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"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Formatted
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Mrs. Toastmaster, fellowContest master, Toastmasters, and welcome guests. Those, those are the Formatted
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words President Abraham Lincoln is best known for, atfrom the dedication of the battlefield cemetery at Gettysburg. That was in November 1863, while the Civil War was still raging. It. The Gettysburg Address was a great speechstirring oration about the value of freedom and the struggle to achieve it. It was also a part of a long, faltering political process. Formatted
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appearance. When someone accused him of being two‐faced, Lincoln said, "If I was two‐faced, ... [28]
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would I be wearing this one?" ... [29]
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Earlier that year, Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the states that were in rebellion against the union – only the states in rebellion. If you were in a loyal unionborder state and owned slaves, you could keep them. – at least for now. The bargain between North and South for the preservation of slavery was written into the Constitution Lincoln was sworn to uphold. That Of course, he changed withthat by pushing through the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery, which is the drama of Stephen Spielberg's Lincoln made part of the Republican Party platform in his 1864 reelection campaign. By the time it became law in 1865,movie. But if you read a more complete biography, like the one by David Herbert Donald, you realize Lincoln was already dead – assassinated less than a week after General Lee surrendered on behalf of the Confederacyslow to embrace abolition as a practical political goal. Lincoln said, "If slavery is not wrong, then nothing is wrong."," Lincoln said. Yet as a politician, he often danced around the issue of what to do about it. He had a sense of humor about his political instincts, just asfor many years he did about his physical For a long time, Lincoln thought about slavery in the South in something like the way we might think of injustice in another countryother countries. We disapprove, but they are sovereign states and we can't control how they govern themselves internally. But there was friction overLincoln hoped to confine slavery to the opening of new states in the Westwhere it already existed and whether they would be slave or freephase it out gradually. Lincoln wasn't eager for conflict, but he saw it coming. The problem with trying to be a moderate on this issue was that America's expansion to the West created friction – and sometimes violence – about whether new states would be slave or free. "A house divided against itself cannot stand," heLincoln told the Illinoisan early Republican convention. "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other." That was the year he ran for U.S. Senate and had his famous debates against Stephen A. Douglas.The U.S. Senator from Illinois, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, wanted to let the voters in each state decide, very democratically, whether to allow slavery. When Lincoln challenged Douglas, their famous debates showed the contrast between the two. Douglas would roll into town in a private rail car, looking every inch the incumbent in a fine blue suit. Lincoln dressed plainly and traveled in an ordinary passenger car so he could talk to voters. He made a point of dressing in plain, everyday clothes. Douglas would bow with a flourish. Lincoln was all elbows and knees and folded like a jackknife. Douglas had a deepbooming, authoritative voice. Lincoln spoke in a tenor, and his voice crackedcracking when he tried to project. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
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Douglas promoted a doctrine of popular sovereignty, meaning the voters in each state would decide very democratically whether it should be slave or free. Lincoln wanted to confine slavery to the South and keep it out of federal territories. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Lincoln may have been an abolitionist at heart, but he spent a lot of time denying itdistancing himself Formatted: normal
from abolitionists that year. To one hostile crowd in Southern Illinois, he said, "I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bring about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races." Asked about On the hot button issue of intermarriage, he said, "I do not understand that because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife. My understanding is that I can just let her alone." Formatted: Font: 12 pt
On the other hand, inIn that same series of debates, he also said, "the entire records of the Formatted: Font: 12 pt
world, from the date of the Declaration of Independence … may be searched in vain for one single affirmation, from one single man, that the negro was not included in the Declaration of Independence." Formatted: Font: 12 pt
He had a sense of humor about his flexibility on the issues. When someone accused him of being two‐faced, Lincoln said, "If I was two‐faced, would I be wearing this one?" Formatted: Font: 12 pt
The contradiction between ideals and reality had bothered Lincoln for a long time. Years before, he had written to his friend and business partner Joshua Speed, "As a nation, we began by declaring that 'all men are created equal.' We now practically read it 'all men are created equal, except negroes.' When the Know‐Nothings get control, it will read 'all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics.' " Lincoln lost his race for never did make it to the Senate, but he came back two years later to win the White Housepresidency in 1860. Even though, edging out Douglas in a messy four‐way race. Though he denied beingdid not call himself an abolitionist, he was close enough to it that his election pushed the Confederate states into rebellion. Lincoln considered it his job to bring Formatted: Font: 12 pt
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them back. To maintain popular support for the war, he had to continually rebut charges that it was all about slavery. When the newspaper editor Horace Greely urged him to free the slaves immediately, Lincoln wrote backa letter to the Editor: If there be those who would not save the Union, unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. That was August 1862. What Lincoln didn't tell GreeleyGreely was that he had already draftedhad a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation andsitting on his desk. He was just waiting for a Unionunion victory beforeso he announcedcould announce it. from a position of strength. Given the politics and the constitutional law of the time, he had to be able to justify it as an act of war, not as a moral act. And to have the support of people, he wanted to make it look like a move made from a position of strength, not desperation. Yes, Lincoln was a politician, who sometimes talkedspoke quite fluently out both sides of his mouth. By modern standards, we might consider him he may also have been a racist. We know he told some racist jokes. He opposed slavery because he never asserted thatit was cruel, not necessarily because he believed black people were truly equal, in terms of intelligence or abilities. He made the point that equality under the law did not mean all people were identical. Some would always be smarter, stronger, or prettier. What he did believe was that we all deserve an equal chance to make the best use of thewhatever gifts we have beenGod has given us – a chance at life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
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