Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
1
of
12
Many
first
time
college
students
struggle
adjusting
to
expectations
of
college‐level
courses.
One
reason
for
this
is
that
college‐level
courses
require
students
to
learn
new
content
and
apply
that
content
to
new
situations.
These
worksheets
are
designed
to
highlight
the
difference
between
simple
content
knowledge
and
application
of
that
knowledge.
Your
answers
to
content
questions
will
come
from
your
text,
and
classroom
lectures
and
discussions.
Your
answers
to
application
questions
will
come
from
your
thinking
about
the
content
and
puzzling
out
the
answer.
To
reiterate,
answers
to
application
questions
are
not
in
the
text.
Content
1.
What
do
the
authors
mean
by
“levels
of
explanation”?
2.
Why
are
these
different
levels
of
explanations
important
in
the
field
of
psychology?
3.
List
three
things
that
make
the
field
of
psychology
challenging.
4.
What
does
it
mean
to
say
that
a
behavior
is
multiply
determined?
5.
What
does
it
mean
to
claim
that
a
behavior
has
a
single‐variable
explanation?
6.
When
psychologists
talk
about
“individual
differences”,
to
what
are
they
referring?
Application
1.
What
would
each
of
these
levels
look
like
if
you
were
studying
(a)
“language
development
in
infants”
or
(b)
“play
in
chimpanzees”?
Choose
one
and
describe
what
would
be
studied
at
each
level.
2.
Explain
why
these
different
issues
make
it
difficult
for
psychologists
to
arrive
at
certain
explanations
of
why
people
engage
in
road
rage
difficult?
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et
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‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
7.
Describe
two
examples
from
the
text
that
illustrate
why
we
should
not
trust
our
“common
sense.”
8.
What
is
“naïve
realism”?
9.
Under
what
circumstances
are
“common
sense”
or
“gut
instinct”
useful
in
science?
2
of
12
3.
Describe
two
examples
from
your
own
experience
that
illustrate
that
you
are
indeed
prone
to
naïve
realism.
4.
Explain
how
naïve
realism
and
belief
perseverance
effect
are
related.
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Lilienfeld
et
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‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
10.
What
is
science?
11.
What
attitudes
are
necessary
for
researchers?
12.
What
personality
traits
are
useful
to
have
if
you
want
to
participate
in
scientific
endeavors?
13.
How
do
we
know
that
confirmation
bias
is
a
problem?
14.
What
safeguards
do
researchers
use
to
protect
their
findings
from
personal
bias?
15.
What
is
a
scientific
theory?
Include
reference
to
the
two
misconceptions
in
your
answer.
16.
How
does
a
hypothesis
differ
from
a
theory?
3
of
12
5.
Briefly
explain
why
psychology
is
a
science.
6.
Why
are
the
attitudes
and
personality
traits
necessary
for
researchers?
7.
A
lady
in
front
of
you
in
line
at
the
grocery
store
tells
you
that
she
has
a
theory
about
the
cashier
in
your
line.
She
thinks
that
the
cashier
hates
men.
She
predicts
that
the
cashier
will
treat
the
men
rudely
and
the
women
with
courtesy.
Is
this
a
scientific
theory?
Why
or
why
not?
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2012
Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
17.
What
is
pseudoscience?
18.
From
your
textbook,
list
several
examples
of
pseudoscience.
19.
What
safeguards
are
absent
from
pseudoscience?
20.
Your
book
lists
seven
signs
or
characteristics
of
pseudoscience.
List
and
describe
them.
21.
What
reasons
do
your
authors
provide
for
why
people
fall
for
pseudoscientific
claims?
4
of
12
8.
Consider
the
seven
characteristics
of
pseudoscience.
What
would
the
legitimate
scientific
correlate
of
each
of
these
be?
Why
is
each
of
these
characteristics
of
science
necessary?
9.
Looking
to
your
own
present
or
past,
describe
three
or
four
pseudoscientific
beliefs
that
you
have
had.
Do
not
include
examples
from
the
text
or
lecture.
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2012
Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
22.
What
is
the
difference
between
empirical
claims
and
nonempirical
(metaphysical)
claims?
23.
What
is
the
authors’
point
in
talking
about
different
types
of
claims?
24.
According
to
your
authors,
why
can
pseudoscience
lead
to
harm?
25.
What
are
the
characteristics
of
scientific
skepticism?
Principles
of
scientific
thinking:
26.
What
does
it
mean
to
rule
out
rival
hypotheses?
5
of
12
10.
Consider
the
facilitated
communication
fiasco.
Describe
several
different
types
of
harm
that
resulted
from
people
using
facilitated
communication
prior
to
its
being
tested.
Use
specific
references
to
people
in
the
film.
Do
any
of
your
examples
of
harm
caused
by
FC
fit
into
the
three
types
of
harm
mentioned
by
your
authors?
If
so,
identify
them
in
your
answer.
11.
Can
you
see
how
ruling
out
rival
hypotheses
relates
to
the
notion
that
correlations
do
not
indicate
causal
relationships?
Explain.
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2012
Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
27.
What
does
“Correlation
isn’t
Causation”
mean?
6
of
12
12.
What
are
the
definitions
of
the
terms
“correlation”
and
“causation”?
[Yes,
that
does
mean
using
a
dictionary!
:^)
]
28.
What
is
falsifiability?
13.
Describe
an
example
of
a
pseudoscientific
belief,
perhaps
from
an
infomercial
you
have
watched,
that
depends
on
people
failing
to
acknowledge
this
principle.
Then
explain
your
example
using
steps
1‐3
on
p.
20.
14.
Why
is
it
crucial
to
scientific
discovery
that
claims
are
falsifiable?
15.
Explain
why
Doug
Biklen’s
position
on
facilitated
communication
was
nonfalsifiable.
Use
quotes
from
the
transcript
to
support
your
answer.
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Lilienfeld
et
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‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
29.
What
is
replicability?
30.
Your
authors
say
“we
shouldn’t
place
too
much
stock
in
a
psychological
finding
until
it’s
been
replicated.”
Why
not?
31.
What
makes
a
claim
extraordinary
(or
bold)?
32.
What
is
the
main
point
of
principle
#5?
33.
What
is
Occam’s
Razor
(Principle
of
Parsimony)?
34.
What
is
Wilhelm
Wundt’s
claim
to
fame?
35.
What
is
introspection?
7
of
12
16.
Why
is
it
crucial
to
scientific
discovery
that
findings
are
replicable?
17.
In
the
facilitated
communication
fiasco,
what
finding
was
replicated?
18.
How
does
this
principle
of
scientific
thinking
relate
to
“Burden
of
proof”?
19.
Explain
how
Doug
Biklen
violated
Occam’s
Razor
in
his
treatment
of
facilitated
communication.
Provide
evidence
to
support
your
response.
20.
What
characteristic
of
pseudoscience
does
introspection
demonstrate?
(In
other
words,
what
principle
of
scientific
thinking
does
introspection
violate?)
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2012
Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
36.
What
was
the
primary
goal
of
structuralism?
37.
Who
is
associated
with
the
school
of
structuralism?
38.
What
was
the
primary
goal
of
functionalism?
39.
Who
is
associated
with
the
school
of
functionalism?
40.
What
was
the
primary
goal
of
behaviorism?
41.
Who
is
associated
with
the
school
of
behaviorism?
42.
What
was
the
primary
goal
of
cognitivism?
43.
Who
is
associated
with
the
school
of
cognitivism?
44.
What
was
the
primary
goal
of
psychoanalysis?
45.
Who
is
associated
with
the
school
of
psychoanalysis?
8
of
12
Revised
August
2012
Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
Look
over
Table
1.5
and
be
familiar
with
the
different
types
of
settings
in
which
psychologists
operate.
46.
What
is
the
nature/nurture
debate?
47.
According
to
your
authors,
how
has
it
been
resolved?
48.
What
is
evolutionary
psychology?
49.
What
is
basic
research?
(Use
the
definition
from
Shaw
in
class)
50.
What
is
applied
research?
9
of
12
21.
In
your
review
of
Table
1.5,
were
you
surprised
by
any
of
the
types
of
psychologists?
Were
you
a
victim
of
any
of
the
misconceptions?
If
so,
which
ones?
Why
do
you
think
you
held
these
faulty
beliefs?
22.
What
problems
does
evolutionary
psychology
run
into
when
drawing
conclusions?
Thinking
back
to
the
principles
of
scientific
thinking.
23.
Look
up
“Roomba”
on
Wikipedia.
What
kind
of
basic
research
do
you
think
was
conducted
in
order
to
bring
the
Roomba
to
market?
What
kinds
of
applied
research
might
have
been
conducted
to
make
it
an
effective
product?
Fallacies: For each fallacy, be able to describe it and give an example, preferably a new one. Refer to Shermer’s article, which you can find on our website, and your text to help
with these fallacies.
Fallacy/
Thinking
tendency
Description
Revised
August
2012
Example
Lilienfeld
et
al.
‐
Psychology
and
Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
1
Emotional
reasoning
(Appeal
to
emotion)
2
Appeal
to
the
masses
(Bandwagon
fallacy)
3
False dilemma (Either-Or)
4
Not-Me Fallacy
5
Anecdotes Don’t Make a Science
6
Burden of Proof
7
Rumors Don’t Equal Reality
8
Failures are Rationalized
9
Correlation doesn’t equal Causation/
After-the-Fact Reasoning
10
Appeal to Ignorance/
Ad Ignorantium
11
Appeal to the person/
Ad Hominem
12
Hasty Generalization
13
Appeal to Authority
(Overreliance on Authority)
14
Appeal to Anonymous Authority
15
Confirmation bias
(Seek and ye shall find)
10
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12
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et
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‐
Psychology
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Scientific
Thinking
Study
Guide
16
Belief perseverance effect
17
Hindsight bias
11
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‐
Psychology
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Thinking
Study
Guide
12
of
12
Important
terms:
These
terms
should
look
familiar
and
should
appear
in
your
answers
to
the
study
guide
questions.
Some
terms
will
come
from
your
notes
from
class
lectures
and
discussions.
1
anecdote
14
correlation-causation fallacy
27
levels of explanation
40
reactivity
2
apophenia
15
critical thinking
28
logical fallacies
41
replicability
3
applied research
16
disinterestedness
29
Meehl’s maxim
42
rival hypothesis
4
B. F. Skinner
17
either-or fallacy
30
metaphysical (nonempirical) claims
43
scientific skepticism
5
bandwagon fallacy
18
emotional reasoning fallacy
31
multiply determined
44
scientific theory
6
basic research
19
evolutionary psychology
32
naïve realism
45
scientist-practitioner gap
7
behaviorism
20
falsifiability
33
not-me fallacy
46
Sigmund Freud
8
belief perseverance
21
functionalism
34
Oberg’s dictum
47
single-variable explanations
9
Charles Darwin
22
hypothesis
35
opportunity cost
48
structuralism
10
claim
23
individual differences
36
pathological skepticism
49
variable
11
cognition
24
introspection
37
pseudoscience
50
Wilhelm Wundt
12
communalism
25
Jean Piaget
38
psychoanalysis
51
William James
13
confirmation bias
26
John B. Watson
39
psychology
Revised
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2012