pregledni
naučni
članak
UDK 336.746(497.11)"3" ; 321.18:929 Flаviје Јоviаn
FLAVIJE JOVIAN
(363-364)
Svetlana Pantelić
Udruženje banaka Srbije
[email protected]
Rezime
Flavije Jovijan (Flavius Jovianus Augustus) rođen je 331. godine u
Singidunumu, današnjem Beogradu, a umro 17. februara 364. godine u
Dadastanu, Mala Azija pod nerazjašnjenim okolnostima. Sahranjen je u
Konstantinopolju. Poznat je kao zagovornik verskih sloboda i politike
tolerancije u odnosu na hrišćane i pagane, te se na njegovim kovanicama
pojavljuju hrišćanski i paganski simboli. Numizmatika je bogata kovanicama
posvećenim vladavini cara Jovijana iako je ona trajala samo godinu dana (363364).
Ključne reči: Flavije Jovijan, Singidunum, Julijan, Dadastan, Persija, car Šapur
II, Konstantinopolj, hrišćanstvo, paganstvo, kovanice, Varonijan, garda, Tigar,
Galerije
Bronzani novac - Majorina
Kovnica: Solun
Rad primljen: 12.12.2013.
Odobren za štampu: 20.12.2013.
bankarstvo 6 2013
JEL: B11, E42, N23
168
UDC 336.746(497.11)"3" ; 321.18:929 Flаviје Јоviаn
scientific
review
article
FLAVIUS JOVIANUS
(363-364)
Svetlana Pantelić
Association of Serbian Banks
[email protected]
Summary
Flavius Jovianus Augustus was born in 331 AD at Singidunum, today’s
Belgrade, and died on 17 February 364 at Dadastana, Asia Minor, under
mysterious circumstances. He was buried in Constantinople. As a renowned
advocate of religious freedoms and policy of tolerance towards the Christians
and pagans, his coins featured both Christian and pagan symbols. Numismatic
collections are rich with coins dedicated to the Emperor Jovian’s rule even
though it lasted just one year (363-364).
Keywords: Flavius Jovianus, Singidunum, Julian, Dadastana, Persia, Emperor
Shapur II, Constantinople, Christianity, paganism, coins, Varronianus, guard,
Tigris, Galerius
bankarstvo 6 2013
JEL: B11, E42, N23
169
Bronze coin - Mayorina
Mint: Thessalonica
Paper received: 12.12.2013
Approved for publishing: 20.12.2013
J
ovijan je rođen 331. godine u Singidunumu, današnjem Beogradu, u
viđenijoj porodici, od oca Varonijana, koji je imao uspešnu vojničku
karijeru. Jovijan je isto tako izabrao vojnu profesiju i kao pripadnik garde služio
je Konstanciju II i Julijanu. Svoje kratkotrajno, jednogodišnje carovanje Jovijan
je započeo nakon Julijanove smrti.
Gubitnik u poređenju dva vladara je Jovijan. Julijan (Apostata) je bio
jedan od najobrazovanijih rimskih careva svih vremena, inteligentan, hrabar,
pravedan, dostojanstven, autoritativan, izuzetne memorije i talenta za pisanje.
Osim toga, bio je i prijatne spoljašnosti: srednje visine, meke talasaste kose i
lepih bistrih očiju. Jovijan je bio skromnih sposobnosti i obrazovanja, kolebljiv,
proždrljiv, ljubitelj vina i žena. Od dobrih osobina krasile su ga dobroćudnost,
hrabrost i tolerancija. Pogotovu kada su u pitanju bile verske slobode. Proglasio
je povratak države hrišćanstvu, uključujući i finansijsku pomoć Crkvi. Vodio
je i politiku tolerancije u odnosu na pagane, te se na njegovim kovanicama
pojavljuju hrišćanski i paganski simboli. Jovijan je bio veoma visok i krupan
čovek, veselog lica i sivih očiju. Jedini detalj iz njihove biografije koji je identičan
jeste to što su obojica živeli samo 32 godine.
Napadi Persijanaca u pojedinim pokrajinama carstva su se umnožili kada
je car Šapur II čuo da je novoizabrani car Jovijan bleda
senka prethodnog Julijana. Jovijan je želeo što pre da
se njegova vojska izvuče iz Persije pa je sklopio
mir koji je teritorijalno imao visoku cenu: vratio
je Persiji pet oblasti s druge strane reke Tigar
koje je još Galerije osvojio. Po povratku iz
Persije kratko vreme je proveo u Antiohiji.
U želji da što pre učvrsti svoju vlast u zimu
364. godine krenuo je na zapad. U Dadastanu,
Mala Azija umro je 17. februara iste godine
pod nerazjašnjenim okolnostima. Sahranjen je
u Konstantinopolju.
Numizmatika je bogata kovanicama posvećenim
vladavini cara Jovijana iako je ona trajala samo godinu
dana (363-364). Na novcu Jovijan je koristio uobičajene epitete rimskih careva,
kao što su: Victoria Romanorum, Victor and Triumphator, Eternal Augustus, Gloria
Romanorum, itd. Portreti Jovijana na novcu su lepi, verno prenose njegovo
dostojanstvo, ahilovsku snagu, veseli pogled životnog optimizma.
J
ovian was born in 331 AD at Singidunum, today’s Belgrade, in a
respectable family. His father Varronianus had built a successful military
career. Jovian followed in his father’s footsteps by choosing the military
profession, and, as a member of the guard, served under Constantius II and
Julian. Jovian’s brief, one-year long rule commenced after Julian’s demise.
Jovian is, by all means, the lesser man when compared
to his predecessor. Julian (the Apostate) was one of the
best educated Roman emperors of all times, intelligent,
brave, just, dignified, authoritative, gifted with exquisite
memory and talented for writing. Apart from that, he had
a pleasant appearance, being of medium height, with soft
wavy hair and beautiful, bright eyes. As opposed to that,
Jovian was of modest abilities and education, indecisive,
gluttonous, and disposed to enjoying wine and women. His
virtues included good-naturedness, courageousness and
tolerance, especially when it came to religious freedoms.
He proclaimed the Empire’s return to Christianity,
including financial aid to the Church. He led the policy of
tolerance towards the pagans, his coins, hence, featuring
both Christian and pagan symbols. Jovian was very tall and sturdy, with a
cheerful face and grey eyes. The only identical detail in Julian’s and Jovian’s
biographies is the fact that they both lived only to the age of 32.
The Persian attacks in certain provinces of the Empire multiplied once the
Emperor Shapur II heard that the newly-elected Emperor Jovian was a bleak
copy of his predecessor Julian. Jovian wanted his army to retreat from Persia as
soon as possible, so he made peace at a territorially huge price: he returned to
Persia the five provinces on the other side of the Tigris River, which had been
previously won by Galerius. Having returned from Persia, he spent some time
in Antioch. Wishing to consolidate his power, in the winter of 364 he started
for the West. At Dadastana, Asia Minor, on 17 February that same year, he died
under mysterious circumstances. He was buried in Constantinople.
Numismatic collections are rich with coins dedicated to the Emperor Jovian’s
rule even though it lasted just one year (363-364). On his coins, Jovian used the
typical epithets of the Roman emperors, including: Victoria Romanorum, Victor
and Triumphator, Eternal Augustus, Gloria Romanorum, etc. Jovian’s portraits on
the coins are beautiful, truthfully depicting his dignity, Achilles’ strength, and
a cheerful gaze bursting with optimism.
Literatura / References
1. Jovanović, Aleksandar (2006), Tlo Srbije
zavičaj rimskih careva. Beograd: Princip
Bonart Pres.
2. Lopandić, Duško (2007), Purpur imperije
- Rimski carevi sa prostora Srbije i Balkana.
Beograd: Book&Marso.
3. Banchich, Tomas, De Imperatoribus
Romanie, www.luc.edu/roman-emperors/
jovian.htm