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Paradox in the poems of Fereydoun Tavallali and Fereydoun
Moshiri about death and life
Ahmadreza Nazari Charvadeh a, Akbar shojaie b
a
Payame Department of Humanities Sciences, Faculty of Persian language and literature,Islamic Azad University of Astara, Iran
b
Department of Humanities Sciences, Faculty Of Persian language and literature,Islamic Azad University of Astara, Iran
Abstract
Contemporary Persian poem has had vicissitudinous periods and great and expanded attempts from various aspects caused its
creation . In this regard , transformation in Persian poem patterns , was not just gains of Nima and his followers ; but this
evolution in prosodic system was considered the easiest work for modernists .Emerging innovative poets in the field of style and
content generated new concepts in the field of new terms and interpretations into Persian poem body . Nima influenced on young
and modernist poets in his era form various aspects and since then a group of passionate youth helped him , promote and interpret
his new theories . Fereydoun Tavallali and Fereydoun Moshiri were among contemporary poets who believed Nima and
contributed to raise new poems of Nima by attempt in the field of lyrical poetry . The political situation in Pahlavi era was also
effective .Oppression and injustice changed the path of contemporary poem towards society and the boring troubles found his
path into the works of poems especially romantics. They became pessimist towards the life ; they lost their hope and eventually
for surviving from this terrible situation , accepted death . The internal paradoxes of two contemporary poets : Tavallali and
Moshiri about life and death have been investigated in their works . The obtained results could introduce significant information
about amorist Tavallali and tender-hearted Moshiri and their fear from death .
Keywords: contemporary poet , romantics , death , life , Tavallali , Moshiri;
1.
Introduction
In the current article, aiming to find some kind of dilemma in the personality of two famous contemporary
poets , Fereydoun Tavallali and Fereydoun Moshiri , all their works have been investigated in the terms of content .
The major prospect in this research is around two concepts of life and death and the authors try to represent various
integrated but paradox reflections and expressions .At first , we talk about Tavallali and his attitudes who is among
initial followers of Nima Youshij and the creators of the best lyrics in the poem collections such as “Raha” and
“ Nafeh” . No human being’s life is eternal and his mind and thought is always engaged in a complicated and
unknown problem named death . According to his opinions, beliefs and life style , everyone has built a perspective
from it . meanwhile, the concern and fear from death is the most common reflection against it . However, there is
another treatment about death which know it as the start of real life . Therefore , the life and death are two integrated
fact which have been reflected by the poems with soft emotions in various forms in their poem . Fereydoun Moshiri
who is among Nima's followers has various and sometimes conflicting attitudes towards both death and life
phenomena . In the current research which has been done by qualitative method and analysis and description of
contents , the issue of death and life which is underlying the main poem of Moshiri has been investigated in all
poems of this poet . Since he is a romantic poet , he feels consistent presence of death beside life and accepts it
deeply . Moshiri knows the life as a train in which all human beings travel . Some people get in and out to this train
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in each station . The deterministic view of the author expresses the fact of life so that whether they want or no ,
human beings will ride this train and should get out in one station without their own desire . The obtained results
suggest that , Moshiri introduces death as a bitter fact in the first period of his life and shows his fear from death in
his poems which is reflection of his bitterness in his life .However , after acquiring self-awareness and maturity , he
leaves personal death scope and thinks about society and the world with a hope to live . It is in this period that his
attitude towards death is expanded and sees it as another life and knows the real death as deterioration of humanity .
Theoretical principles
2.1 Emotivism or romanticism
Every literary school is the yield of interaction between some tensional forces their source should be searched in
the historical background and social situation at the time of that school emergence . If according what mentioned in
the literature history books , the distance between 1798 to 1832 is considered romantic period , thus it should be said
that romanticism has been created in a evolutionary and flustered period during which cultural , social and
economic; principles of new era was formed . Meanwhile , three revolutions left great effect on public minds :
revolution of America , Revolution of France and industrial revolution (Payandeh , 1373 : 102 )
A theory is relatively common in Iran which says the Romanticism is merely a literary style and method which
is mainly summarized in some romantic motions and a little regret and tear and sorrow , and from social and though
point of view is an anti-realism phenomenon and based on mere imagination and subjectivism . But the fact is that
the romanticism is not only a literary school but also a universal movement and school which involves various fields
like literature , philosophy , social and political sciences , architecture , music , painting , cinema and etc. (Ja’fari
Jazi , 1378 : 1) .
Alfred Demouse states :” Romanticism is a weepy breeze , Romanticism is a sudden shine and disease
intoxication ……” ( Seyed Hosseini , 1387 : 161 ) . the basic principle of romantic poem is that exhilaration and
happiness of the poet do not accept particular order and principle . Among various types of poems , the romantic
poem is the single one which is over a type and actually it involves all poetic techniques and strategies . Thus . it
could be said that every poem is romantic or must be romantic “( Forest , 1380 : 69-71) .
2.2. Social Romanticism
In the works of romanticism researchers , some paradox in the school nature is consistently referred . The
romantic poet and author wants to create a new order which is essentially differ to tradition and on the other hand
the social order is so autocratic to reflect his freedom and is enough persistent and harder to involve his wishes and
goals . As a result , some conflict is created which raises from each corner of his mind and manner . It means that an
artist wants a thing and the external reality is another thing and thus , there is a conflict and inconsistency between
inside and outside . There is another great feature in the romantic poem where the poet escapes from current
situation ; escape to nowhere and fairy tales , escape to unconscious and hidden world , escape to childhood and
nature and escape to madness and dream world . the other feature of romanticism is its introspection . The
importance of this feature is so that some people have said that “ introspection and mentality in romantic art is
considered as an stylistic and basic feature . After industrial revolution in Europe , man had lost all external supports
and had no support other than himself and had to refer to himself in order to help and support . Because of this , the
European romantic poem became introvert . ( Zarqani , 1383 : 218-219 ) .
Community – oriented romanticism is as a result of distancing of poets from personal and romantic stream and
their approaching to symbolism . The experts believe that during the periods of romantics and social symbolism ,
some kind of social poem is also heard (Shafiie Kadkani , 1380 : 54 0 .
2.3 praising death
This attitude has many followers among Iran and Islam mystics and Sufis . By forwarding or accepting death ,
they try to decrease fear from death . They want living people like a defunct physically in order to be eternal
mentally. From the Abrahamic religious point of view , especially Islam , death is the result of troubles and suffers
of this world and reaching to ideal and desirable world and it is said in Quran that (Quran , Neba’ /31-34 ) . In the
other verse , they are given good news that : ( Quran , Hajar /45) . The Quran has interpreted man’s attempt to good
deeds and has called this chance as life . “ ‫( “ خلق الموت و الحیوه لیبلوکم ایکم احسن عملا‬Quran , Molk /2) . In
Nahjolbalaghe and Nahjolfasahe and the narratives related to Hussein . there are various evidences to this belief . Ali
says , “ ‫ انس بالموت من الطفل بثدی امه‬، ‫( “ وهللا البن ابی طالب‬Ali ben Abitaleb , 1390 , fifth word / 57 ) . this concept has
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been also stated in Hammam sermon beautifully ( same sermon 84/650 ; also Husseinpour , 1382 : 28 ) . The
religious believers thought that if death is the end of life , the reason for eternity desire and wish is so suffering and
the face of death in the mirror of clear and introvert mirror of man is so horrible ( Motahari , 1373 : 182) . The
mystic sees his real life in death and obviously welcome it . Mansour Hallaj who is the greatest propagator of
reincarnation thought in mysticism and is referred to as mysticism martyr also believes this . He not only has no fear
from death , but also accept it and wants to be killed in order to reach eternal life (Zarinkoub , 1377 : 307 ) .
In Shams lyrical poems , Rumi admires death constantly . he has no fear from death and seeks to welcome it
warmly . Since he knows that he won’t die from death and will have no hurt , but he will be eternal ( Akram , 1356 :
423 ) RK : (Rumi , 1363 : 1326 ) . Sufi finds a close relationship between death and love , since love separates man
from inferior life and adherence and directs him towards real value (Ataie , 1386 : 111) . Other different lyrics could
be found in Shams lyrics about admiring death which suggests the depth of Rumi’s interest to this phenomenon
(refer to Husseinpour , 1382 : 25-45) . Fereudoun Sepahsalar , Ahmad Aflaki , Moinoldole Parvaneh and Soltan
Valad , Rumi’s son , also have said many stories about interest and fascination of Rumi to death ( i.e. Aflaki , 1362 :
581-582 , and Sepahsalar , 1363 , 111-114 , Rumi , 1365 : 39 ) .
3. Discussion
3.1 The most romantic poems of Tavallali
This Qashqaie poet from Shiraz , studied archeology in university and this background and interest generated
some poems like “evening grief “ , “ secret cellar “ , “ dead alley “ , and “ archeologist “ . He explores the depth of
the eartch with a especial interest and enjoys from this so as he has sang his longest and the most beautiful and
romantic poem . This effect of death and repetition of its content is relatively the result of poet’s involvement old
traditional works remained from dead people inside crypts and underground .
- in depth of black soil / looking for dark torch of dead people / in a wish for a warm in a cold tomb / disperse
the ashes of old centuries / in order to draw / breaks of a glass / or earrings of an ear / or from two eyes of a cold
look in an skull / or asking a way / the past legend of past world … / suddenly stunning scorpion from ditch corner /
from a frightened and angry ax ding-dong / is drawn from an ominous skull / little more in dark and frightening
crypt / hyena eats from the old body of archeologist (Tavallali , archeologist ) .
Yes , he is an archeologist and for many years , he knocked his ax on the dusty piles , cleaved old temples and
everything for which he looked was old construction and everything which he found was rotten bone and since the
researcher was a poet and artist , so has heard an advice from every parts of a palace and sometimes has talked with
collapsed terraces in his tears and therefore he feels constantly the wings of death above himself and in his dreams ,
knows sickle closer than jugular vein . However this issue didn’t cause to ignore the world , but also if he has guest
many times in Norouz , again he will enjoy having this (Babachahi , 1380 : 247) .
3.2 romance and satisfaction
It seems that Tavallali has been an amorist and has had no fear from romance and love. He was also brave for
love and sometimes he proceeded towards family perturbation and the collapse of his own social and political basis ;
however never knows any one superior than his wife and returned to his home like immigrant shorebirds . It should
be mentioned that his great wife was a source of tolerance and forgave him anyway . They respected each other and
he offered all of his books to her , …. He said that he wanted to die in Mahin arms and also he died there (Parham ,
1364 : 764 ) . In the poem of “ wild love “ , Tavallali talks about a vague memory in which lover goes toward plain
lonely with anger and sleeps there depressed and suffered from his destiny . Then, by applying some terms and
statements like the groups of crows , evenings , redoubtable , crypt , tombs , ruined castle , anxious soul and ….
Creates a frightening and creepy atmosphere:
Below that old Plata nous which from last times / raised , alone and isolated among plain / a wild love , slept
from depression / upset from destiny / affraying , the group of crows in the evening … / quiet and terrible …./ and
from a black corner of a crypt / a shadow raises from a tomb / there , besides a remote and ruined castle / a nocturnal
girl has kindled a fire …./ from the mountain top , roaring and clamorous / casts to the ground the bent Plata nous /
scrawls it in branches and wake the wild love up (Tavallali , wild love ) .
Sometimes the audience of Tavallali poems are bored from high passion and repeated falling in love and poet
satisfactions . That is a position which is imposed to reader by reading the poems of Moshiri; with this difference
that there lamenting of Moshiri and his boring pessimism which exhausts its audience .Although when singing , the
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poem of “ thoughts “ , the courier of death of Tavallali tends to aware him from suffering event of aging , the poet
falls in love again by seeing drunken eyes of his beloved (Tavallali , thoughts ) .
3.3 In dark and threatening rocky places
Although the life of Tavallali was not spent in troubles and indigence and poverty , the social events and
thought throbbing and lack of speech freedom and also love failures of amorist Tavallali and more important his
archeology has reflected life different for him rather than the others . In the following poem , in the first line , the
life has been described as a dark and threatening rocky place and a huge desert and a fearing situation :
“ in the dark rocky places of life / in this fairy desert / I hear constantly / a sound from an unknown friend /
fascinating voice of a woman like a grail echo / which wants me / from night depth / call me / desires me and I don’t
find her / poor me when loving a person / I burnt every day and thought its she / Ah ! after passing a little distance /
I saw it is the mirage of wish hot spring “. (Tavalloli , Nashnaparast ) .
Of course the view of Tavallali has not been pessimist in such a way ; So that in “ Karoun “ poem which is full
of simple emotions , he provides very romantic scenes from life :
The slow boat like a light swan
was going along Karoun slowly
In the beach groves , the sun
was going out from horizon
(Tavallali , Karoun )
The other subject about the effect of issues around the poet on his view towards life is that Tavallali who was so
active in political and social subjects of the country and his life was changed according to social events , like many
other liberals in 30th and 40th decades , he waited for a person waits for starting near revolution and wake people
slept in the ignorance and nerveless world :
the revolution clarion , very roaring / from far distances it can be heard / I become calm and I get hope / I am
awaked / the battle is the offer of movement / the chirping of resurrection , uprising day of man /the soul jumps from
joy , the blood is doped from the eye / the heart beats from suffer (Tavalloli , afterward revolution ).
The image that Tavallali draws from homeland revolutionary savior reflects the spirit of Tavallali and his
fellows in those years :
- in the darkness of a forest , dense and distant / towards mountains , besides drunken river / a little cabin ,
established for a long time / a broken wall / on a branch in that tight place / hung from the ceiling , reversed , a gun /
a bull filled with dust , and during years and months / lightless and dark (Tavallali , afterward revolution ) .
3.4 describing the nature
The romantic poet and follower of Nima like other romanticists also considered around nature . In the poem of
“Maryam” , he has talked about blossoming of white Maryam (flower) in the evenings . Personification of this
flower has given an especial and mental position to the poem of Tavallali :
“ In the middle of nights , when the moon / yellow and broken , blows from the north / stayed in the dark of
night / white Maryam / quiet and wanderer / she has stayed till behind the mountain / to raise moon , to take the
mask from night / to shine the light towards him and to wash the soft body / in the light of moon / slept and steals
obviously / the hand of breeze , the perfume of each flower which is fresh / the night slept in quietness and the
awakened of night / is the eyes of Maryam “ . (Tavallali , Maryam ) .
3.5. Alive in a coffin
One of the main contents in Tavallali poem is the sorrow which sometimes takes the form of nostalgia and also
states the regrets of the good past . in the poem of “ regression “ , the poet draws a figure from beloved face which
has been aged and his hair has become white . The happiness has been removed from her heart and has nothing but
regression about her adolescence:
(Tavallali , regression )
A beloved who is beside a heater because of winter coldness , when watching the children playing and
remembers her own adolescence . It should be mentioned that this poem has been composed in the form of three
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narrative piece which have been linked by a line and is among experiences of poem transformation in contemporary
era :
( Tavallali , regression )
Tavallali was so frustrated in his life and constantly composed poems about death and fear from that; so as he
buried alive himself in a mass of grief. He was involved in a dark nightmare of life and captured in the darkness of
long life night . In the poem of “night shadows “, this horrible dark scope and heavy and bony broken dark sky could
be seen :
Owl sings and the nightmare from its horror , stares to a candle flame without light . the wind roars and brings
the sound of a hungry animal from a far forest .
(Tavallali , night shadows )
In the poem of “death valley “, Tavallali has drawn an beautiful picture from life shortness. He imagines a man
as a traveler who must pass from death valley. When passing from this valley , a black monster and a shadow-like
demon and a he snake named death want to kill human . Tavallali believes that during man’s life , from childhood to
end of life , the death staring him and has been always seeking to kill him .
“go away, away from this waste way !/ the night is bloody and the sun set / how you know that in this steep
valley / this black monster / which stared to your way / what strong desires and long hope / which have been died in
this silent plain / and in that dark cavern …/ it is the Levantine viper which has seat on the rock / wants your life …/
what is this shadow , passerby ? which like a dust / is in a horror in the way of this white heart ? / woe unto thy soul
woe / passerby ! / the demon attained !” . ( Tavallali , death valley ) .
3.6 I bend in front of you , death !
The major content among the poems of Tavallali is death which is repeated in various forms and
interpretations . However the view of Tavallali towards death is like Epicureans who knew death the only gate of
life and the survive way from inferior world troubles. For escaping from death fear, they said , as long as we are
alive , there is no death and whenever there is death , we are not alive :
I want death and whoops that the hand of death , became the trap of this life and took that lap ! (Tavallali ,
greeting death )
In the poet view , death is the end of life and is considered an element for escaping from life troubles . In his
poem , death has been presented with a bad face and the images which have been introduced from death transfer a
kind of destruction and annihilation to audience mind .
Like a blossom , I’m exhausted from this pure lap, infect me by shame , precious love . I want you , the desired
death , hurry up and escape from the shame of my hesitate . (Tavallali , precious death )
He knows death as a panacea which cure the wounds of life and survive him from lethal life .
I’m happy that dark death in this night , takes a way two eyes and blows to my light .(Tavallali , eve )
In the poem of “ life grail “ , Tavallali admits that he is old and senile , however doesn’t want long life like
other old ones ; since the start and end of this life has had no gain other than futility for him . Thus , he knows death
arms the best cure and a treat for his pain : (Tavallali , life grail )
Actually , Tavallali believes that when coming death , he is not alive anymore and when he is , the death is not
present . Therefore , he never submits to black monster of death an does not bend in front of it .
My beloved following this burdensome pain is death and now watches me . ( Tavallali , grapple )
However, it may be said that in intellectual logic and mental substance and essentially in his perceptions from
life , he likes death as an inseparable component of total creation and intends to feel death in the heart of life and
perceive it so that he has accepted life for creating the beauty of art . Thus , knows describing death as a logistic
justification to an acceptable certainty . In an environment which is full of poverty and lies and deception , what
could be a hope eyelet but death ? His tendency towards death could not be questioned . he was drawn to an
isolation which was the result of bitter experiences of life and community ingratitude , constant , social neglects ,
helplessness , pessimistic caused by philosophical hesitate , … . death and destruction is specially seen in all poems
of “ Nafe” lyrics and thus , these poems are called “ black poems “ or “death lyrics “ ; Since most poems have
actually a refrain and are ended to a same letter : Kastan , Soukhtan , Tabah Shodan and az tabahi va nistie khod
shad shodan . (Tavallali , the shame of pause ) .
3.2. Fereydoun Moshiri
3.2.1. The quiddity of life from Moshiri point of view
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The poems of Moshiri is sometimes full of passion and exhilaration which call the audience towards alignment
with life and enjoyment and satisfaction with life and encourage the audience to live in present . Yes , in the poem of
“ Cry “ which has been decorated by detection array in nature elements like dawn , breeze and sun , all of these
elements call him to rise and restart :
Dawn is integrated with me and says , get up . The breeze puts down the flowers and says get up ! the beautiful
Zarafshan girl of sun sings a good song which says get up ! (Moshiri , roar)
Even the Cebu and pitchers on which the beautiful image of beloved eyes have been drawn , seems to became
alive in the form of an alive beloved and winks to confirm the words of breeze , dawn and sun :
From the arch corner , Cebu insists me to get up while winking (same) .
Although such though has no value in intellectual system of Fereydoun Moshiri , sometimes by turning to the
nature and following its freshness , he approaches to Hakim Omar Khayyam :
It’s the spring weather and the wine is a pure wine , we drink it by laugh and sipping wine .
(Moshiri , hope flower)
By presence of these factors and the motivation of succulence , he goes far away from inner peace and his
hopeless and frustrated soul talks about the probability of losing life freshness , the lack of a companion and
emptiness of his soul from pure poem and also he says that his instrument is an unanswered shout :
“ my grown leaks from the walls / there is no companion to say alas when crying / the wine doesn’t give
drunkenness anymore / my grail is empty from pure poem / my instrument is unanswered shouts / slowly from far
away / the chalice of being particles is full of light wine but I / am in the darkness of nights without moon /
depressed in this expanded swamp / full of suffer , I’m asking / if the grail breaks / if an instrument ruptures / if the
poem is not desirable any more “. (Moshiri , if the grail breaks ).
Somewhere else , the Vietnam war influences on the poet heart such that knows the Vietnamese orphans tears
brighter than sky Pleiades .
“A cage should be built / all sparrows and canaries in the world / with swallows and doves/ should be prisoned
in the cage / it’s an era in which the flying of doves / is forbidden in the sky / since / there is a violation against jets’
privacy / it’s an era in which the goodness is slept and evil is awake (Moshiri , tears cluster )
The poet says : it’s the time of self-interest and blood suckering is common in the world :
“ I close Hafez sonnet / from behind of tears / staring on dry farm of firmament / I see / flame and smoke in
the heart / Pleiades is tuned off / I say by myself / it’s the time of self-interest and self-handedness / it’s the time of
blood suckering / which tears cluster of Vietnamese orphans is/brighter than sky Pleiades (Moshiri , tear cluster ).
3.2.2. Love and hope
The poet believes that this world and its life is like a frozen garden where there is no happiness and passion .
Thus, he relies on strong battlement of love and sings the love song in order to make his words eternal rather than
his poem death :
I said that in order to make my words consistent , it’s better to say poems from love pain . I don’t sing any other
song than love and I say more things about love (Moshiri , I’m poet that day ) .
The poet believes that a happy ending is not imagined for human being in this world and everything is lost and
forgotten after death . So, he take refuge behind love and wants it to burn him in order to convert the copper of his
soul into gold in the life and provide good smell from the poet ( Moshiri , crazy ) .
3.2.3. Dark and blurry phenomena in the nature
In the view of Moshiri every component of life and his around nature take the color of autumn and everything is
faded even life is died and the paws of old plays frustrating music . Mehregan wind promises yellowing and
coldness and separation and the sun and the moon shine dolefully and if they smile , it is because of regret and
sarcasm to mortal life , not because of kindness and love (Moshiri , hidden fire ) .
The poet injects his dramatic thoughts into various expressions of the nature and look at the nature just from this
point and knows that qualified for a sick soul . the cool smile considers sunset as a symbol for emergence of
frustration and misery which will be approached and the time involves them . the movement of branches which is
because of wind indicates tree’s anxiety and the cause of leaves falling from trees branches is expressed by a
beautiful metaphor as their burning from death kiss (Moshiri , hidden fire ) .Moshiri knows the seasons changes
with his especial view which is generally pessimist , the result of death manipulation which is a destructive autumn .
This disaster – prone flood doesn’t stop until to destroy all of these blossoms with a strong flood :
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This romantic poet from Hamedan , although takes a look at the nature , his view into everything , e.g. the
nature is a view behind pessimistic glasses and black color . this cause that even whenever he wants to exit from that
position and look at the nature from optimistic prospect , again his depressed and upset soul expresses itself among
the terms . in the poem of “ flying with the sun “ , the poet talks about morning , sun and its bright shine in the
mornings (Moshiri , flying with sun ) . The images which Moshiri presents from nature , are all alive and moving
like us , so as they imitate our acts : stressing the breast of cloud , withering the sun smile in the darkness heart , the
instruments of story tells which is like cry , and sad mourning of downpipe.
So sad hanging off horizons
Clouds breasts pressed together
The laugh of sun lights
Is withered in the heart of darkness
It seems that the poet has hidden behind leaves and flowers , behind clouds and sun and behind name and nature
of wind and crows . Since, at that time , everything which he reports is the expression of his own disappointments
and his reflections against life events . Therefore , when he says ,” the eyes of each leave is full of tear “ , actually he
imagines his pain in front of readers eyes and when he talks about mountain which has the troubles on his
shoulders , actually he talks about his patience .(Moshiri , cloud ) . In the majority of these poems , the nature has
black color and everything suggest disappointment and social frustration of poet .
3.2.4 . Disappointment and frustration
Withering of life in poet’s vessels , indicates his maximum disappointment . While, he felt the warmth of
hundred arms with a lovely view and a smile from his beloved , now at the time of his aging when loves anyone , he
sees her cold :
All flowers which are withered from cold , who stole your smiles from your lips ?
……..
(Moshiri , blue flowers )
There is high frustration in all poems of Moshiri . For example , when in the poem of “ poor “ says that his only
sin is poverty , promises the poor man to death and to this that eventually one day in a frozen alley he will die in his
loneliness and when he is sick and homeless and by death he will find peace :
Poor man ! whom your only sin is just your poverty
die in a corner which this way is yours (Moshiri , poor )
Love is an issue which has been dispersed like wheat seeds in the poem farm of Moshiri . However , as soon as
the audience wants to feel love and passion in his soul confronts with a dramatic nostalgia which is seldom seen in a
poet (Moshiri , )
In the poem of “ half-burnt candle“ , Moshiri likens himself to an owl which has sat on the ruined walls of
world and watches the people . Every kind of hope and happiness expectation in this dramatic world and this land of
pain and suffer is ignored and non-logical ( Moshiri , half-burnt candle ) .
He constantly waits for death . During his life , he has not been secured against various bad events , however
now he has sat in the beach and has approached to secure shore means the last pain of life (death ) . he who has no
gain in his life other than pain and depression and has had hope to better future , now sets on the edge of life roof m
thus he is turning off like a half-burnt candle with an smile on his lips and in his last line also mentions his name
who has crawled in pain and waits for his life end like a wounded bird with a broken wind (Moshiri , half-burned
candle ) .
The gentle soul of Moshiri , as literary critics also confirm , is romantic and also indicator of life
disappointments . As another word , Moshiri’s romanticism could be called black . in the poem of “ captive “ he
likens his destiny and actually his dramatic painful life to a prison with a pain and torture . he believes that the life is
not more than a deception and actually is a slavery which has been called life (Moshiri , captive ) .
In the poem of “ silence “ also the audience is confronted with a failed and hopeless spirit , with a poet who is
involved in pain and suffer and blames painlessness . Moshiri was so engaged in pain so that knows death as life and
the pain as happiness (silence) .
Moshiri’s whole life is complaining about life and his destiny . He says that “ our life has been destroyed in
night alleys and the pain has affected our happiness . So that my fervor has been died in the heart . I have immerged
in a dark hail , while having no goal in my life . it won’t take a long time that my breath stops and my soul separates
from my body and goes away and death takes the dry leave of my entity like a cold wind (Moshiri , hedge ).
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The poem of “ alley “ is one of his best poems ; so that the title of its poet is “ alley poet “ for this poem . “ the
alley “ which is a relatively long poem in the pattern of Nima’s poems has been composed by repeating the basis of
" ‫ " فعلتن‬and has been composed with a nostalgic – romantic content :
“ again ,I passed from that alley in the moonlight without you / I looked for you all the time / my soul filled
with the delight of your meeting / I became that crazy lover who I was before / I remembered you In the bottom of
soul / the garden of hundred memories laughed / the smell of hundred memories dispersed “.9Moshiri , alley ) .
Actually , Nostalgia is return to past in which the situation of the poet was so better than now and it is a common
reflection of hopeless and disappointment in the contemporary poem :
“ I remember that one night passed from that alley with each other / and flew in that desired privacy / we sat
some hours next to that river / all secrets of the world were filled in your eyes / and I was watching you / the sky was
clear and the night was quiet / the fortune was smiling and the time was docile / the moon cluster spoiled in the
water / the branches close to moonlight / the night and desert and flower and rock / all listen to the song of Sirius”
(same) .
In this poetic memoirs , Moshiri talks about a beloved who was out casted for some reasons and one of those
reasons was non-certainty and non- assurance of Moshiri’s love :
“ I remember that you said avoid from this love / look at this water for seconds / the water is the mirror of
passing love / you whose look is worried about a look / your heart will be with the others tomorrow / in order to
forget , move from this city for a while /…./ I searched everywhere to be captured in your trap / I don’t know
avoiding from love / I never would be able to move from you “. (same )
3.2.5 Shadow of death
Moshiri had fear from death. He is frightened from its ominous steps and bitter smiles when embracing man .
He has from being obliged to take a grain from death hand and to drink it with fear and shock and hater . Which
gifts could have death other than snakes and insects and the hyenas howling? (Moshiri ,chameleon)
In most of poems about death and its concepts ,Moshiri has talked about his fear from death . Despite many
superficial critics who know him as one admiring death and hopeful towards life , Moshiri has always had fear from
this inevitable phenomena . in describing the poem of “wish“ , by describing last moments of life and by relying and
emphasizing on death certainty , he doesn’t like the presence of doctors next to himself and clarifies that like reading
Quran verses for patents who are at the last moments of their life , he want them to sing life songs to him .
4.1. The results
The obtained results are as following :
1. Theme of Tavallali poems is generally developed in two ranges with close contents in his works which its
first part is reflect of romantic world feeling and lost wishes and also existing values which leaves a dramatic and
romantic image . The other part of his poems is reflection of painful face of death and description of
disappointments and silent world of died loves which the most obvious figure of this part i.e. death and its thoughts
could be searched in “ Raha “ and “ Nafe” books .
2. Although , Tavallali didn’t spend his life in poverty , the social events and lack of freedom for expressing
ideas and opinions and also love failures of amorist Tavallali and his archeology background , liken the life as a dark
and blurry rocky place and a great and frightening desert .
3. also , death from Tavallali point of view has been affected by materialist thoughts in cultural and social
atmospheres . Actually he knows just death as a way to escape from huge prison of life .
4. Moshiri is also among poets who as the result of political and social evolutions especially in 30th decade
affected by romantic poets like Tavallali and Naderpour composed some poems which is along romanticism
elements . Although this romantic poet also considers nature , his view towards everything including nature is
behind pessimist and disappointing glasses and is black .
6. The subject of death has been expressed in the poems of Moshiri in many ways . Sometimes the face of death
is horrible and the poet thinks about escaping from that . Of course sometimes has had positive opinion about this
phenomena . In some poems , he compares death with drunkenness caused by drinking wine which give a temporal
peace , while the death which is the best peace is eternal .
6. Moshiri in his poems seems highly disappointed . It seems that life has eliminated from poet’s vessels .
However, when talking about love , he is transformed , so that addresses the beloved with high joy and enthusiasm .
He knows the only way for escaping from painful life in this world as love .
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