)
An aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft. Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
An Unmanned Aircraft and its associated elements (including communication links and the components that control the UA) that are required for the safe and efficient operation of the UA in the NAS. Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
A UA weighing less than 55 pounds, including everything that is onboard or otherwise attached to the aircraft.
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Who Regulates The Operation of UAS?
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) • Created in 1958 by The Federal Aviation Act.
The FAA’s Motto:
• Has sole responsibility for developing and maintaining a common civil‐military system of air navigation and air traffic control. We’re not happy, until you're not happy
• Regulates:
• Pilot certificates
• Airframe and Powerplant certificates
• Inspection Authorizations
• Airport Certifications
• Aircraft Type Certificates
• N‐Number Registrations
• Operations conducted in the National Airspace (NAS)
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Who Can Fly A UAS? ‐ Hobbyist
Model aircraft operations are for hobby or recreational purposes only.
Capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere
Flown within visual line of sight of the person
operating the aircraft
Flown for hobby or recreational purposes.
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What are the Legal Requirements? Model aircraft operations are outlined in Section 336 of Public Law 112‐95 (The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012) •
The aircraft is flown strictly for hobby or recreational use.
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The aircraft is operated in accordance with a community based set of safety guidelines and within the programming of a nationwide community‐based organization.
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The aircraft is limited to not more than 55 pounds unless otherwise certified through a design, construction, inspection, flight test, and operational safety program administered by a community‐based organization.
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The aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft.
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When flown within 5 miles of an airport, the operator of the aircraft provides the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower (when an air traffic facility is located at the airport) with prior notice of the operation.
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Model aircraft operators flying from a permanent location within 5 miles of an airport should establish a mutually‐agreed upon operating procedure with the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower.
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Who Can Fly A UAS? – Civil
Civil (Commercial) Operations are defined as:
“Any operation that does not meet the statutory criteria for a public aircraft operation is considered a civil aircraft operation and must be conducted in accordance with all FAA regulations applicable to the operation.”
Multi‐Use, Basic Aerial Photography
Infrastructure Inspection
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Agriculture
Advanced Aerial Photography, Cinematography
What are the Legal Requirements? Three methods to acquire FAA authorization to operate a Civil UAS
Section 333 Exemption
• Must be filed with the FAA.
• Process can take up to 120 Days.
• Requires a Certificate of Authorization (COA).
• Requires a NOTAM
• Requires extensive supporting documentation.
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Certificates can be issued in two categories
• Experimental – Title 14, § 21.25, 21.185
• Restricted ‐ Title 14, § 21.191, 21.193, 21.195
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What are the Legal Requirements? Notice of Proposed Rulemaking – Now Part 107
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Who Can Fly A UAS? – Public Use
Public Operations are defined as:
Any aircraft utilized for a governmental function, which means an activity undertaken by a government, such as national defense, intelligence missions, firefighting, search and rescue, law enforcement (including transport of prisoners, detainees, and illegal aliens), aeronautical research, or biological or geological resource management. U.S. Customs / Border Patrol
Search and Rescue (SAR)
Law Enforcement
Fire Services
Special Weapons &Tactics (S.W.A.T.)
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What are the Legal Requirements? Title 49 § 40102 (a) (41)
• An aircraft used only for the United States Government. • An aircraft owned by the Government and operated by any person for training purposes.
• An aircraft owned and operated by a State Government, Washington D.C., or a territory/possession of the United States. • An aircraft lease by the Government for at least 90 Days
• An aircraft owned or operated by the Armed Forces
Title 49 § 40125 ‐ Defines Operations and Terms for Public Use Aircraft
• Commercial Purposes
• Search and Rescue Purposes
• Governmental Function
• Qualified Non‐Crewmember
• Armed Forces
• Aircraft owned by Governments
• Limitations
Advisory Circular 00‐1.1A, Public Aircraft Operations
Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA)
What are the Legal Requirements? How do you determine if your UAS Operation is a PAO?
Is the aircraft owned and operated by the Government?
Or
Is the aircraft to be utilized leased for at least 90 continuous days by the Government for official Government purposes?
Used for Commercial Purposes?
Civil Aircraft Operation
Crew, or Qualified Non‐Crew ONLY?
Public Aircraft Operation
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AC 00‐1.1A Decision Flow Chart for Federal Government Aircraft Operations
UAS Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
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Duties / Responsibilities
Workflows
Training and Standardization
Mission Briefs
Safety / Risk Management
Emergency Procedures / Accident Plan
Data Management Plan
Establishes Qualification & Currency Requirements
Develops a measurable standard for crew mix
Meets FAA standard in accordance with your organization’s Section 333 exemption or COA
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UAS Training
• Initial Training
- Ground School
- Flight Tasks
- Evaluation
• Continuation Training
- Flight Training
- Simulator Training
- Crew / Mission Training
• Emergency Procedures
• Regulatory & Policy Briefings
• New Equipment Training
Establish standards, and train to meet them
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UAS Operations
• Accident Reconstruction
• Traffic Assessment • Crime Scene Mapping
• Evidence Gathering
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UAS Operations
• Damage Assessment
• Disaster Response
• Debris Estimation
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UAS Operations
HAZMAT Assessment
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UAS Operations
• Event Monitoring & Security
• Crowd or Traffic Control
• Persistent Surveillance
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UAS Operations
• Tactical/SWAT
• Barricaded Residence
• Standoff
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• Hostage
• Explosives
• Overwatch
ELIOS by Flyability
Privacy and Ethics In UAS Operations
What is “privacy” with regard to UAS?
Who should govern it?
Who will present the greatest threats to privacy?
FAA: “Our mission does not include developing or enforcing policies pertaining to privacy or civil liberties”
U.S. Congress: No finalized action regarding UAS privacy standards.
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Privacy and Ethics In UAS Operations
Tennessee Laws
• SB 796, 2013: Law enforcement use only with search warrant
• SB 1777, 2014: Class C mis: filming of a hunter or angler
• SB 1892, 2014: Class C misdemeanor: surveillance
• HB 153, 2015: ‐ Knowingly using UA over: ‐ Fireworks event
‐ Correctional facility
‐ Open‐air event (more than 100 individuals)
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2014 Tennessee Code
Title 39 ‐ Criminal Offenses
Chapter 13 ‐ Offenses Against Person
Part 9 ‐ Surveillance by Unmanned Aircraft
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Privacy and Ethics In UAS Operations
TRANSPARENCY
YOUR
UAS
PRIVACY
POLICY
COLLECTION AND
USE
WHO can access the
data
WHY data is being
collected
ACCOUNTABILITY
& SECURITY
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WHO the data will be
shared with
Privacy and Ethics In UAS Operations
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COLLECTION AND USE
‒ Avoid operation when subject has reasonable expectation of privacy
‒ Avoid persistent collection of sensitive data
‒ Prevent UAS from entering private property or airspace without prior consent
‒ Limit collection of data to what is needed to achieve purposes specified
‒ Collected data should not erode or violate a person’s statutory or constitutional rights
‒ Data should only be used for its intended purpose
‒ Limit sharing and dissemination of data
‒ Data should be kept no longer than necessary
www.AvionSolutions.com/UAS
Privacy and Ethics In UAS Operations
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TRANSPARENCY
‒ Make your UAS Privacy policy publicly available
‒ Clearly state your program’s purpose
‒ Identify a responsible point of contact to oversee compliance with applicable laws & UAS privacy policies
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ACCOUNTABILITY & SECURITY
‒ Have procedures in place to handle support requests
‒ Ensure personnel are trained & compliant
‒ Establish a chain of custody & data security protocols
‒ Employ encryption when possible
‒ Regularly monitor systems for security risks
‒ Allow controlled access through authorized personnel
www.AvionSolutions.com/UAS
Municipal Use of Unmanned
Aircraft Systems (UAS)
DATA ACCOUNTABILITY
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Collected data should not erode or violate a person’s statutory or constitutional rights
Establish a chain of custody & data security protocols
Employ encryption when possible
Data should only be used for its intended purpose
Data should be kept no longer than necessary
– Collect, Control, and Clear the card
www.AvionSolutions.com/UAS
Four Pillars of SAFETY
Flight Safety
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Aircraft Safety
Operational Safety
Public Safety
Human Factors
Built‐in Safety Features
Challenges of UAS Flight Operations
Notifications
Stressors to Flight
Safe Maintenance Practices
Preventive Measures
System Failures / Ditching
Personal Protective Equipment
Terrain Flight Hazards
Mitigating Risk
Aircraft Control
Safe Altitudes and Distances
Safe Training Practices
Hazard Maps
Distractions
• Insurance
Collision Avoidance
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Insurance…
• Coverage commensurate to the type of operation being conducted has always been a standard part of a traditional aircraft operator’s risk management strategy.
• With the growth of the UAS industry a common misconception has developed; due to the relatively small size of a UA, organizations assume that there is a much smaller risk, and therefore little to no need for insurance.
• Primary drivers for UAS insurance are the UAS service provider’s customer. The average energy company typically requires $25M in third party limit.
• Outside of the professional aviation insurance market, appropriate coverage is hard to obtain. Specialist aviation insurers, such as Global Aerospace, are offering a broad range of products and services
• High end UAS insurance can even include invasion of privacy and hazards such as hi‐jacking (or the drone being deliberately controlled by a third party).
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Questions?
Contact Avion Unmanned
Taylor Abington
UAS Program Manager
(256) 327‐7182
[email protected] 4905 Research Drive NW
Huntsville, AL 35805
(256) 721-7006
AvionSolutions.com/UAS
4905 Research Drive NW
Huntsville, AL 35805
256‐721‐7006
AvionSolutions.com/UAS