Unit 14 Notes Rheanne Carbonilla Kaan Period 2 February 19, 2016 Washington Conference of 1921 pg 720 ➢ An attempt to prevent what was threatening to become costly & destabilizing naval armaments race between America, Britain, & Japan ­
Hughes (Sec. of State) proposed plan to delegates → Reductions of in the fleets of all 3 nations → 10 year moratorium on the construction of large warships → Called for scrapping 2 million tons of existing shipping ●
Five­Power Pact of February 1922 ­ Est. limits of total naval tonnage & a ratio of armaments among signatories ●
Nine­Power Pact ­ Pledge a constitution of the Open Door Policy in China ●
Four­Power Pact ­ US, Britain, France, & Japan promised to respect one another’s Pacific territories & cooperate to prevent aggression Kellogg­Briand Pact of 1928 ➢ Kellogg­Briand Pact concluded the effort to protect peace without accepting international duties ➔ “New” Sec. of State, Frank Kellogg proposed a multilateral treaty outlawing war as an instrument of nat. policy ­
14 nations signed agreement in Paris on August 27, 1928 ­ 48 other nations later join Circular Loans pg 721 ●
Charles G. Dawes, Amer. Banker & diplomat, negotiated an agreement ➢ Where amer. banks would loan to the Germans (to be able to meet reparations) ➢ Britain and France agreed to reduce amount of payments ­
Dawes Plan didn’t solve as much problems they addressed ●
High tariff barriers that were erected the Rep. Congress created problems ➢ American economic expansion in Europe continued till 1931 Economic Expansion in Latin America ●
U.S. investments in Latin Amer. more than doubled in 1924 & 1929 ➢ Amer. cooperations built roads & other facilities ­
To weaken appeal of revolutionary forces in the region ­
Increase access to Latin Amer. natural resources ●
Amer. banks offered loans to Latin Amer. gov’ts → Had trouble earning money to repay them in the face of the US tariff barrier Manchuria pg 722 ●
Manchuria remained officially a part of China, Japanese maintained economic control since 1905 ➔ Mod. govt of Japan failed to take steps to counter Chiang’s ambitions ­
Japan military leaders staged a coup in the autumn of 1931 ●
Seized control of foreign policy from the weakened liberals ➔ Later after, invasion in Manchuria was launched ­
Militarists remained in command ­
Conquest ended by the beginning of 1932 ●
Japan expanded its aggression farther into China in 1932 ­
Attacked city of Shanghai & killed thousands of people Failure of America’s Interwar Diplomacy pg 723 ●
US attempted to create an international system in the 1920s ­
System based on voluntary cooperation among nations & on an Amer. refusal to commit itself to the interests of other countries → Collapsed ❖ US experimented with adopting a few of internationalism and resorting to Nationalism for 6 years FDR’s “Bombshell” pg 724 ●
Roosevelt decided to allow gold value of the dollar to fall to enable Amer. goods to compete in world markets in World Economic Conference in June 1933 ­
After the conference, FDR released a “bombshell” message repudiating the orthodox views of most of the delegates & rejecting agreement on currency stabilization ●
Roosevelt abandoned commitments of Hoover Administration to settle the issue of war debts through international agreements ➔ FDR signed a bill to forbid American banks from making loans to any nation in default on debts Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act ●
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934 ­ Authorized administration to negotiate treaties lowering tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal reductions ➔ Resulted in increase of Amer. exports of 40% Inter­American Conference ●
Efforts to enhance diplomatic & economic relations with Latin Amer. ­ “Good Neighbor Policy” ●
Inter­American Conference took place in Montevideo in Dec. 1933 ➔ Sec. of State Hull signed a formal convention, “No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another “ ➔ Americans tried to use economic influence instead of military force ­
New reliance on economic pressures eased tensions between US & its neighbors Neutrality Acts pg 725 ●
1935 Act ●
Neutrality Acts of 1936 & 1937 → Designed to prevent recurrence of events that pressured US to go into WWI ❖ 1935 Act ­ Est. mandatory arms embargo against victim & aggressor in any military conflict ­
Empowered the president to warn American citizens that they might travel on ships of nations only at risk ❖ Neutrality 1936 Act ­ renewed provisions ❖ Neutrality 1937 Act ­ Est. cash­carry policy → Belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the US & had to pay cash & carry goods on their own “Quarantine” Speech pg 727 ●
Summer of 1937, Tokyo attacked 5 of China’s provinces ➢ Roosevelt warned dangers of Japanese aggression to world peace ­
“Aggressors should be “quarantined” by the nat. community to prevent contagion of war from spreading” ➔ Roosevelt drew back ●
Dec. 12, 1937 Japanese aviators bombd & sank U.S. gunboat “Panay” as it sailed on Yangtze River in China ­
Attacked in broad daylight Munich Conference ●
Sept. 29 Hitler met with leaders of France & GB at Munich to try to resolve crisis ➢ French & British agreed to accept German demands in Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler to not respond Failure of “Appeasement” ●
Policy “Appeasement” was identified closely to England’s Prime Minister, Chamberlain ➢ Failed ❖ Hitler took the remaining areas in Czechoslovakia in March 1939 → Violating terms in Munich Conf. ➔ Issued threats against Poland → Britain & France gave assurances to Polish govt. in case of invasion ●
Stalin signed non aggression pact w/ Hitler in August 1939 ➔ Freed Germans from danger of two front war ★ Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler launched a full­scale invasion in Poland ➔ Britain & France declared war on Germany 2 days later Cash­and­Carry pg 730 ●
1939 measure maintained prohibition on Amer ships passed by Congress ➔ permit belligerents to purchase arms on same cash­and­carry basis for the sale of nonmilitary materials ●
War in Europe lasted through winter & spring became known as the “phony war” ●
Soviet Union overran & annexed Latvia, Estonia, & Lithuania ➔ Later in December invaded Finland ➔ Congress imposed in ineffective “moral embargo” on armaments shpments to Russia Fall of France ●
Spring of 1940 Germany invaded the west ­
Attacking Denmark & Norway, Netherlands then Belgium, finally invading France ➔ Mussolini invaded France from the south as Hitler invaded from the north on June 10th ➢ June 22 France fell to the German onslaught Shifting Public Opinion ●
July, with France defeated, 66% of public believed Germany was a threat to the US ●
Debate in Spring of 1940 began between interventionists, Advocates in expanding America into war & those who consisted in neutrality ●
Journalist William Allen White ­ Chairmen of new Committee to Defend America ➔ Members lobbied for increase in American assistance to Allies but opposed actual intervention America First Committee pg 731 ●
America First Committee ­ Attracted some of the most prominent leaders in the US ➢ Included: Charles Lindbergh, Gen. Hugh Johnson, Sen. Burton Wheeler ➢ Indirect support of a large proportion of Rep. Party ­
Complicated by a pres. campaign Wendell White pg 732 ●
Candidate & party platform took positions differently from FDR’s ­
Keep the country out of war, but would extend assistance to allies ➢ Managed to evoke more public enthusian than any other Rep. candidate ❖ Roosevelt won with 55% of the popular vote to Willkie’s 45% ­
Won 449 electoral votes to Wilkie’s 82 votes Lend­Lease ●
Lend­Lease ­ Allowed govt to sell & lend or lease armaments to any nation deemed “Vital to the defense of the US” ➢ Tied the Allies closer to US → Congress enacted the bill Atlantic Charter ●
April 1941, senior military officers of the 2 nations agreed on joint strategy to follow when US went into war ●
FDR joined Churchill (Prime Minister) in releasing a doc., “Atlantic Charter” ­
2 nations set out “certain common principles” to base “a better future for the world” Tripartite Pact ●
September 1940, Japan signed Tripartite Pact ­ Loose defensive alliance w/ Germany & Italy, extended Axis into Asia Pearl Harbor pg 734 ­
Many officials paid attention to a large Japanese convoy moving southward through China Sea ➔ Created confusion, led the govt to overlook indications of an attack ➔ Many believed since Hawaii was so far from Japan few thought attack was possible ●
7:55 A.M. Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese bombers took off in aircraft carriers to US naval base at Pearl Harbor ➔ Hour later a second wave came ★ Military commanders allowed ships to remain defenseless in the harbor & airplanes parked in rows on airstrips ­
Lost 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 188 planes in the first 2 hours ­
More than 2,000 soldiers & sailors died ●
Within 4 hours of December 8, 1941 when Roosevelt addressed a session in Congress, the Senate & house 388 to 1 approved declaration of war against Japan ➢ 3 days later, Germany & Italy declared war on US Crash Course 36 ●
After the Great Depression, unemployment rate was 14% in 1940 but dropped to 2% in 1943 ●
In 1944 American factories were producing a plane every 5 minutes ­
Factories also produced a ship every day ●
Before WW2 only 4 million Americans paid income taxes but after the war 40 million did ●
Defense spending created the west coast as an industrial center ­
Seattle became a shipping and aircraft manufacturing hub ­
CA got 10% of all federal spending, LA became the 2nd largest manufacturing hub in the country Crash Course 37 ●
After WW2 the US and the USSR were the only nations that had any power left → But the US still worried about having a strong free market oriented Europe for the all the goods the US were producing ●
The idea for the Soviets was to create a communist buffer between Germany but in the eyes of the US it looked like communism was just going to keep expanding → Because of this the US produced the Policy of Containment ●
The Policy of Containment allowed communism to stay where it was but not allowed to spread ●
By the end of the 1950s the contours of the Cold War have been established ­
West vs East ­
Capitalist freedom vs Communist totalitarianism