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A
MERICAN
FOREIGN
POLICY
FOURTH EDITION
To my students, and those of my colleagues,
with whom the choices have begun to lie
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jentleson, Bruce W., 1951–
American foreign policy : the dynamics of choice in the 21st century / Bruce W. Jentleson. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-93357-4 (pbk.)
1. United States—Foreign relations—1989– 2. United States—Foreign relations—1989—Forecasting.
3. United States—Foreign relations—21st century. I. Title.
E840.J46 2010
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1234567890
A
MERICAN
FOREIGN
POLICY
The Dynamics of Choice
in the 21st Century
FOURTH EDITION
BRUCE W. JENTLESON
Duke University
B
W •
N E
W •
W
N O R T O N
Y O R K
•
&
C O M P A N Y
L O N D O N
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Contents
Lists of Maps, Boxes, Figures, and Tables xv
Preface to the Fourth Edition xix
PA R T
I
1
I
The Context of
U.S. Foreign Policy:
Theory and History 1
The Strategic Context: Foreign Policy Strategy and the
Essence of Choice
2
Introduction: Foreign Policy in a Time of Transition 2
The Context of the International System 6
Quasi-anarchy 6
System Structure 7
State Structural Position
8
The National Interest: The “4 Ps” Framework 9
Power 10
Peace 12
Prosperity 15
Principles 16
Dilemmas of Foreign Policy Choice: “4 Ps” Complementarity,
Trade-offs, and Dissensus 19
“4 Ps” Complementarity: Optimal, but Infrequent 19
“4 Ps” Trade-offs: More Frequent, More Problematic 20
“4 Ps” Dissensus: Bitter Conflicts 23
Summary
24
v
vi
2
Contents
The Domestic Context: Foreign Policy Politics and the
Process of Choice
27
Introduction: Dispelling the “Water’s Edge” Myth 27
The President, Congress, and “Pennsylvania Avenue Diplomacy” 29
War Powers 31
Treaties and Other International Commitments
Appointments of Foreign Policy Officials 34
“Commerce with Foreign Nations” 36
General Powers 37
The Supreme Court as Referee? 39
32
Executive-Branch Politics 41
Presidents as Foreign Policy Leaders 41
Senior Foreign Policy Advisers and Bureaucratic Politics
44
Interest Groups and Their Influence 49
A Typology of Foreign Policy Interest Groups 50
Strategies and Techniques of Influence 53
The Extent of Interest-Group Influence: Analytic and Normative Considerations 55
The Impact of the News Media 58
Role of the Media: Cheerleader or Critic? 58
Modes of Influence 59
Freedom of the Press vs. National Security 61
The Nature and Influence of Public Opinion 62
Ignorant or Sensible? The Nature of Public Opinion about Foreign Policy 63
The Influence of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy 65
Summary 67
3
The Historical Context: Great Debates in American
Foreign Policy, 1789–1945
Introduction: “The Past Is Prologue”
Brief Historical Chronology 73
72
The Revolutionary War and the Consolidation of Independence, 1776–1800 73
Expansion and Preservation, 1801–65 74
Global Emergence, 1865–1919 76
Isolationist Retreat, 1919–41 78
World War II, 1941–45 81
Great Debates over Foreign Policy Strategy 83
Isolationism vs. Internationalism 83
72
vii
Contents
Power, Peace: How Big a Military, How Much for Defense? 87
Principles: True to American Democratic Ideals? 90
Prosperity: U.S. Imperialism? 95
Key Case: U.S. Relations with Latin America—Good Neighbor or
Regional Hegemon? 98
Key Case: The United States as a Pacific Power 101
Great Debates in Foreign Policy Politics
Going to War 103
National Security vs. the Bill of Rights
Free Trade vs. Protectionism 109
Summary
4
103
106
110
The Cold War Context: Origins and First Stages
Introduction: “Present at the Creation” 114
Peace: International Institutionalism and the United Nations
114
116
The Original Vision of the United Nations 116
The Scaled-Back Reality 117
Power: Nuclear Deterrence and Containment 119
The Formative Period, 1947–50 122
Intensification, 1950s to the Early 1960s 127
Principles: Ideological Bipolarity and the Third World “ABC” Approach
130
Support for “ABC Democrats” 130
CIA Covert Action 132
Prosperity: Creation of the Liberal International Economic Order 133
The Major International Economic Institutions 133
Critiques: Economic Hegemony? Neo-Imperialism? 134
Foreign Policy Politics and the Cold War Consensus 135
Pennsylvania Avenue Diplomacy: A One-Way Street 135
Executive-Branch Politics and the Creation of the “National Security State” 138
Interest Groups, the Media, and Public Opinion: Benefits and Dangers of Consensus 141
Summary
5
146
The Cold War Context: Lessons and Legacies
Introduction: Turbulent Decades
150
The Vietnam War: A Profound Foreign Policy Setback 151
Foreign Policy Strategy: Failure on All Counts 152
Foreign Policy Politics: Shattering the Cold War Consensus
156
150
viii Contents
The Rise and Fall of Détente: Major Foreign Policy Shifts 160
Nixon, Kissinger, and the Rise of Détente 160
Reasons for the Fall of Détente 167
1970s Economic Shocks 170
The Nixon Shock, 1971 171
The OPEC Shocks, 1973 and 1979 171
The North-South Conflict and Demands for an “NIEO” 172
Trade with Japan and the Rest of the World 173
Reagan, Gorbachev, and the End of the Cold War
177
The “4 Ps” under Reagan 177
Confrontational Foreign Policy Politics 183
The End of the Cold War: Why Did the Cold War End, and End Peacefully? 186
Summary
192
Readings for Part I: The Context of U.S. Foreign Policy:
Theory and History
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
197
Hans J. Morgenthau, Power: The Mainsprings of American Foreign Policy 198
Robert O. Keohane, Peace: Governance in a Partially Globalized World 202
Gabriel Kolko, Prosperity: The United States and World Economic Power 207
Tony Smith, Principles: The United States and the Global Struggle for
Democracy: Early 1990s Perspective 211
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The President and Congress: What the Founding
Fathers Intended 216
Graham T. Allison, Bureaucratic Politics: Conceptual Models and the Cuban
Missile Crisis 221
Ole R. Holsti, Public Opinion: Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the
Almond-Lippmann Consensus 223
Henry Kissinger, Isolationism vs. Internationalism: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the
Coming of World War II 231
Walter LaFeber, Imperialism: The American “New Empire” 239
Melvyn P. Leffler, Cold War Revisionist Critique: The American Conception of
National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945–48 246
Bernard Brodie, Nuclear Deterrence Doctrine: Strategy in the Missile Age 253
Mr. X [George Kennan], The Sources of Containment: The Sources of Soviet
Conduct 259
Leslie H. Gelb, Vietnam: Vietnam: The System Worked 263
Alexander L. George, Détente: Détente: The Search for a “Constructive”
Relationship 267
John Lewis Gaddis, The End of the Cold War: The Unexpected Ronald Reagan 273
Mikhail Gorbachev, The End of the Cold War: The Soviet Union’s Crucial Role 276
Contents
ix
II
PA R T
II
6
American Foreign Policy in the
Twenty-First Century: Choices
and Challenges 279
Foreign Policy Strategy and Foreign Policy Politics
in a New Era
Introduction: 11/9 and 9/11—Crumbling Wall and Crashing Towers
Foreign Policy Strategy for a New Era 281
280
280
The Unilateralism versus Multilateralism Debate in the Clinton and Bush Years 281
The Emergence of a Global Era 290
Force and Diplomacy: Striking a Balance 294
The United Nations 302
WMD Proliferation 306
Security Threats from Nonstate Actors 316
The International Economy, Energy Security, and the Global Environment 320
Foreign Policy Politics: Diplomacy Begins at Home
322
President Barack Obama and the Obama Administration 324
The Internet, Blogs, and the Changing Media 327
Public Opinion: Continuity, Change, and Uncertainty 329
Summary
7
334
Post–Cold War Geopolitics: Major Powers and Regions
Major Powers Geopolitics
Europe
346
343
Western Europe, the European Union (EU), and NATO 346
The Future of NATO 348
Russia 354
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Asia 368
China 368
Japan 376
The Korean Peninsula 379
India 380
Asian Regional Organizations
383
367
342
x Contents
Latin America 383
Cuba 384
Mexico 384
Brazil 386
Venezuela 387
Organization of American States (OAS)
Honduras 388
Africa
387
391
Somalia 392
Darfur 392
South Africa 393
Good Governance, Economic Development, AIDS
African Union (AU) 394
Foreign Policy Politics: A Case Study
393
394
The China Lobbies 394
Summary
8
399
The Middle East: A Special Focus
Introduction: September 13, 1993, to September 11, 2001: From Hope to
Tragedy 405
Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm: The 1990–91 Persian
Gulf War 407
9/11 and the Bush War on Terrorism 409
The Afghanistan War under Bush 411
Overall Bush War on Terrorism Strategy
The Iraq War
413
419
Rationale for Going to War: Validity? Honesty? 423
Results: Winning the Peace? 425
Ramifications: Iraq and the “4 Ps” 430
Key Issues and Initial Obama Strategies 435
“Af-Pak”
436
Terrorism 442
Iran 445
The Arab-Israeli Conflict 448
Foreign Policy Politics: Terrorism and the Iraq War 456
National Security, the Bill of Rights, and the War on Terrorism 457
Domestic Politics of the Iraq War 463
Summary
472
405
Contents
9
Never Again or Yet Again? Genocide and
Other Mass Atrocities
Introduction: Success and Failure, Hope and Despair 480
Is the U.S. National Interest at Stake? 483
What Are the Driving Forces of Wars of Identity? 487
What about National Sovereignty? 489
Which Types of Preventive Diplomacy Strategies Can Be Most Effective?
When Should Military Force Be Used? 496
Who Decides on Military Intervention? 502
How to End Conflicts and Build Peace? 503
Bosnia 503
Kosovo 505
UN Peace Operations
xi
480
493
506
Darfur: “Yet Again” 510
Foreign Policy Politics Case Study: War Powers, Public Opinion, and
Humanitarian Intervention 515
The Media and the “CNN Curve” 518
Public Opinion and Humanitarian Intervention 519
Summary
520
10 The Globalization Agenda
528
Introduction: American Foreign Policy in an Era of Globalization 528
The Globalization Debate 529
Defining Globalization: Dynamics, Dimensions, Dilemmas 529
The 2008 Global Economic Crisis 537
International Trade 540
The World Trade Organization (WTO) 542
Western Hemisphere Free Trade Agreements 545
International Finance 546
1990s Financial Crises 546
Policy Debates over the IMF 548
Shifts in International Financial Power?
550
Global Poverty and Sustainable Development 551
Poverty and the Human Condition 552
U.S Foreign Aid Policy 554
The World Bank 558
Overpopulation and World Hunger 559
xii
Contents
Global Public Health 563
Global AIDS 564
Role of the Gates Foundation 566
Global Pandemics and the “DMD” Threat 567
Global Environmental Issues 568
Analytic Framework 569
Global Climate Change 571
Other Key Issues 575
Foreign Policy Politics: The New Politics of Globalization and the
Old Politics of Trade 577
NGOs and the Politics of Globalization 577
Making U.S. Trade Policy: Process and Politics 579
Summary
584
11 The Coming of a Democratic Century?
590
Introduction: Democracy and the U.S. National Interest
590
Global Democracy and Human Rights: Status and Prospects
593
Post–Cold War Democratic Success Stories 593
Limits and Uncertainties 595
Principles and Peace: The Democratic Peace Debate
604
Democratic Peace Theory 604
Critiques and Caveats 607
Principles and Power: Tensions and Trade-Offs
From ABC to ABT? 609
Principles as Power: Soft Power’s Significance
609
611
Principles and Prosperity: The Economic Sanctions Debate
617
Key Cases 617
Policy Strategies for Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights
620
Who: Key International Actors 620
How: Key Strategies 622
What: Assessing Effectiveness 630
Foreign Policy Politics: Economic Sanctions and the South Africa Case 633
Summary
636
xiii
Contents
Readings for Part II: American Foreign Policy in the
Twenty-First Century: Choices and Challenges
643
6.1 Charles Krauthammer, Unilateralism: The Unipolar Moment Revisited 644
6.2 Kofi A. Annan, The United Nations: “We the Peoples” 649
7.1 Michael Mandelbaum, America as the World’s Government: The Case for
Goliath 656
7.2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Superpower—But Can’t Go it Alone: The Paradox of American
Power 659
8.1 George W. Bush, Bush Doctrine on Pre-Emption: Pre-Emption and National
Security Strategy 663
8.2 G. John Ikenberry, Bush Doctrine Critique: America’s Imperial Ambition 665
8.3 9/11 Commission, A Global Strategy against Terrorism: Final Report of the
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States 669
9.1 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The
Responsibility to Protect: The Case for Humanitarian Intervention 672
9.2 Genocide Prevention Task Force, From “Yet Again” to “Never Again: ”
Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers 675
9.3 Warren P. Strobel, The Media and Foreign Policy: The Media and U.S. Policies
Toward Intervention: A Closer Look at the “CNN Effect” 677
10.1 UNAIDS, The Global AIDS Crisis: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 685
10.2 Al Gore, The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming: An Inconvenient
Truth 690
10.3 Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, NGOs: Transnational Networks in
International Politics: An Introduction 693
11.1 Francis Fukuyama, The Triumph of Democracy: The End of History? 702
11.2 Samuel P. Huntington, Ongoing Threats to Democracy: The Clash of
Civilizations? 706
11.3 Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratic Peace?: Democratization and
the Danger of War 713
Credits
A-1
Glossary A-5
Index A-23
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Contents
Maps, Boxes, Figures, and Tables
Maps
The World
Africa
xxiii
xxiv
Asia xxv
Europe
xxvi
The Western Hemisphere xxvii
The Middle East
xxviii
U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America, Early Twentieth Century 98
Global Population Patterns 560
Global Income Distribution 561
At the Source
George Washington’s Farewell Address
85
Making the World Safe for Democracy 94
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
The North Atlantic Treaty
NSC-68
100
123
125
126
“Is It News?” or “Is It in the Interest of National Security?” 142
McCarthyism 145
U.S.-Soviet Détente
163
The Opening of Relations with China 169
The “Weinberger Criteria” for the Use of Military Force (1984) 179
Freedom vs. “Totalitarian Evil” 182
Enhancing Diplomacy and Building Civilian Capacity 298
Threats from WMD Proliferation 308
Obama’s Speech to the Arab and Muslim Worlds
“Save Us From Catastrophe” 498
Millennium Development Goals 555
437
xv
xvi
Contents
Historical Perspectives
The Munich Analogy and Vietnam
155
Power and Peace over the Centuries 345
Arab-Israeli Conflict: Summary Timeline, 1947–2008
449
“Genocide in the Twentieth Century” 484
How “New” Is Globalization? 530
“Waves” of Democratization 594
International Perspectives
Nineteenth-Century Critics 96
Support for the United States in the UN General Assembly, 1946–60 119
The Declaration of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) 174
Global Public Opinion on the United States, 1999–2008 300
African Leaders’ Views 389
Support for and Opposition to the Iraq War 420
Who Provides Troops for UN Peace Operations? 507
Views on the 2008–2009 Global Economic Crisis 538
The United States and Democracy Promotion
613
Theory in the World
Theories of American Exceptionalism 92
The “Wizards of Armageddon” and Cold War Nuclear Deterrence 121
Kissinger’s Détente and Balance-of-Power Theory 161
Conceptualizing the Twenty-First Century 291
The Russia-Ukraine Nuclear Arms Deal and American Peace Brokering
International Relations Theory and the Iraq War
358
431
Sovereignty as Rights vs. Sovereignty as Responsibility 490
Debates about Free Trade
580
Democratic Peace Theory and the Clinton and Bush Foreign Policies
605
Contents
Additional Figures, Tables, and Boxes
A Foreign Policy Strategy Typology
18
Principal Foreign Policy Provisions of the Constitution 30
Cabinet and Key Foreign Policy Officials in the Bush, Clinton, and Bush
Administrations 46
A Typology of Foreign Policy Interest Groups 50
Public Support for Internationalism vs. Isolationism, 1945–2008 64
Foreign Policy Politics and the Process of Choice 67
Wartime Mobilization, Peacetime Demobilization
88
Public Opinion from Cold War Consensus to Vietnam Trauma
159
1989: Eastern Europe’s Year of Revolution 187
U.S. Cold War Foreign Policy Strategy
U.S. Cold War Foreign Policy Politics
193
194
The Obama Foreign Policy Team (Initial)
Foreign Policy Goals
326
330
American Public Opinion on the United Nations, 1953–2007 332
NATO: Its Evolution, Cold War to Post–Cold War 350
The U.S. Trade Balance, 1960–2008
541
The Status of Global Democracy 596
xvii
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Preface to the Fourth Edition
When we went to bed on the night of September 10, 2001, the world was already going
through a historic transition. The Cold War had ended, raising hopes for the future. War,
though, had not ended, as the 1990s bore tragic witness in Bosnia, Rwanda, and all too
many other places. New forces of globalization were sweeping the world, bringing their
own combination of progress and problems. Democracy had spread but was facing the
challenges of consolidation and institutionalization. All this, and more, made for quite a
full foreign policy agenda for the United States.
And then came September 11. Most of us will always remember where we were
when we first heard about the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The images were piercing. The American psyche was shaken. And the foreign
policy agenda was further transformed as the war on terrorism was launched. Less than
two years later, claiming that it was a crucial front in the war on terrorism, the Bush administration took the United States to war in Iraq.
We now have had to deal with both the September 10 agenda and the September 11
one. Such are the challenges and opportunities confronting American foreign policy as
we move deeper into this new era and new century, for those who make that policy—
and for those who teach and study it.
American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century, Fourth Edition, is
intended to help those of us who are professors and students take advantage of those opportunities and meet those challenges. This book is designed as a primary text for courses
on American foreign policy. Its scope encompasses both key issues of foreign policy
strategy—of what the U.S. national interest is and which policies serve it best—and key
questions of foreign policy politics—of which institutions and actors within the American
political system play what roles and have how much influence. Formulating foreign policy
strategy is the “essence of choice,” the means by which goals are established and the policies
to achieve them are forged. Foreign policy politics is the “process of choice,” the making of
foreign policy through the institutions and amid the societal influences of the American
political system.
Part I of this book provides the theory (Chapters 1 and 2) and history (Chapter 3 for
1789–1945, Chapters 4 and 5 on the Cold War) for establishing the framework of the
dynamics of choice. The theory chapters draw on the international relations and American foreign policy literatures to introduce core concepts, pose debates over alternative
explanations, and frame the “4 Ps” (Power, Peace, Prosperity, Principles) analytic approach to foreign policy strategy and the multiple-actors approach to foreign policy
politics. The history chapters help ensure that expressions such as “break with the past”
are not taken too literally. Not only must we still cope with the legacies of the Cold War,
xix
xx Preface
but many current issues are contemporary versions of long-standing “great debates”
with lengthy histories in U.S. foreign policy. These chapters follow closely those in the
First, Second, and Third Editions, with revisions and elaborations drawing on helpful
feedback from reviewers, instructors, and students.
Part II (Chapters 6–11) applies the framework to the post–Cold War foreign policy
agenda and the major choices the United States faces today. This part is substantially updated and expanded to cover major dynamics and developments of the past four years.
Each chapter focuses on a particular issue area and applies the “4 Ps” framework to that
area in a dynamic way. Chapter 6 sets this approach up, laying out overarching debates
over foreign policy strategy spanning the Bush, Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations, and examining foreign policy politics and how diplomacy still begins at home.
Chapter 7 focuses on the post–Cold War geopolitics of U.S. relations with other major
powers and in world regions. Chapter 8 provides a special focus on the Middle East and
such key issues as Iraq, terrorism, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Chapter 9 takes a hard look at ethnic conflict, humanitarian intervention, and genocide and
other mass atrocities, including such cases as Rwanda and Darfur. Chapter 10 addresses
the globalization agenda, its broad debates, and such key issues as international trade, international finance, global poverty and sustainable development, global public health,
and the global environment. Chapter 11 examines the challenges of promoting democracy and protecting human rights, focusing on both key cases and broader debates such
as that over the democratic peace, the utility of economic sanctions, and ways to asssess
effectiveness. The chapters are highly comprehensive, providing students with a broad
survey of the twenty-first-century foreign policy agenda. A wide range of issues is covered in a manner that both provides an initial understanding and lays the foundation for
further reading and research.
This book also includes maps, boxes, and four main types of feature boxes: Historical
Perspectives, drawing on history to provide additional insights into current issues; International Perspectives, giving a greater sense of how other countries view American foreign
policy; Theory in the World, bringing out ways in which theory and policy connect;
and At the Source, highlighting excerpts from major speeches and other primary source
materials.
This fourth edition also keeps the text and the reader in a single volume. Supplemental readings are keyed to each chapter. These readings develop theories and concepts introduced in the text and delve more deeply into major policy debates. They include
works both by major policy figures such as Henry Kissinger, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Kofi
Annan and by scholars such as Hans Morgenthau, Robert Keohane, Walter LaFeber,
Alexander George, Samuel Huntington, and John Ikenberry.
With this edition, we are offering a much-expanded and highly innovative Web site,
American Foreign Policy Student StudySpace. You and your students will find study ques-
Preface
xxi
tions to help reinforce chapter content and concepts; Internet exercises for further research and analysis; videos that add dynamism to historical events, contemporary issues
and major figures; and other engaging learning features. Periodically we will update the
site with links to events, recent articles, and other current information on important foreign policy issues. Go to wwnorton.com/studyspace.
This book reflects my own belief in a “multi-integrative” approach to teaching about
American foreign policy. By that I mean three things: an approach that breaks through
the levels-of-analysis barriers and integrates international policy and domestic process,
encompasses the full range of post–Cold War foreign policy issue areas, and “bridges the
gap” between theory and practice by drawing on both perspectives. With regard to this
last point, I have incorporated the perspectives and experiences gained through my own
work in the policy world (at the State Department on the Policy Planning Staff, in Congress as a Senate foreign policy aide, and in other capacities) as well as from more than
twenty-five years as a professor.
My interest in continuing to write this book is part of my commitment to teaching.
Throughout my university education, I was fortunate to have some exceptional teachers.
I was among the thousands of undergraduates at Cornell University who were first captivated by the study of foreign policy through Walter LaFeber’s courses on diplomatic history. The late Bud Kenworthy, a superb and caring teacher in his own right, was
instrumental in my realization as a senior that I wanted to pursue an academic career.
When I went back to Cornell for my Ph.D., I was just as fortunate as a graduate student.
Anyone who knows Theodore Lowi knows his intensity and passion for his work; these
are especially evident in his teaching. Peter Katzenstein was my dissertation chair and has
been a mentor in many ways, including in showing me how commitments to superior
scholarship and excellent teaching can be combined.
In my years as a professor my good fortune has continued. In both his approach and
his persona, the late Alexander George was a much-valued mentor and colleague. Thanks
also to Larry Berman, Ed Costantini, Emily Goldman, Alex Groth, Miko Nincic, the late
Don Rothchild, and other colleagues at the University of California, Davis, who were
partners of many years in trying to make our political science and international relations
majors as rich and rewarding for our students as possible. And to Alma Blount, Peter
Feaver, Jay Hamilton, Ole Holsti, Judith Kelley, Anirudh Krishna, Bruce Kuniholm, Fritz
Mayer, Tom Taylor, and many other valued colleagues here at Duke with whom I have
been sharing similar pursuits over the past ten-plus years.
Rebecca Britton, Alexandra Pass, Kim Cole, and Sara Johnson were able research assistants on the First Edition; Seth Weinberger on the Second; Christopher Whytock, Kathryn
McNabb Cochran, Christine Leach, Rachel Wald, and Tugba Gurcanlar on the Third;
Marie Aberger, Sara Huff, Eric Lorber, Danielle Lupton, and Jessica Wirth on the Fourth.
The librarians Jean Stratford at UC Davis, Jim Cornelius at the U.S. Institute of Peace, and
xxii
Preface
Catherine Shreve at Duke helped greatly in accessing sources and checking citations.
Melody Johnson, Lori Renard, Fatima Mohamud, and especially Barbara Taylor-Keil provided tremendous support on the First Edition; Susanne Borchardt was of enormous help
on the Second Edition; and Susan Alexander on the Third and Fourth. I owe many thanks
to them all. Thanks also to UC Davis, Duke University, Oxford University, and the U.S. Institute of Peace for research support.
Special thanks to colleagues whose feedback as reviewers has been so helpful: Loch
Johnson, Jim Lindsay, Dan Caldwell and his students, and others for the First Edition;
John Barkdull, Colin Dueck, Todd Eisenstadt, Margaret Karns, Roy Licklider, Peter Loedel,
F. Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, and Jon Western for the Second Edition; for the Third Edition,
Charles Krupnick, Brian Lai, Alynna Lyon, Miko Nincic, Tony Payan, Rodger Payne, and
Dan Caldwell and another of his classes; and for the fourth edition Susan Allen, Mark Cicnock, Shaheen Mozaffar, George Quester, and Reneé Scherlen. I also want to thank those
colleagues who on a less formal basis have let me know how valuable they and their students find the book; unsolicited comments such as “my students really get a lot out of your
book” mean so much.
At W. W. Norton, Roby Harrington has been there from the inception of the project
and has provided the steady hand to see it through to initial completion and successive
editions. Authors know that we can count on Roby to be supportive and enthusiastic yet
also committed to quality and focused on getting the book done. Thanks are due also to
Sarah Caldwell and Rob Whiteside on the First Edition; Avery Johnson, Andrea Haver,
and especially Aaron Javsicas on the Second; Matt Arnold, Mik Awake, Pete Lesser, and
Ken Barton on the Third. On this Fourth Edition it’s been great to work again with Aaron
Javsicas as editor as well as the Norton team of Rachel Comerford, Kate Feighery, Carly
Fraser, and Dan Jost. Traci Nagle, Patterson Lamb, and especially Barbara Curialle were
extremely helpful and provided the enhancements that come with skilled copyediting.
Special thanks to my family: Adam and Katie, then children and now young adults
who continue to bring so much to my life and who are making their own marks on the
world through their own work, and now also Britt, so exceptional in her own right; Barbara, who has been so supportive and encouraging while accomplishing so much to the
benefit of so many students and community members in her own work; and the memory
of my mother, Elaine, and my father, Ted, for their love, support, and understanding.
B.W.J.
November 2009
Durham, North Carolina