The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T12668A50190537
Madoqua saltiana, Salt's Dik-dik
Assessment by: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2016. Madoqua saltiana. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2016: e.T12668A50190537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20161.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Cetartiodactyla
Bovidae
Taxon Name: Madoqua saltiana (de Blainville, 1816)
Synonym(s):
• Antilope saltiana de Blainville, 1816
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
Salt's Dik-dik
Dik-dik de Salt
Taxonomic Notes:
At least five subspecies have been proposed, based on phenotypic variation: M. s. saltiana, M. s.
hararensis, M. s. lawrancei, M. s. phillipsi, and M. s. swaynei (Yalden 2013). The latter has been regarded
as a full species by some authors. Clarification through molecular genetic analysis of these relationships,
and of the whole Madoqua species complex, is highly desirable. The distribution of the species is
contiguous and boundaries between the named subspecies are not clearly delineated. Only the species
is assessed.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2016
Date Assessed:
January 7, 2016
Justification:
Although some local declines in numbers and range can be inferred from the effects of hunting and
habitat degradation, populations appear to be stable in several other parts of the range. There is no
evidence to suggest that an overall decline is close to a threshold that would qualify for threatened
status under criterion A. For this reason the species is confirmed Least Concern.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2008 – Least Concern (LC) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12668A3372898.en
2007 – Least Concern (LC)
1996 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Endemic to arid and semiarid parts of north-east Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia) with
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
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marginal occurrence in south-east Sudan, possibly just reaches the Mandera district in the border region
of north-east Kenya, but there are no confirmed records (East 1999, Yalden 2013).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
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Distribution Map
Madoqua saltiana
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
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Population
East (1999) estimated the total population at 485,600 individuals, based on an average density of two
individuals per km² over an area of occupancy of 242,800 km² and suggested that the order of
magnitude could be in the hundreds of thousands, and that the population was generally stable. Several
authors have reported much higher local densities. Laurent and Laurent (2002) said that Salt’s Dik-dik is
still widespread in Djibouti, but has declined over the last 20 years. Wilhelmi et al. (2006) found this
species quite common in surveyed areas of the Ogaden (Ethiopia). Widespread and common in
Somaliland (northern Somalia) (Mallon and Jama 2015). Sparsely distributed in the northern Danakil of
Eritrea (H. Yohannes pers. comm., Mallon 2014).
Current Population Trend: Stable
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Found in various types of desert and semi-desert scrub and bushland, also recorded in gardens in
Hargeisa, Somaliland; occurs from sea level to over 2,000 m in Daallo Forest, Somaliland (Yalden et al.
1984, Mallon and Jama 2015).
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade
In the early 2000s dik-diks of all species were photographed at animal markets in some Gulf States
reportedly imported as pets and as prey for falconry and some shipments of skins were confiscate but
this may have been a temporary phenomenon.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Subsistence hunting is a factor across some parts of the range. Hunting pressure may be heavier in areas
of civil and military conflict. In some parts of Somalia, hunting of all dik-dik species is more intensive,
with meat, skins and live animals exported to the Gulf states (Amir 2006). In Somaliland (northern
Somalia) the species was common and local people said they did not hunt it. Habitat degradation
resulting from overgrazing by domestic livestock affects areas across north-east Africa, and was reported
to have caused declines in Djibouti (Laurent and Laurent 2002).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
The species occurs in a few protected areas (e.g. Awash and Yangudi Rassa National Parks in Ethiopia). It
remains common in Somaliland (northern Somalia) where it is apparently not hunted, and the
widespread absence of village and feral dogs is very likely another positive factor there (Mallon and
Jama 2015).
Credits
Assessor(s):
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group
Reviewer(s):
Hoffmann, M. & Mallon, D.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
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Bibliography
Amir, G. A. 2006. Wildlife trade in Somalia. Report to the IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group –
Northeast African subgroup. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group - Northeast African Subgroup.
East, R. (Compiler). 1999. African Antelope Database 1998. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge,
UK.
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 30 June 2016).
Künzel, T., Rayaleh, H.A. and Künzel, S. 2000. Status Assessment Survey on Wildlife in Djibouti. Final
Report. Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations (Z.S.C.S.P.) and Office
National du Tourisme et de l’Artisanat (O.N.T.A.).
Laurent, A. and Laurent, D. 2002. Djibouti: Les mammiferes d’hier a aujourd-hui pour demain. Editions
Beira, Toulouse.
Mallon, D. 2014. Eritrea Reconnaissance 2013: Trip report. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group and Zoo
Landau in der Pfalz.
Mallon, D.P. and Jama, A.A. 2015. Current staus of antelopes in Somaliland. IUCN/SSC Antelope
Specialist Group and Nature Somaliland.
Yalden, D. W. 2013. Madoqua saltiana Salt's Dik-dik. In: J. S. Kingdon and M. Hoffmann (eds), The
Mammals of Africa. Volume 6. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Biraffes, Deer and Bovids,
Bloomsbury, London, UK.
Yalden, D. W., Largen, M. J. and Kock, D. 1984. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 5. Artiodactyla.
Monitore zoologico italiano/Italian Journal of Zoology, N.S. Supplemento 19(4): 67-221.
Citation
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2016. Madoqua saltiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2016: e.T12668A50190537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
5
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
Resident
Suitable
Yes
3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
Resident
Suitable
Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: No
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 1-10
Area based regional management plan: No
Invasive species control or prevention: Not Applicable
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
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Conservation Actions in Place
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No
Included in international legislation: No
Subject to any international management/trade controls: No
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
3. Monitoring -> 3.2. Harvest level trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Lower elevation limit (m): 0
Upper elevation limit (m): 2000
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
Habitats and Ecology
Generation Length (years): 3.7
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Madoqua saltiana – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en
7
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International;
Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of
Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™