AP Human Geography – Mr. Horas
Chapter 7: Ethnicity (Pages 224 – 259)
Introduction (227)
1. Define ethnicity
1.
2. Define race:
2.
Key Issue #1: Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? (227)
Before You Read: What is your ethnicity? What
is your race? What is your nationality?
1. List the four ethnicities mentioned in your
text and list their regional location and
percentage of the U.S. population.
BYR:
Ethnicity
Region
% in U.S.
6
2. List two cities where African Americans are
concentrated and give the percentage of
population they make up in these cities.
2a.
2b.
3. List three cities where Hispanics are
concentrated and give the percentage of
population they make up in these cities.
3a.
3b.
3c.
4. Name and describe three major migration
patterns of African-Americans that have
shaped their current distribution in the U.S.
4a.
4b.
4c.
5. Contrast ethnicity and race.
5.
6. Identify the following:
a. Plessy vs. Ferguson:
6a.
b. Brown vs. Board of Education:
6b.
c. White Flight:
6c.
7
d. Blockbusting:
7. Explain two ways apartheid in South Africa
was similar to race practices in the U.S.
prior to the 1960s. Explain two ways
apartheid was different.
6d.
7a.
7b.
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
Key Issue #2: Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities (237)
Before you read: What does it mean to be an
American? In other words, what are a few
characteristics that come to mind when
someone says they are an American?
BYR:
1. Contrast nationality and ethnicity.
1a.
2. Why did most 19th century immigrants to
the U.S. identify themselves by their
ethnicity?
2.
8
3. Define the following terms:
a. Self-determination
3a.
b. Nation-State (Give an example):
b.
c. Nationalism
c.
d. Centripetal Force (Give an example):
d.
e. Centrifugal Force (Give an example):
e.
3. The former Soviet Union was a prominent
example of a multinational state. Define
multinational state and explain how this
term applies to the former Soviet Union.
3.
4. How did the Soviet Union change after the
fall of the Berlin Wall?
4.
5. Name three nation-states created out of the
former Soviet Union.
5.
9
6. Give two examples of centrifugal forces at
work in present day Russia.
6a.
6b.
7. Give an example of an ethnic revival in
East Europe/
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
7.
AYR:
Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? (244)
Before you read: Do you recall any incidences
of ethnic tension in Africa in the last twenty
years? Where did they occur?
1. Compare and contrast the causes of ethnic
tension in one of the countries in the horn
of Africa with those in Lebanon.
BYR:
1a. (Compare)
1b. (Contrast)
2. Explain the origin of the division of Hindus
and Muslims in India & Pakistan.
2.
10
3. Why does the ethnic tension in Kashmir
involve?
3.
4. In a sentence, explain what the source of
tension among ethnicities in Sri Lanka
involves.
4.
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? (250)
Before you read: What do you understand by
the term ethnic cleansing?
BYR:
1. Define ethnic cleansing:
1a.
2. Describe the ethnic diversity in the former
Yugoslavia.
2.
11
3. Many Bosnia Muslims live in Saint Louis.
Based on your reading, explain how they
wound up in Saint Louis.
3a.
4. What is Balkanization?
4.
5. Why did the Hutus and Tutsis clash in
Rwanda in the mid 90s?
5.
6. What were two results of the conflict?
6a.
6b.
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
12
AP Human Geography – Mr. Horas
Chapter 8: Political Geo (260 – 295)
Introduction (261)
1. Why in the post-Cold War era is the familiar
division of the world into countries or states
crumbling?
1.
Key Issue #1: Where Are States Located (263)
Before You Read: How would you define the
term state? When did “states” first come into
being?
BYR:
1. Define State:
1.
2. Define Sovereignty:
2.
3. Explain how each of the following
demonstrates the problem of defining a
state.
a. Korea
3a.
b. China & Taiwan
3b.
c. Western Sahara
3c.
13
4. Trace the development of the state
concept.
4.
5. Define the following:
a. Colony:
5a.
b. Colonialism:
5b.
c. Imperialism:
5c.
6. List three reasons that European states
established colonies.
6a.
6b.
6c.
14
7. When did most African and Asian colonies
gain independence form Europe?
7.
8. Make a generalization about the few
remaining colonies.
8.
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
Key Issue #2: Where Are Boundaries Drawn Between States? (270)
Before you read: What types of boundaries
separate countries? Can you give three different
types?
1. What is a boundary?
BYR:
1.
2. Draw and describe the following shapes of
states and provide an example of each
along with an advantage and a
disadvantage.
a. Compact
2a.
b. Prorupted:
2b.
15
c. Elongated:
2c.
d. Fragmented:
2d.
e. Perforated:
2e.
f. Landlocked
2f.
3. Describe Zimbabwe’s situation.
3.
4. Contrast a frontier and a boundary.
4.
5. List the 3 main types of physical
boundaries and a problem with each one.
5a.
5b.
5c.
16
6. List and give an example of the three main
types of cultural boundaries.
6a.
6b.
6c.
7. Why is there a UN patrolled buffer zone
(boundary) in Cyprus?
7.
8. Define unitary state. Give a strength and a
weakness of this type of state using France
as an example.
8a. (Define)
8b. (Strength)
8c. (Weakness)
17
9. Define federal state. Give a strength and a
weakness of this type of state using Poland
as an example.
9a. (Define)
9b. (Strength)
9c. (Weakness)
10. Define Gerrymandering and give an
example of how it is or has been used in
the U.S.
10a. (Define)
10b. (Example)
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
Key Issue #3: Why Do States Cooperate With Each Other? (281)
Before you read: Do you know of any
international organizations that the U.S. belongs
to? Why was it created?
1. According to your text, what is the biggest
threat to the survival of the “state” concept?
BYR:
1.
18
2. When was the U.N. created and what was
its purpose?
2.
3. Describe the purpose of the following
regional alliances:
a. NATO
3a.
b. Warsaw Pact:
3b.
c. OAS
3c.
d. OAU
3d.
4. List two ways the contemporary world’s
pattern of global power is different than it
has been in the past.
4a.
4b.
19
5. What is the European Union and what is its
purpose?
5.
6. Describe how the former communist
countries present a challenge to the
European Union.
6.
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
Key Issue #4: Why Has Terrorism Increased? (288)
Before you read: In your own words, what is
terrorism? Why do you believe it has
increased?
BYR:
1. Define Terrorism:
1.
2. Give two examples of the use of terrorism
prior to 1920.
2a.
2b.
20
3. Give two examples of the use of terror in
the U.S. against the U.S. prior to 9-11.
3a.
3b.
4. What is al-Qaeda and what are its political
aims?
4.
5. How did each of the following states
support terrorism?
a. Libya
5a.
b. Afghanistan
5b.
c. Iraq
5c.
d. Iran
5d.
After you read: In a sentence, write a main idea
that answers the key issue question posed.
AYR:
21
AP Human Geography – Mr. Horas
South Africa
World Revolutions DVD: THE SOUTH AFRICAN - ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT
The origins of apartheid in South Africa can be traced to the mid-17th- century arrival of Dutch
Boers who arrived with a notion of religious superiority and a mission to civilize the Africans they
encountered. The Boers gradually increased their control over the Cape region, laying claim to
Africa’s southern tip and discriminating against and enslaving native Africans, while indigenous
people such as the Zulu fought valiantly but unsuccessfully to preserve their culture.
By the early 20th century, the British had triumphed over the Boers in clashes over access to
South Africa’s vast mineral wealth, and consolidated their control over South Africa. However, the
British did not liberate Africans in Boer lands, and continued to enforce discriminatory Boer rules.
In 1948, as challenges to white rule grew in intensity, the Afrikaner National Party won control of
South Africa’s government and began to strengthen and tighten the policy of legalized segregation
based on skin color.
Nonviolent resistance to white rule had begun in 1912 with the formation of the African National
Congress (ANC), and evolved to include leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Albert Luthuli. The
government crushed these non-violent protests using increasingly repressive measures against
the resistance. After the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, the ANC abandoned nonviolence and
adopted a more militant strategy to combat apartheid. As a result, Mandela was sentenced to life in
prison where he remained determined to bring an end to apartheid. In Mandela’s absence, activists
such as Stephen Biko and labor unions continued the fight. Biko’s murder while in police custody
resulted in growing world condemnation of the South African government; however, President
Botha fought throughout the ’70s and ’80s to maintain apartheid.
Domestic rebellion, combined with the mounting pressure of international economic sanctions,
signaled a change in direction. After the 1989 election of President de Klerk, Mandela was freed
amid negotiations with the ANC to move toward majority rule. In the election of 1994, Mandela
became president of South Africa, thereby establishing a free and democratic government and
putting an end to the legal foundation of apartheid.
Guiding / Discussion Questions
1.What law did black protesters oppose in Sharpeville
in 1960?
2.What was apartheid? What were its effects?
3.Who were the Boers?
4.What was the significance of the Great Trek?
22
5.Why did thousands of British prospectors pour into Boer territory in the 19th century?
6.When was the African National Congress formed? What was its purpose?
7.What was the Defiance Campaign?
8.What was the significance of Umkhonto We Sizwe?
9.Who was Steven Biko?
10.What government decree led to the Soweto Uprising?
11.What weapons did the United Nations use against apartheid?
12.What were the two most important results of the first national election in 1994?
23
AP Human Geography – Mr. Horas
Genocide
Genocide is the planned effort to destroy a cultural or ethnic group in whole
or in part. Millions of people were systematically killed in tragedies such as the
Armenian Massacre and the Holocaust, but despite the U.N. Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of Genocide in 1948 and the universal refrain of “never
again,” genocides continued to occur throughout the 20th century in places like
Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Collective massacres of innocent
people continue to happen today.
How can these atrocities be allowed to happen in today’s world? In the past,
world governments ignored warning signs, waited too long to get involved or simply
did not think it was in their national interest to intervene. The NATO bombing of
Kosovo in 1999 set a controversial precedent for armed intervention to prevent
genocide or other crimes against humanity. Using force to stop genocide remains a
major global issue.
What else can be done to prevent genocide? Non-governmental organizations
monitor governments around the world, while genocide survivors work hard to keep
the memories of their ancestors alive based on the tenet that understanding the
past may help to protect the future.
1.What is the meaning of “genocide”?
2.Who was Raphael Lemkin? Why is he significant?
3.What role has propaganda played in the destruction of specific cultural groups?
4.Why did Turkish leaders target Armenians during World War I?
5. How were Jews dehumanized in Nazi Germany?
24
6.What theories help explain why the world did not intervene to prevent the
Holocaust?
7. How did Pol Pot want to remake Cambodian society?
8.Why did Slobodan Milosevic initiate a campaign of “ethnic cleansing”?
9.What was the result of the 1998 Rome Treaty?
10. Describe some ways that genocide can be prevented.
25
AP Geography - Mr. Horas
Unit Four - Take-home essays
Answer TWO of the following questions in a well-organized essay response Each should be
answered in a separate response.. Use your book (no need to do any additional research) to
answer the questions. (10 points each)
1. The number of countries in the world increased dramatically following the second world war.
A. Describe two forces that were behind this change and why have so many former
colonies have had trouble forming stable governments?
B. Use examples (countries or “nations”) sited in your book to strengthen your
response.
C. Use the terms imperialism, colony, nation, state, boundary, self-determination in your
response.
2. Geographers who study the subfield known as political geography frequently cite the European
partitioning of Africa in the nineteenth century as having lasting and unfortunate consequences. In
November 1884, Germany hosted a conference in Berlin that was attended by a dozen other
European nations and the United States. They divided up the continent among themselves, with
the United States insisting on continued political autonomy for Liberia. By this bold hegemonic
move, they affected the lives of millions of Africans. Most of the lines drawn on a map of Africa at
that conference still exist as political boundaries. Your essay should address:
A.Why did Europeans practiced imperialism in Africa?
B. How political boundaries made more than a century ago continue to be a problem
even after all the African nations have achieved independence
C. The history a current African conflict.
D. An explanation of how European interference contributed to this conflict.
3. The viability of any state depends on a balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces. (Use
the map of South Asia to answer the following.)
A. Define the concepts “centripetal force” and
“centrifugal force.”
B. Give a specific example of and explain a
centripetal force that affects the viability of
any of the states shown above on the
map.
C. With reference to a different specific
example and different state, explain a
centrifugal force that affects the viability of
any of the states shown on this map of
South Asia.
29
4. Geographers define terms often much differently than those that appear on the web or in
newspapers.
A. Define the following concepts as they are used in political geography:
1. Nation
2. State
3. Nation-state
B. For each of these concepts, name a specific late-twentieth-century example from Region
A (see map below) and a specific late-twentieth-century example from Region B on the
map above.
C. Explain how the pursuit of the nation-state ideal during recent decades has led to conflict
in each of the two Regions (A and B) on the map above.
30