Irish TIMES Power Sector by Paul Deane Alessandro Chiodi Brian Ó Gallachóir September 2013 Contents 1 IrishTIMES.....................................................................................................................................................................3 1.1 2 OverviewofTIMESModellingTool.........................................................................................................3 1.1.1 Modelstructure...........................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2 Inputs...............................................................................................................................................................5 1.1.3 Functionality.................................................................................................................................................7 1.1.4 Outputs............................................................................................................................................................8 1.1.5 Strengths........................................................................................................................................................9 1.1.6 Limitations....................................................................................................................................................9 PowerSectorascurrentlyisinIrishTimes..................................................................................................11 2.1 Overview...........................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Soft‐linkingtoPowerSystemModel....................................................................................................12 2.2.1 PLEXOSSoftware.....................................................................................................................................13 AppendixA:ListofrecentPublicationsinthePowerSector.........................................................................16 AppendixB:UCCBespokePowerSectorModels.................................................................................................17 References.............................................................................................................................................................................18 1 Irish TIMES TheIrishTIMESmodelisalinearoptimisationmodelwithanobjectivefunctiontominimisetotal
system cost (maximizes the total discounted surplus) subject to imposed constraints.
Mathematical equations describe the relationships and interaction between the many
technologies,driversandcommoditiesinIrishTIMES.WhileitistemptingtothinkofIrishTIMES
asasimple‘merittype’modelthatchoosestechnologiessimplyfromtheleastexpensivetothe
mostexpensivetomeetcertaindemandsthisisanoversimplificationthatleadstoanincorrect
understandingofthemodelvalueanddynamics.TherichnessoftheIrishTIMESmodelisthatit
optimises across all sectors of the energy system for the full horizon and thus captures the
interactionbetweensectors.Themodelsimultaneouslysolvesfortheleastcostsolutionsubject
toemissionconstraints,resourcepotentials,technologycosts,technologyactivityandcapability
to meet individual energy service demands. In this way Irish TIMES allows technologies to
compete both horizontally across different energy sectors and vertically through the time
horizonofthemodel.
1.1 Overview of TIMES Modelling Tool TheTIMES(TheIntegratedMARKAL‐EFOMSystem)modelgeneratorwasdevelopedaspartof
the IEA‐ETSAP (Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program), an international community
whichuseslongtermenergyscenariostoconductin‐depthenergyandenvironmentalanalyses
(Loulou et al., 2004). The TIMES software combines two different, but complementary,
systematicapproachestomodellingenergy:atechnicalengineeringapproachandaneconomic
approach (Gargiulo and Ó Gallachóir, 2013). TIMES is a technology rich, bottom‐up model
generator, which uses linear‐programming to produce a least‐cost energy system, optimized
according to a number of user constraints, over medium to long‐term time horizons. In a
nutshell, TIMES is used for, “the exploration of possible energy futures based on contrasted
scenarios”(Loulouetal.,2005).
TheIrishTIMESmodelwasoriginallyextractedfromthePanEuropeanTIMES(PET)modeland
thenupdatedwithimproveddatabasedonmuchextensivelocalknowledge(ÓGallachóiretal.,
2012). The Pan European Times (PET) Model is a multi‐regional TIMES model of Europe built
comprised of 36 European regions (EU27, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and six Balkan
countries)(GargiuloandÓGallachoir,2013).ThePETmodelfromwhichtheIrelandsub‐model
wastakenwascalibratedwith2005Eurostatasabaseyear.TheIrishTIMESprojecthasfocused
on the Irish energy system and the potential for Ireland to i) increase renewable energy
penetrationinlinewithtargetsto2020,ii)meetGHGemissionsreductiontargetsintheperiod
to2020andiii)transitiontoalowcarboneconomywithinthelongertermto2050(ÓGallachóir
etal.,2012).
1.1.1 Model structure TIMES models encompass all the steps from primary resources through the chain of processes
that transform, transport, distribute and convert energy into the supply of energy services
demanded by energy consumers (Loulou et al., 2005). On the energy supply‐side, it comprises
fuelmining,primaryandsecondaryproduction,andexogenousimportandexport.The“agents”
of the energy supply‐side are the “producers”. Through various energy carriers, energy is
delivered to the demand‐side, which is structured sectorally into residential, commercial,
agricultural, transport and industrial sectors. The “agents” of the energy demand‐side are the
“consumers”.Themathematical,economicandengineeringrelationshipsbetweentheseenergy
“producers”and“consumers”isthebasisunderpinningTIMESmodels.
AllTIMESmodelsareconstructedfromthreebasicentities(Loulouetal.,2005):
Technologies Technologies (also called processes) are representations of physical devices that transform
commodities into other commodities. Processes may be primary sources of commodities (e.g.
miningprocesses,importprocesses),ortransformationactivitiessuchasconversionplantsthat
produceelectricity,energy‐processingplantssuchasrefineries,end‐usedemanddevicessuchas
carsandheatingsystems,etc.
Commodities Commodities (including fuels) are energy carriers, energy services, materials, monetary flows,
andemissions;acommodityiseitherproducedorconsumedbysometechnology.
Commodity flows Commodity flows are the links between processes and commodities (for example electricity
generation from wind). A flow is of the same nature as a commodity but is attached to a
particularprocess,andrepresentsoneinputoroneoutputofthatprocess.
Thesethreeentitiesareusedtobuildanenergysystemthatcharacterizesthecountryorregion
in question. All TIMES models have a reference energy system, which is a basic model of the
energysystembeforeitissubstantiallychangedeitherforaparticularregionorforaparticular
scenario.TheIrishTIMESreferenceenergysystem,whichrepresentstheIrishenergysystemin
2005 and its possible long‐term evolution (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012) is shown in Figure 1. The
blocks are the technologies, the writing outside the blocks (e.g. OIL, GAS, COA, ELC) are the
commoditiesandthelinesconnectingtheblocksarethecommodityflows.
Figure1:SchematicofprocessesandcommoditiesinIrishTIMES;source:(ÓGallachóiretal.,2012)
1.1.2 Inputs There are a large number of exogenous inputs to the Irish TIMES model. Many of these are
characterizationsoftechnologyorcommodityentities.Therearealsoanumberofendogenous
inputs that are calculated by Irish TIMES and which are used in the final calculations for the
modeloutputs.Theseinputsaredescribedbelow.
Technologies In the Irish TIMES model, there are more than 1350 technologies for the supply‐side and
demand‐sidesectorsofthe economy (ÓGallachóir etal., 2012). Each ofthese technologies has
detailedtechnicalparametersthatcanbechangedandsetbytheuser;someoftheseparameters
include technology efficiency (e.g. heat rates, learning curves), technology lifetime, emission
factors(CO2andnon‐CO2)andavailability.Thedatasourcesformostofthesetechnologiesare
the IEA databases that were used to build the reference energy system. For Irish TIMES, the
technologiesparameterswereallreviewedandrevised,asappropriate,forIrishconditions.Each
ofthesetechnologiesalsohasassociatedcosts(e.g.capitalcosts,O&Mcosts,discountrates).In
mostinstances,thesecostsareinputintheformofcurves,i.e.aselasticitiesandassuch,theyare
described as demand curves in that they can meet varying levels of energy demand at varying
levelsofcost(Loulouetal.,2005).
Resource potential and prices Theresourcepotentialappliesmostlytocommoditiesandsupplycurves,i.e.whatisthecostof
eachcommodityatvariouslevelsofsupply.Theresourcepotentialalsoappliestotechnologies,
particularrenewableenergytechnologiesandtheirresource.Forexample,thereisalimittothe
amountofonshorewindpowerthatcanbeconstructedinIreland.Thecommoditysupplycurves
and renewable resource for Irish TIMEShave been carefully scrutinized and updated based on
most recently available data, local knowledge or known technical limits (Ó Gallachóir et al.,
2012).
Projectionsforfuturefuelpricesforkeyfuelcommodities(e.g.coal,oilandgas)aretakenfrom
IEAworldenergyoutlook(IEA,2012).
Given the importance of renewable energy for the achievement of mitigation targets, Ireland’s
energy potentials and costs are based on the most recently available data. The total resource
capacitylimitfordomesticbioenergyhasbeensetat1,964ktoefortheyear2020andat3,747ktoe
by2050,basedontheestimatesfromClancyM.etal.,2013;Smythetal.,2010andPhilips,2011.The
uppercapacitylimitforotherrenewableresourcessuchonshoreandoffshorewindenergy,ocean
and hydro energy are summarized in Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012 and Chiodi et al., 2013. The use of
geothermal energy in Ireland is limited only to small installations in the residential and services
sector mostly for space and water heating purposes. Because solar and geothermal energy
contribute marginally to scenarios outputs, no maximum potentials have been provided in the
model.
The cost assumptions for domestic bioenergy commodities are based on McEniry et al., 2011 for
biogasfromgrass,Kentetal.2011forforestry,ClancyD.etal.2008forwillowandmiscanthuscrops
andClancyM.etal.2013forwheatcrops.CostestimatesonbioenergyimportsarebasedonanSEAI
report by Clancy M. et al., 2013. Cost assumptions for bulk renewable energy technologies were
recentlyupdatedbasedonstudiesbyDECC(ParsonsBrinckerhoff2011andRadovDetal.,2012)
(for wind energy) and Parsons Brinckerhoff 2012 (for solar). Other model reviews focused on
conventionalgenerationtechnologiesofheatingtechnologiesarebasedonthevaluesfrom(Parsons
Brinckerhoff2009).
Electricitypricesarecalculatedendogenouslyinthemodel.
Macro‐economic drivers KeydatadrivingtheIrishTIMESmodelarethemacro‐economicprojectionsofGDP,GNP,private
income,populationandnumberof householdsthatisgeneratedusingtheEconomicandSocial
Research Institute (ESRI) long‐term macro‐economic model. These parameters are used to
generateenergyservicedemandparameters,whicharethekeyquantitiesthattheIrishTIMES
modelmustproduceanenergysystemtosatisfy.Intotal,thereare60differenttypesofenergy
servicesforthetransport,residential,agricultural,commercial,industryandnon‐energysectors.
Someexamplesincluderesidentialspaceheating(peta‐joules,PJ),commercialrefrigeration(PJ),
industry iron & steel (millions of tonnes, Mt), transport car distance (millions of passenger
kilometres, Mpkm) and transport road freight (millions of tonne kilometres, Mtkm). For each
modellingperiodoutto2050,energyservicedemandparametersareinputandtheIrishTIMES
modelmustservetheseparametersatleastcost.
Scenarios The principle insights generated from Irish TIMES are achieved through scenario analysis. A
reference energy scenario is generated first by running the model in the absence of any policy
constraints.Thisresultsfromthereferencescenarioarenotnormallytotallyalignedtonational
energy forecasts (generated by simulating future energy demand and supply), mainly because
TIMESoptimizestheenergysystemsprovidingaleastcostsolution.
A second scenario is then established by imposing a (single of many) policy constraint on the
model (e.g. minimum share of renewable energy, maximum amount of GHG emissions or
minimumlevelofenergysecurity)andthemodelgeneratesadifferentleastcostenergysystem
withdifferenttechnologyandfuelchoices.Whentheresultsarecomparedwiththosefromthe
reference scenario, the different technology choices can be identified that deliver the policy
constraintatleastcost(ÓGallachóiretal.,2012).
In the Irish TIMES model, there are two key modelling time‐horizons: 2005‐2020 and 2005‐
2050.
1.1.3 Functionality Oncealltheinputs,constraintsandscenarioshavebeenputinplace,themodelwillattemptto
solveanddeterminetheenergysystemthatmeetstheenergyservicedemandsovertheentire
timehorizonatleastcost.Itdoesthisbysimultaneouslymakingequipmentinvestmentdecisions
and operating, primary energy supply, and energy trade decisions, by region. Irish TIMES
assumesperfectforesight,whichistosaythatallinvestmentdecisionsaremadeineachperiod
withfullknowledgeoffutureevents.Itoptimizeshorizontally(acrossallsectors)andvertically
(acrossalltimeperiodsforwhichthelimitisimposed).
The results will be the optimal mix of technologies and fuels at each period, together with the
associated emissions to meet the demand. The model configures the production and
consumption of commodities (i.e. fuels, materials, and energy services) and their prices; when
themodelmatchessupplywithdemand,i.e.energyproducerswithenergyconsumers,itissaid
to be in equilibrium. Mathematically, this means that model maximizes the producer and
consumersurplus.Themodelissetupsuchthatthepriceofproducingacommodityaffectsthe
demandforthatcommodity,whileatthesametimethedemandaffectsthecommodity’sprice.A
market is said to have reached an equilibrium at prices p and quantities q when no consumer
wishestopurchaselessthanqandnoproducerwishestoproducemorethanqatpricep.When
allmarketsareinequilibriumthetotaleconomicsurplusismaximized(i.e.thesumofproducers’
andconsumers’surpluses)(Loulouetal.,2005).ThisisrepresentedgraphicallyinFigure2.
Figure2:AchievingmarketequilibriuminTIMES;source:(Loulouetal.,2005)
1.1.4 Outputs ThemainoutputIrishTIMESareenergysystemconfigurations,whichmeettheend‐useenergy
servicedemandsatleastcostwhilealsoadheringtothevariousconstraints(e.g80%emissions
reduction, 40% renewable electricity penetration). In the first instance, Irish TIMES model
addresses the question: is the target feasible? If an energy system is possible, it can then be
examined, at what cost? The model outputs are energy flows, energy commodity prices, GHG
emissions, capacities of technologies, energy costs and marginal emissions abatement costs.
Figure3hasaschematicoftheIrishTIMESmodelalongwithoutgoingwhiteblockarrowsthat
showthemodeloutputs.
Figure3:SchematicofTIMESinputsandoutputs;source:(Remmeetal.,2001)
1.1.5 Strengths Something of the usefulness (and strength) of TIMES can be gleaned from its popularity: it is
currently in use in over 70 countries. A key characteristic of this modelling tool is that it
maintained, improved and updated through a collaborative research initiative co‐ordinated by
theInternationalEnergyAgencyEnergyTechnologySystemsProgramme(IEA‐ETSAP).Themain
“selling point” of TIMES is that it combines a detailed technology rich database with an
economically optimizing solver. It is able to generate robust energy policy scenarios over long
time horizons and it is able to offer strategic insight into long‐term policy formation. This is
especially important for the energy sector, which has such large capital investments with long
projectlifetimes.
The challenge of de‐carbonizing the energy system is an enormous and expensive one so the
insightthatTIMESgivesisunique.
It produces energy pathways over multiple time slices for a long‐term time horizon and the
solutioninthemodelisintermsoftechnologychoice;italsoprovidesindicativeresultsforthe
carbonpricerequiredtoachievecertainreductionswhichcaninturnbeusefultoinformpolicy
design.
1.1.6 Limitations Like all energy models, Irish TIMES has a number of limitations. In some instances these are
simplylimitationsbornofthestructureofthemodel;theyareinevitablebasedonthewaythe
modelisbuilt.Inotherinstances,theycouldbeconsideredweaknessesandinthesecases,work
isongoingtomakeimprovements:
Macro‐economicassumptions:This is a limitation of the model. The results of the scenarios are
tied to the assumption and results of the macro‐economic model, which by themselves are
inherently uncertain. While scenarioanalysis, by its nature, triestocounteract this uncertainty
byproducingarangeofresults,thisuncertaintyisneverthelesspresent.
Limitedmacro‐economicfeedback:ThisisacurrentweaknessintheIrishTIMESmodel:thereis
currentlynofeedbackbetweentheoutputoftheenergysystemanalysisandthemacro‐economy.
However,workisongoinginUCCtodevelopthisfeedbackresponse.
Timeresolution:Fortheelectricitysector,thereare12timeslices(seasonal,day,nightandpeak);
these are inadequate to capture daily supply and demand curves. For the rest of the TIMES
system, there are only seasonal time slices. This is a limitation of the model. It would become
computationally unwieldy if the model had to make decade long decision as well as hourly
decisions. A working solution to this shortcoming is model soft‐linking to more specialized
powersystemsmodels,whichhasbeenpioneeredbyUCC(Deaneetal.,2012).
Behaviour: A further limitation of the Irish TIMES model is the limited capacity to simulate
behaviouralaspects.Thisisalimitationofmostenergy(andindeedmacro‐economic)models,in
that consumer behaviour is generally limited to simple price response and non‐price related
behaviouringenerallyverypoorlytreated.
2 Power Sector as currently is in Irish Times 2.1 Overview The power sector in Irish TIMES describes a large suite of generation technologies such as
thermalandrenewablepowerplantandaimstofindthecostoptimalmixoftechnicallysuitable
generation technologies to meet the electricity demand withi the energy pathways to the year
2050.
In Irish TIMES the electricity demand profiles are not imposed exogenously, but rather are
endogenouslywithintheentireenergysystem,evaluatedtooptimallyprovidetheenergyservice
demandsforeachofthedemandsectors[transport,builtenvironmentandindustry]atleastcost.
Powerplantsaredescribedbyprocessesgroupedasbaseyearorpost‐baseyearcapacities.Each
plant is characterized by input and output commodities that fit into the energy system
composing the whole energy chain from primary energy supply to the final energy service
demand.Severalparametersandconstraintscanbedefinedforeachprocessofthechain.They
can be commonly grouped as technical, economic and environmental parameters. Technical
parameters describe the capacity, availability and efficiency of the power plant. Economic
parametersrelatetofuelcosts,emissionscosts,fixedoperatingcostsandvariableoperationand
maintenance costs while environmental parameters describe emissions factors. Within Irish
TIMESmostofrenewabletechnologies(e.g.windenergyorsolarPV)arecommonlytreatedwith
efficiencies of 100% while the availability of the resource is inserted as a capacity or activity
constraint.The loadfluctuationduetothe resource variability (thatrepresents the fuel for the
process) is modelled by a timeslice dependent definition of average availability factors
generatingdifferentgenerationprofiles.
Input parameters that describe each power plant type such as investment cost and associated
variableandoperatingcostsareshownintheexcelsheet[PowerSectorOverview.xls]witha
summarygraphofinvestmentcostsforselecttechnologiesbelow.
Figure1:InvestmentcostforselectpowerplantasinIrishTIMES
2.2 Soft‐linking to Power System Model EachtimeperiodinIrishTIMESisusuallydividedbysub‐period,commonlycalledtimeslice.The
timeslice represents the “mesh” of each period and the definition depends strongly on the
computingcapacityavailableandthetime‐scalerequired.Long‐mediumtermoptimizations(20‐
50yearsoftimehorizon)rarelyusemorethan12timeslices.IrishTIMEShasa2005‐2050time
horizonwhileeachperiodissub‐dividedby12timeslices,commonlydefinedbyday,nightand
peakhoursforfourseasons.
The Irish TIMES is a full energy system model and this computational complexity demands a
simplified consideration of temporal resolution and a relaxation of some important technical
constraintssuchasramprates,startcosts,operationalconstraintsandreservemodellingetc.To
addresstheseissuesasoft‐linkingmethodologyisemployedwhichusesadedicatedoperational
power system model (PLEXOS for Power Systems) to verify the technical appropriateness of
results from the power sector in Irish TIMES. This methodology is described in [Deane et al.,
2012]butabriefoverviewisgiveninthenextsection.
2.2.1 PLEXOS Software The PLEXOS software is used by the Commission for Energy Regulation (CER) to validate the
operation of the SEM and is also one the software’s used by Eirgrid for operational power
systems modelling. UCCcollaborate with Energy Exemplar (thedevelopersofthe Software) in
thetestinganddevelopmentofthesoftwareandadetailedlistofpublicationsareshowninthe
Appendix. PLEXOS is an integrated gas and electricity operational model capable of modelling
the integrated power systemattemporal resolutionsof 5minutesto 60 minutes. Themodel is
alsocapableoflongtermcapacityexpansionplanning.Theterm"capacityexpansion"refersto
the problem of finding the optimal combination of generation new builds and retirements that
minimizes the total costs of the system over a long‐term planning horizon. That is, to
simultaneously solve a generation capacity expansion problem and a dispatch problem from a
central planning, long‐term perspective.In this regard UCC EnergyPolicy and ModellingGroup
havedevelopedanumberofbespokePLEXOSmodelsforIrelandandEurope.Thesemodelsare
listedintheAppendix.
The outputs from Irish TIMES are analysed withthe PLEXOS software using two methods.The
first method (Long Term) uses a detailed definition of the capacity expansion problem in
PLEXOS.Themodelsimulatesthecapacityexpansionproblemusingthesameeconomicinputsas
IrishTIMESbutwithhighertechnicalandtemporalchronologicalresolutionwithnewmethods
to account for variable renewable generation as described in (Nweke et al. 2012). Fuel prices
developed exogenously in Irish TIMES are passed to PLEXOS as well as the exogenously
developed electricity demand from Irish TIMES. The model is simulated to the year 2050. The
model can be simulated with or without consideration for the gas network and shows the
optimalinvestmentmadeinthepowersystemportfoliosubjecttothesameemissionconstraints
asIrishTIMES.InsightsortechnicalimprovementarefedbacktoIrishTIMES.
Figure2:Dataflowofhighlevelsoft‐linkingmethodology
Thesecondmethod[ShortTerm]takesonespecificyearofinterestandanalysestheoptimised
powersystemportfolioatsub‐hourlyresolution.Thisistovalidatethetechnicalsuitabilityofthe
selectedpowerplantinthecontextofvariablerenewablegenerationsuchaswind.Amongother
elements,theadequacyofthepowersystemisassessed,levelsofwindcurtailmentareverified
and cycling and flexibility of thermal plant are checked for technical appropriateness. Market
prices for electricity are also exported for verification and review. Again insights or technical
improvementsfromthesoft‐linkingexercisearefedbacktoIrishTIMES.
Figure3:Sampledescriptionofsoft‐linkingmethodologyforonespecificyear.
Thesoft‐linkingmethodisusefulasitnotonlyimprovesthetemporalandtechnicalaspectsof
the modelling but it also incorporates on‐going research by Eirgrid in the DS3 program,
improvements to the validated SEM market models by the CER, on‐going research by Irish
universities and improveddata profilessuchasthose from thesmartmetergas and electricity
trials. Implementation of the soft‐linking methodology also allow greater consideration of
flexible demand side management technologies, electric vehicles, smart storage heaters and
residentialheatingtechnologiessuchasheatpumps.
Appendix A: List of recent Publications in the Power Sector Deane J.P., Drayton G., Ó Gallachóir B.P. 2014Sub‐Hourly Modelling in Power Systems with
SignificantLevelsofRenewableGeneration.AppliedEnergyVol113,Pages152‐158
Calnan P., Deane J.P., Ó Gallachóir B. P. 2013Modelling the impact of EVs on electricity
generation, costs and CO2emissions: Assessing the impact of different charging regimes and
futuregenerationprofilesforIrelandin2025EnergyPolicy(doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.065
DeaneJ.P.,McKeoghE.J.andÓGallachóirB.P.2013DerivationofIntertemporalTargetsforLarge
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage with Stochastic Optimisation.IEEE Transactions on Power
SystemsVol.28,No.3Pages2147‐2155(doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2236111)
Deane J.P., Chiodi A., Gargiulo M. and Ó Gallachóir B.P. 2012Soft‐linking of a power systems
model
to
and
energy
systems
model.EnergyVol
42,
Pages
303‐312
(doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.052)
DeaneJ.P.,DaltonG.andÓGallachóirB.P.2012Modellingtheimpactsof500MWofWavePower
inIreland.EnergyPolicyVol45Pages614‐627(doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.012)
E.V.McGarrigle,J.P.Deane,P.G.Leahy,Howmuchwindenergywillbecurtailedonthe2020Irish
power system?, Renewable Energy, Volume 55, July 2013, Pages 544‐553, ISSN 0960‐1481,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.013.
DeaneJ.P.,ÓGallachóirB.P.andMcKeoghE.J.2010Techno‐EconomicReviewofPumpedHydro
Energy Storage PlantsRenewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsVolume 14, Issue 4, Pages
1293‐1302(doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.015)
Quantifying the Impacts of National Renewable Electricity Ambitions using a North‐West
EuropeanElectricityMarketModel‐Deane,Paul;Driscoll,Áine;OGallachóir,Brian
Climate policy, interconnection and carbon leakage: the effect of unilateral UK policy on
electricity and GHG emissions in Ireland. ESRI Working Paper 458 Curtis,John A/di
Cosmo,Valeria/Deane,Paul(ERI)UCC
IrishandBritishhistoricalelectricitypricesandimplicationsforthefuture.ESRIWorkingPaper
452Deane,Paul(UCC)/FitzGerald,John/MalaguzziValeri,Laura/Tuohy,Aidan(ElectricPower
ResearchInstitute,Knoxville,TN)/Walsh,Darragh
Appendix B: UCC Bespoke Power Sector Models PLEXOS Ireland 2020 : Detailed operational model of Irish power system with installed
capacitiescalibratedtoEirgridAllIslandCapacityStatements.Modelsimulatesat5minuteto60
minuteresolutionfortheyear2020andincludesdetailedreservemodelling.
NW_European Academic Model: This is a comprehensive market model of the North West
European region (including Spainand Portugal).Renewable energy capacitiesare calibrated to
memberstateNREAPS.Modelissetupfortheyear2020.
PLEXOS Ireland LT: This is a sophisticated long term capacity expansion model using new
chronological modelling methods to determine optimal capacity expansion to 2050 under
emissionsreductionsscenarios.Themodelalsoincludesahighlevelportrayalofthegasnetwork
andisfullyintegratedwiththeelectricmodel.
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