bi·ol·o·gy
/bīˈäləәjē/
noun
the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology,
anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
CIF3 Reading Questions
I. Suggested Evening: September 9th
1.
What is a macromolecule? In general, how are macromolecules formed? What are the four main classes of
macromolecules (also known as complex organic molecules) discussed in this chapter?
“An immense
variety
of polymers
can beofbuilt
from a small set
of monomers.”
this are
statement.
Howfrom
does monomers.
this concept make biological
2. 20.Define
polymer.
Explain,
in terms
dehydration
synthesis,
howDescribe
polymers
formed
structures so unique?
3. 21.Define
monomer.
Explain,
in
terms
of
hydrolysis,
how
monomers
are
formed
from
polymers.
How many molecules of
What are monosaccharides? Write the molecular formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons. Discuss two biological functions of
water
are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long?
monosaccharides.
Name
three common
hexose
sugars. How
are they
similar?
Howaare
they set
different?
Why are theseDescribe
sugars considered
isomers? How
do such
4. 22.“An
immense
variety
of polymers
can
be built
from
small
of monomers.”
this statement.
How
does this
subtle changes
the arrangement
of these so
molecules
affect their properties?
concept
makein biological
structures
unique?
23. How are disaccharides formed? Name the bond formed. Assuming two glucose molecules formed maltose, write the molecular formula of
5. What
are monosaccharides? Write the molecular formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons.
maltose.
6. 24.Discuss
two
biological functions
of monosaccharides.
What are
polysaccharides?
What determines
the structure and function of a polysaccharide? What are the two classes of polysaccharides?
What isthree
starch?
Which organisms
store
starch?How
Where,
specifically,
is starchHow
stored?
What
types
of food contain
Describe
the three7. 25.Name
common
hexose
sugars.
are
they similar?
are
they
different?
Why starch?
are these
sugars
dimensional shape of starch?
considered
isomers?
How
do
such
subtle
changes
in
the
arrangement
of
these
molecules
affect
their
properties?
26. Name the simplest form of starch. Discuss where the molecule is digested, name the enzyme responsible for this reaction, and name the
8. How
are disaccharides
formed? Name the bond formed. Suppose two glucose molecules formed maltose, what
products
formed.
27.would
What isthe
glycogen?
Whichformula
organismsof
store
glycogen?
Where, specifically, is glycogen stored? How is glycogen structurally different from starch?
molecular
maltose
be?
Why isare
it necessary
to store glycogen
in the
body?
9. What
polysaccharides?
What
determines
the structure and function of a polysaccharide? What are the two
28. Turn to Chapter 32. Describe how glucose homeostasis is maintained by insulin and glucagon. Include a discussion on how the liver and
classes
of are
polysaccharides?
glycogen
involved in the response to both an increase and to a decrease in blood glucose levels.
10.29.What
starch?
Which
organisms
store
Where,
specifically,
it stored?
What
typeswhat
of food
contain starch?
Nameisthe
two forms
of glucose
structures.
Howstarch?
do they differ
from one
another? Inisterms
of glycosidic
linkages,
is the difference
between
starchisand
What
thecellulose?
three-dimensional shape of starch?
30. What is cellulose? Why is it considered a strong polysaccharide? What part of a plant cell is made from cellulose?
11.31.Name
the simplest form of starch. Turn to Chapter 33 on “Animal Nutrition.” Discuss where this molecule is digested,
Why are humans unable to digest cellulose? Why is cellulose considered an important part of a healthful diet?
enzyme
is responsible
this
reaction,
and name
the products formed.
32.what
Explain
how grazing
animals (e.g.for
deer,
cattle,
sheep) digest
cellulose.
Whatisrole
does chitin have
in arthropods?
Where
is chitin found?
12.33.What
glycogen?
Which
organisms
storeelse
glycogen?
Where, specifically, is it stored? How is it structurally different to
34.starch?
What are
lipids?
terms of molecular
structure,
why do in
lipids
have
little affinity for water? What are the three families of biological lipids?
Why
is itIn necessary
to store
glycogen
the
body?
35. How are fats constructed? Explain why lipids are nonpolar.
13.36.Turn
to Chapter
32 on
“Homeostasis
Endocrine
Signaling.”
Describe
how
glucose
homeostasis
is maintained
by
Describe
any structural
differences
betweenand
saturated
and unsaturated
fatty acids.
How do
the kinks
in unsaturated
tails prevent
solidification?
Include
a discussion
the liver
and
glycogen
are involved
in the
response to both an
37.insulin
What and
types glucagon.
of fats are present
in animals?
Name theon
cellshow
that store
animal
fat. How
are fats beneficial
to marine
mammals?
38.increase
What types
of fats
are found in in
plants
and glucose
fish?
and
a decrease
blood
levels.
39. What are hydrogenated vegetable oils? What are trans fats?
14.40.Name
the
two
forms
of
glucose
ring
structures.
How do they differ from one another? In terms of glycosidic linkages,
Discuss why a diet rich in saturated fats is dangerous.
is the
difference
cellulose?
41.what
In terms
of energy
storage,between
compare 1 starch
gram of and
fat with
1 gram of carbohydrate.
“Phospholipids
show ambivalent
behavior toward
water.” Explain
the statement. What part of a plant cell is made from cellulose?
15.42.What
is cellulose?
Why is it considered
a strong
polysaccharide?
Explain
phospholipids
areto
a major
component
of cell
membranes.
16.43.Why
arewhy
humans
unable
digest
cellulose?
Why
is cellulose considered an important part of a healthful diet if
44. Describe the molecular structure of steroids. Name the human sex hormones and explain why their structures have different functions.
we’re
unable
digest
it? types of proteins. For each type:
Questions
43-50:to
There
are eight
17. Explain
how
animals
(e.g. deer,
cattle,
digest in
cellulose?
(a) Name
thegrazing
type of protein
(b) Describe
its function
(c) sheep)
Give an example
a living organism
18. What role 45.
doesEnzymatic
chitin have in arthropods (e.g. spiders, insects, crustaceans)? Turn to page 800 for the answer.
46. Structural
47. Storage
48. Transport
49. Hormonal
Receptor September 10th
II. Suggested50.Evening:
51. Contractile and motor
52. Defensive
53. Draw the structure of an amino acid. Label the amino group, carboxyl group, and the side chain. How many essential amino acids are there?
Why are
most
sophisticated
molecules?
1. What
areproteins
lipids?considered
In terms the
of its
molecular
structure,
why do lipids have little affinity for water? What are the three
54. How do the chemical and physical characteristics of the side chain determine the characteristics of an amino acid?
families
of
biological
lipids?
55. Describe what happens when two amino acids form a dipeptide. Name the bond.
2.70.
are
fats
constructed?
parts
ofmonomers.”
fatty acids
and explain
why How
theydoes
arethis
overall
nonpolar.
“An
immense
variety
of polymersWhat
can
beare
builtthe
from
ait small
setExplain.
of
Describe
this statement.
concept
make biological
56.How
“A protein’s
specific
conformation
determines
howtwo
works.”
structures
soprimary
unique?structure
Whatisis the
the
of a protein?
How can saturated
a slight change
in the
primary structure
affect
the protein’s
conformation
and
ability to
3. 57.What
structural
difference
between
and
unsaturated
fatty
acids?
Why do
the kinks in
unsaturated
71. What
are monosaccharides? Write the molecular formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons. Discuss two biological functions of
function?
hydrocarbon
tails prevent solidification?
58. monosaccharides.
How does a polypeptide begin to fold during secondary structure?
4.72.
of fats
are
present
in
animals?
Name
theare
cells
that
store
animal
fat.four
How
are
beneficial
to
Name
three common
hexose
sugars.
How
are
they similar?
How
they
different?
Why
are of
these
sugars
considered
isomers?
How
domarine
such
59.What
Whattypes
interactions
take
place
in
the tertiary
structure
of a polypeptide?
Include
a discussion
the
types
of fats
interactions.
Why
does
the
subtle
the a
arrangement
of the
these
molecules affectshape?
their properties?
mammals?
tertiarychanges
structureinplay
central role in
three-dimensional
73.
are
disaccharides
formed?
Name
the bond
formed.
Assuming
molecules formed
maltose, write the molecular formula of
60. How
Define
quaternary
structure?
Name
a globular
and
a fibrous
proteintwo
thatglucose
exhibit quaternary
structure.
61. maltose.
Describe sickle cell hemoglobin in terms of its structural differences from normal hemoglobin?
74.
polysaccharides?
What environment
determines the
structure
andprotein
function
of a polysaccharide? What are the two classes of polysaccharides?
62. What
Nameare
three
factors in a protein’s
that
determine
conformation.
75.
is starch?
Which
starch? “DNA
Where,
is starch
stored?
63. What
Describe
how the
floworganisms
of geneticstore
information
àspecifically,
RNA à protein”
works
in the What
cell. types of food contain starch? Describe the threeshape
of starch?and label the three components.
64. dimensional
Sketch a sample
nucleotide
5.
What types of fats are found in plants and fish? What is the difference in the phase of matter between plant fats
and animal fats?
6. What are hydrogenated vegetable oils? What are trans fats?
7. Discuss how a diet rich in saturated fats is dangerous.
8. In terms of energy storage, compare 1 gram of fat with 1 gram of carbohydrate.
9. “Phospholipids show ambivalent behavior toward water.” Explain this statement.
10. Explain why phospholipids are a major component in cell membranes.
11. Describe the molecular structure of steroids. Name the human sex hormones and explain why their structures have
different functions.
I. Suggested Evening: September 11th
1.
2
There are eight types of proteins that are instrumental in almost everything organisms do. For each type:
the
of protein
120. “An immense variety of polymers can be built ü
from Name
a small set
of type
monomers.”
Describe this statement. How does this concept make biological
structures so unique?
ü Describe its function
121. What are monosaccharides? Write the molecular
for a monosaccharide
thatthis
has protein
three carbons.
two biological
ü formula
Give examples
of the role
playsDiscuss
for living
things functions of
monosaccharides.
a. three
Enzymatic
122. Name
common hexose sugars. How are they similar? How are they different? Why are these sugars considered isomers? How do such
b. changes
Structural
subtle
in the arrangement of these molecules affect their properties?
123. How
disaccharides formed? Name the bond formed. Assuming two glucose molecules formed maltose, write the molecular formula of
c.areStorage
maltose.
d. Transport
124. What are polysaccharides? What determines the structure and function of a polysaccharide? What are the two classes of polysaccharides?
e. is starch?
Hormonal
125. What
Which organisms store starch? Where, specifically, is starch stored? What types of food contain starch? Describe the threedimensional
shape of starch?
f. Receptor
126. Name
simplest formand
of starch.
Discuss where the molecule is digested, name the enzyme responsible for this reaction, and name the
g. the
Contractile
motor
products formed.
h.
Defensive
127. What is glycogen? Which organisms store glycogen? Where, specifically, is glycogen stored? How is glycogen structurally different from starch?
Why is it necessary to store glycogen in the body?
Turn to
Chapter
32. Describe
glucose
homeostasis
is maintained
by insulin
and glucagon.
Include
discussion
how the
livermany
and
2.128.Draw
the
structure
of an how
amino
acid.
Label the
amino group,
carboxyl
group,
anda the
side on
chain.
How
glycogen are involved in the response to both an increase and to a decrease in blood glucose levels.
essential
amino
acids
are
there?
Why
are
proteins
the
most
sophisticated
molecules?
129. Name the two forms of glucose structures. How do they differ from one another? In terms of glycosidic linkages, what is the difference between
3. How
doand
the
chemical and physical characteristics of the side chain determine the unique characteristics of a
starch
cellulose?
130.particular
What is cellulose?
is it considered a strong polysaccharide? What part of a plant cell is made from cellulose?
aminoWhy
acid?
Why are humans
unable to digest
cellulose?
Why is cellulose
considered
an important
part of
a healthful
4.131.Describe
what happens
when
two amino
acids form
a dipeptide.
Name
the
bond. diet?
132. Explain how grazing animals (e.g. deer, cattle, sheep) digest cellulose.
5.133.“AWhat
protein’s
specific
conformation
determines
how
it works.” Explain.
role does
chitin have
in arthropods? Where
else is chitin
found?
6.134.What
the
primary
structure
of structure,
a protein?
can
a little
slight
change
in the
primary
structure
the protein’s
What is
are
lipids?
In terms
of molecular
why How
do lipids
have
affinity
for water?
What
are the three
familiesaffect
of biological
lipids?
135.conformation
How are fats constructed?
Explain
why lipids are nonpolar.
and ability
to function?
Describe any structural differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. How do the kinks in unsaturated tails prevent solidification?
7.136.
How
does a polypeptide begin to fold during secondary structure?
137. What types of fats are present in animals? Name the cells that store animal fat. How are fats beneficial to marine mammals?
8.138.What
inand
thefish?
tertiary structure of a polypeptide? Include a discussion of the four types of
What interactions
types of fats aretake
foundplace
in plants
139.interactions.
What are hydrogenated
vegetable
oils? What
are trans
fats?
Why does
the tertiary
structure
provide
more of a cumulative effect on the three-dimensional shape?
Discuss
diet rich in saturated
fats is Name
dangerous.
9.140.What
is why
the aquaternary
structure?
a globular and a fibrous protein that exhibit quaternary structure.
141. In terms of energy storage, compare 1 gram of fat with 1 gram of carbohydrate.
10.
is sickle cell
different
from
normal
hemoglobin?
142.How
“Phospholipids
showhemoglobin
ambivalent behavior
toward
water.”
Explain
the statement. What change is responsible for this disease? Why
such
minor change
havecomponent
a deleterious
on humans?
143.does
Explain
whya
phospholipids
are a major
of cell effect
membranes.
144.What
Describe
molecular
structure
steroids. Name
the human that
sex hormones
and explain
why
their structures have
different
functions.
11.
arethe
three
factors
of a of
protein’s
environment
determine
protein
conformation?
If these
factors
are not
Questions 43-50: There are eight types of proteins. For each type:
met,
what
will
result
of
the
protein?
Can
proteins
reassemble
themselves
if
the
original
environment
is
restored?
(a) Name the type of protein (b) Describe its function (c) Give an example in a living organism
145. Enzymatic
146. Structural
147. Storage
148. Transport
I. Suggested 149.
Evening:
HormonalSeptember 12th
150. Receptor
151. Contractile and motor
152. Defensive
1.153.Describe
how
the flow of genetic information “DNA à RNA à protein” works in the cell.
Draw the structure of an amino acid. Label the amino group, carboxyl group, and the side chain. How many essential amino acids are there?
2. What
are
the
three
components
of a nucleotide?
Sketch the sample nucleotide in Figure 3.26 and label the three
Why are proteins considered
the most sophisticated
molecules?
154.components.
How do the chemical and physical characteristics of the side chain determine the characteristics of an amino acid?
170. “An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers.” Describe this statement. How does this concept make biological
Describe
happens
when two
amino acids form
a dipeptide.
Name
the bond. bases are found in each family? State whether
3.155.What
arewhat
the
two families
of nitrogenous
bases?
Which
nitrogenous
structures
so
unique?
156. “A protein’s specific conformation determines how it works.” Explain.
171.they
What
arefound
monosaccharides?
Write
the
molecular
formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons. Discuss two biological functions of
are
in
DNA
or
RNA
or
both.
157. What is the primary structure of a protein? How can a slight change in the primary structure affect the protein’s conformation and ability to
monosaccharides.
4. Which
pentose sugar is found in DNA? Which is found in RNA?
function?
172. Name three common hexose sugars. How are they similar? How are they different? Why are these sugars considered isomers? How do such
How does
a polypeptide beginbond?
to fold during secondary structure?
5.158.What
a phosphodiester
subtleischanges
in the arrangement of these molecules affect their properties?
What interactions take place in the tertiary structure of a polypeptide? Include a discussion of the four types of interactions. Why does the
173.What
How are
disaccharides
formed?
Name themean?
bond formed.
two glucose molecules
formed
maltose, write the molecular formula of
6.159.
does
DNA
being
antiparallel
WhyAssuming
does antiparallel
not apply
to RNA?
tertiary structure play a central role in the three-dimensional shape?
7.160.Inmaltose.
a DNA
doublestructure?
helix, a Name
region
along one
this sequence
of nitrogenous bases: 5’-TAGGCCT- 3’. List
Define
quaternary
a globular
and aDNA
fibrousstrand
protein had
that exhibit
quaternary structure.
174. What are polysaccharides? What determines the structure and function of a polysaccharide? What are the two classes of polysaccharides?
161.the
Describe
sickle
cell hemoglobin
in terms
of itsstrand
structural
differences
from normal
hemoglobin?
base
sequence
along the
the molecule,
clearly
indicating
the contain
5’ andstarch?
3’ ends
of thisthestrand.
175. What
is starch?
Which organisms
storeother
starch?
Where,of
specifically,
is starch stored?
What
types of food
Describe
three162. Name three factors in a protein’s environment that determine protein conformation.
dimensional shape of starch?
163. Describe how the flow of genetic information “DNA à RNA à protein” works in the cell.
176. Name the simplest form of starch. Discuss where the molecule is digested, name the enzyme responsible for this reaction, and name the
164. Sketch a sample nucleotide and label the three components.
products formed.
165. What are the two families of nitrogenous bases? Which nitrogenous bases are found in each family? State whether they are found in DNA or
177. What is glycogen? Which organisms store glycogen? Where, specifically, is glycogen stored? How is glycogen structurally different from starch?
RNA or both.
Why is it necessary to store glycogen in the body?
166. Name the sugar(s) found in DNA and in RNA?
178. Turn to Chapter 32. Describe how glucose homeostasis is maintained by insulin and glucagon. Include a discussion on how the liver and
167. Draw a phosphodiester bond.
glycogen are involved in the response to both an increase and to a decrease in blood glucose levels.
168. Discuss the meaning of “antiparallel” when describing DNA structure?
179. Name the two forms of glucose structures. How do they differ from one another? In terms of glycosidic linkages, what is the difference between
169. In a DNA double helix, a region along one DNA strand has the following sequence of nitrogenous bases:
starch and cellulose?