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Decarbonization of our central cities
Adrian Smith FAIA, RIBA
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Partner, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture
Chicago, Illinois
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1. INTRODUCTION 1
INTRODUCTION
AND AWARENESS
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study:
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Modernization + green strategies
Conserves more than 68,000,000 kilowatt hours per year or:
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Exterior Wall
Mechanical
Systems
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Daylighting
Green Roofs
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Water Savings
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Operations and
Maintenance
Solar Hot Water
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Wind Turbines
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Transportation
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Embodied Energy
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Willis Tower has 1,500 miles of electrical cable, 25 miles of plumbing, and a total weight of 222,500 tons Source: Willis Tower archives
The environmental cost of replacing the landmark structure with a new ‘green building’ would far exceed the potential
building’ would far exceed the potential savings due to its embodied energy…..
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Modernization is not only maintains the building’s viability for the future – it is also the ‘greenest
the greenest solution
solution’ environmentally
environmentally
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Sustainable Buildings Operations
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Energy
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Water efficiency
Waste + recycling
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Transportation
Cleaning
Green roof
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Willis Tower Energy Use
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Usage currently: 35 kwh / sf electricity
Usage goal: 19 kwh / sf electricity
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Before
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Building Envelope
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Goal: 35‐50% of heating
removal of need for perimeter heating & cooling
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Glass and façade upgrades
Glazing • double or triple insulated
• heat mirror & warm edge T h l
Technology
• high performance coatings
• decreased solar gain
• increased visible light
B ilding en elope
Building envelope
• increased insulation value
• adding a thermal break
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GLASS PANE
GAS FILLED AIR SPACE
GLASS PANE
GLASS PANE
Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Mechanical
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Goal: 60% of heating, cooling and fan energy
Co‐generation to produce additional clean electricity and heating/cooling
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Mechanical upgrades:
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Chillers
Boilers
Distribution system (induction unit removal)
Stack effect mitigation
Commissioning
Co‐generation (fuel cell plants)
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Vertical Transportation
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Goal: 50% of elevator and escalator energy
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Upgrades:
Elevator modernization – 104 elevators
• digital controls
• new drives
• remove motor generator sets
• destination dispatch
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Escalator modernization
• motor upgrades for energy reduction
• motion sensors
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Lighting
Carbon Reduction Goals
Goal: 50% of lighting energy
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Upgrades:
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Fixture upgrades
Fixture
upgrades
Creation of zoned control
Daylight sensors
Occupancy sensors
Improved glazing for daylight
Improved glazing for daylight
Individual controls
Reduced light pollution
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Lighting zones
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Water Conservation
Carbon Reduction Goals
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New plumbing fixtures are up to 40% more efficient
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Existing fixtures can be retrofitted
Condensate recovery
Condensate recovery
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Rainwater collection
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Green Roofs and Plazas
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Tallest green roof in the U.S.
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Pervious paving
Native plants
Native plants
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Renewable Energy
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Wind turbine testingg
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Solar power
Recycling and purchasing
Recycling and purchasing
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Renewable energy credits
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study:
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study:
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Learning Center
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study:
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study:
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Eco Lab
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Sky Deck
Sky Deck
Solar Deck
Solar Deck
envision the future
capture solar energy through building integrated photovoltaics
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Solar Hot Water
conserve heat energy
Conservatory
experience Landscapes
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High Rise Green Roof
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conserve heat energy
Wind Turbine Lab
demonstrate technologies
Exterior Wall
improve performance and interior comfort
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Urban Garden
engage the public realm
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Cultural Exhibits
enhance the visitor experience
Physical Plant
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optimize shared efficiency
Art Wall
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inform the public
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Building Integrated Wind Turbines
harness wind power
Light shelves
Light shelves
increase natural daylight
Intelligent Facade
enable interior comfort and energy performance
Sky Garden
ventilate the interiors
Atrium Light Well
distribute daylight
distribute daylight
ECO‐Gardens
provide habitable green space
Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Willis Tower Hotel
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Drawing net zero energy g
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from the city power grid
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Solar Deck and Conservatory
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Solar energy
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Garden space
Pleasant views
Pleasant views
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Double Wall Facade
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Increased insulation value
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Natural ventilation opportunities
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Sky Gardens
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Outdoor amenity for building occupants
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Additional green space for the city
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Wind Turbines
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Clean power generation
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: High Performance MEP
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Energy savings
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Water savings
Shared systems
Shared systems
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study: Green Roofs
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Reduce storm water run‐off
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Better insulation value
Reduce urban heat island
Reduce urban heat island
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Catalyst For Larger Scale Study:
Carbon Reduction Goals
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Chicago’s Decarbonization target goals in million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2e):
Carbon Reduction Goals
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2. THE FIRST DISTRICT 2
THE FIRST DISTRICT
STUDY: CHICAGO CENTRAL AREA
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Study Boundary: Chicago Central Loop
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Carbon Reduction Goals
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Study area represents approximately 9% of the emissions for Chicago
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Land area: 460 Acre
460 A
Floor area: 120,000,000 sqft
Total carbon: 3.9 MMTCO2e/yr
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Carbon Reduction Goals
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Energy Model
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Energy Model: Building Use
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Energy Model: Building Size
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Energy Model: Total Carbon
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Energy Model: Energy Use/ Intensity
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Energy Model: Building Era
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Largest Buildings Map
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Government Buildings
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Lasalle Corridor
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Heritage Buildings: 1880‐ 1950 (Pre Air Conditioning)
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Masonry with punched operable windows (25%‐ 50%)
MEP t
MEP‐not operating optimally
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Narrow floor plates allow for natural light
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Mid‐Century Buildings: 1950‐1975 ( Pre Energy Embargo)
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Curtain wall systems
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Glass percentage: 50% to 80%
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50% t 80%
Mechanical plants have large heating / cooling capacity to overcome internal load
Heat by light was common
Large floor plates with central core
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Post Energy Crisis: 1975‐2000
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Curtain wall systems
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Mirrored or dark tinted glass single or double pane
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Introduction of thermal breaks
Induction or fan coil units at perimeter with interior air via ducted systems
Mechanical plants begin to use variable equipment
Lighting levels steadily reduced from 1970s levels
Large floor plates with central core
Large floor plates with central core
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LEED Awareness Buildings Era: 2000‐ PRESENT
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Curtain wall systems
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Clearer glass with Low‐E coatings or tint: double pane
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VAV or FCU systems with less perimeter heat needed
Use of variable frequency pumps, drives and DDC controls
Lighting levels reduced to meet energy codes and LEED Natural daylight and light controls
Large floor plates but shallower lease spans for natural light
Large floor plates but shallower lease spans for natural light
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Clean Tech Tower
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New buildings represent approx 1% of the building stock
100
100 years to replace entire stock with energy efficient buildings t
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Current Projects in Study Area: Pilot Projects
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83 Buildings
Large property managers
Large property managers
Large buildings
LaSalle Street corridor
East Michigan grouping
Large corporate owners
Analysis of Systems Performance: Envelope
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Thermal Imaging
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Analysis of Systems Performance: Lighting
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Analysis of Systems Performance: HVAC
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HVAC
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Analysis of Systems Performance: Vertical Transportation
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Analysis of Systems Performance: Plug Load
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Analysis of Systems Performance: Roofing Systems
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Analysis of Systems Performance: Energy Generation Sources
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Low Carbon Strategies: Local
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Chicago River source cooling
Wi d
Wind
Photovoltaics
Solar / Thermal
Off shore wind farms
Wave action generators
Cogeneration
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Chicago Tunnel System
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Eco‐Bridge
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Wind turbine farm
Potential wave action turbine
Soft edge breakwater
Habitat creation
Local slag waste
Marine habitat
Park land
Environmental Learning Center
G tL k M
Great Lakes Museum
Observatory
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Low Carbon Strategies: Regional
Renewable energy sources
• Biomass
• Wind
• Solar
• Wave action
• Geothermal
Non‐Renewable Energy Sources
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• Nuclear
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3. A LARGER IDEA OF 3.
A LARGER IDEA OF
CHICAGO CENTRAL AREA AS AN URBAN MATRIX
AN URBAN MATRIX
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Density
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City Within A City
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schools
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district cooling
basic necessities
parks
Carbon Emissions:
1 sq ft of Office= 4 sq ft of Residential
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INSERT 3D OF EXISTING
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10%
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INSERT 3D OF 25%o
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25%
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INSERT 3D OF 40%o
RESI
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40%
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INSERT 3D OF 50%o
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50%
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URBAN
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MATRIX
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Potential Re‐use
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Old colony building
• Narrow floors plates
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• Class “C”
• Operable windows
• High vacancy
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City Hall roof vegetable garden demonstration project::
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Add to the existing roof garden with vegetables and herbs
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Use the vegetables for local soup kitchens
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Sell vegetables at the local markets for charity
•CITY HAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
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Walkable City
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Enhanced Public Spaces
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Mixed Community
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Park Gate
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Park Gate
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Burj Dubai
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Façade Detail
Lobby Interior
Burj Dubai
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Reference Imagery
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Reference Imagery
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Plan Geometry
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Sketch of Design
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Base Under Construction
Aerial Plan Detail
Burj Dubai
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1 Park Avenue
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1 Dubai
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Matrix Gateway
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Matrix Gateway
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Pilot City: Chicago, Illinois
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Create a brand identity
Develop “green team” with diverse membership
Create outreach media campaign
Multi‐lingual marketing materials
Create Basic Awareness‐ health and well‐being
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COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
BUILDINGS
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URBAN MATRIX
URBAN MATRIX
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MOBILITY
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SMART
SMART t
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INFRASTRUCTURE rig
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WATER
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WASTE
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COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT
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ENERGY
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FUNDING
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4 CARBON COUNTDOWN
4. CARBON COUNTDOWN
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Carbon Reduction Goals
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