PAKISTANI GOVERNMENT
2017
1
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Table of Contents
Welcome Letter from the USG…………………….………………....…….....2
Welcome Letter from the Chair……………………………………….............3
Welcome Letter from the Crisis Director…………………………………..…4
Crisis Rules of Procedure……………………..…………………………..........5
Committee History and Mandate……………....………………………..........8
Topic A: Kashmir Crisis
History of the Topic……………....………………………...………….............9
Current Situation…………………………………………...…………………. 12
International Impact & Significance……………………………………........13
Topic B: Terrorism
History of the Topic……………...………………………...…...………..........15
Current Situation…………………………………………...….……………….17
International Impact & Significance………………………………..….........19
Character Descriptions………………………………..…………………........20
Committee Mission……………………………………..………………………22
Bibliography……………………………..……………………………….……….
Topic A…………………………………………………………………………..23
Topic B……………………………………………………………………..……25
2
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Welcome Letter from the USG
Hello Delegates,
My Name is Harper Hunt and I am honored to be serving as your
USG of Crisis Committees. I am a sophomore majoring in History and
minoring in Culture, Media, and Entertainment. I have over 6 years of
experience with MUN and am also on the British Parliamentary Debate
team here at USC. I recently joined Delta Phi Epsilon the International
Relations Fraternity on campus. When I’m not busy I enjoy watching
historical dramas on Netflix and reading comic books. Feel free to come
up and talk to me about History, comic, or anything at all.
I am beyond excited to share our two crisis committees with you. In
the Pakistani Cabinet delegates will have to grapple with the very real
challenges that the state of Pakistan faces everyday like terrorism and the
heavily contested Kashmir region. In the historical JCC South American
Liberation, delegates will decide the fate of multiple countries.
I am extremely proud of these committees and the staff members
that have worked so hard to create them for you. Please reach out to me
with any questions, comments, or concerns about the committees, the
conference, or Model UN in general.
Looking forward to meeting you all,
Harper Hunt
USG of Crisis Committees
[email protected]
3
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Welcome Letter from the Chair
Ministers,
It is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to the Pakistani Cabinet. My name is
Kabir Badiani, and I have the honor of serving as your chair for this cabinet session. I
am currently a freshman at USC majoring in International Relations and the Global
Economy with a minor in Dramatic Arts. I am a South African-Indian, raised in
Mumbai, India. I consider myself to be an avid performance enthusiast, having multiple
years of experience on stage singing and acting; but more importantly, I am a food
enthusiast always looking to try that new dish on the menu. I have been involved in
Model UN for 5 years, delving into moderated caucuses and resolution writing from my
freshman year of high school. While it may be simply a simulation of real world events
and conflicts, I believe that the caliber of global awareness along with the critical
thinking and public speaking skills that you learn in Model UN committee rooms is
unparalleled; I sincerely hope you come out of this conference feeling the same way.
The Pakistani Cabinet has to deal with multifaceted conflicts on a continual
basis, and being a state that is subject to international disputes with its neighbours as
well as internal issues ranging from terrorism to energy crises, the possibilities are
endless. The Kashmir crisis has been one that India and Pakistan have been unable to
solve since the partition in 1947; there have been unending predicaments in the region.
The prime goal of the cabinet with this conflict must be to determine the most peaceful
way to finally resolve the territorial dispute with India, whilst still getting what Pakistan
wants. With regards to terrorism, this is by far the largest internal conflict in the country
and is at the heart of a multitude of other problems; by solving the terror problem, the
likelihood that other issues get solved is higher than ever. It is a threat to every citizen
of the country, and the world for that matter. Every other nation is looking at this
cabinet to settle the conflict.
I look forward to a high level of debate in this cabinet, and I urge you to think
on your feet, use the tools at your disposal and lead your country to a safer, prosperous
tomorrow; the future of Pakistan is in your hands, Ministers. I assure you there will be
no room for a lapse in judgment once you enter the Pakistani Cabinet.
See you all in April! Feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions or
concerns.
Kabir Badiani
4
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Welcome Letter from the Crisis Directors
Ministers,
Hello! We are incredibly excited to welcome you to the Pakistani Cabinet. My name is
Shelley Dai, and I am currently a junior at USC studying Business Administration with
various minors spanning data analytics and computer science. You can find me sating my
foodie tendencies by perusing the menus of the best restaurants in LA or indulging in a study
of economics and behavioral science on any given day of the week.
Crisis called to me because of the zippy nature of committee and the amount of onthe-fly thinking it requires-- skills that will carry through to debates in college courses and
further along into potential careers. In particular, these committees require reaching into the
depths of creativity to spool storylines beyond the dreams of reality-- this is your chance to
create an empire, loop together the destinies of countries, and ultimately, change history to
your liking. I had the pleasure of serving as the Chief Executive of SCMUN for the 2015-2016
school year and look forward to the wild success of the current conference.
My name is Camila Trejo, and I will be serving along with Shelley as your crisis
director. I am currently a freshman at USC in the World Bachelor in Business Program. I’m
an avid cyclist, traveler, and adventure-seeker. I love looking for my next big thrill-seeking
adventure. I have five years of Model UN experience, specifically always loving every crisis
committee I have had the chance to participate in.
Crisis gives you the freedom to weave your own path in history, both for your character
and for your country. This is your opportunity to change the way the Pakistani government
operates and functions. Ultimately, your creativity and mastermind thinking will determine
the course of this committee. I look forward to the endless possibilities that you all can take
this committee.
The Pakistani Cabinet has dealt with a wide variety of issues, including (but not limited
to) the Kashmir Crisis and terrorism propelled by radical segments of religion. It is your job to
juggle the challenges and obstacles that will stem from both crises. Both external and internal
forces will affect your decision making throughout each committee session. As tensions and
stakes will be very high, it is imperative that you come prepared to deal with any situation.
I am extremely excited to see the level of debate that will stem from each crisis update.
The world is at your fingertips and the Pakistani people are depending on you. Your decisions
will directly affect the future of Pakistan. Take each decision seriously and get ready for a funfilled weekend.
Shelley Dai & Camila Trejo
5
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Crisis Rules of Procedure
Crisis Notes:
Crisis notes give you the ability to craft your personal plans without anyone
knowing. This is your opportunity to push your personal agenda and achieve your
finals goals and objectives in the privacy of your crisis notebook. Throughout
committee you will be consistently writing Crisis notes to Crisis in your Crisis
notebook while continually debating and participating in committee. Your Crisis
notes should be detailed and outline exactly what the purpose of your note is and why
it is important to accomplishing and pursuing your goals. In your Crisis notes you will
be addressing one of your personal contacts that will help you ultimately achieve and
reach your final destination. In order to be successful keep your Crisis notes detailed,
to the point, and with an end goal always in mind. These will help you in and out of
committee. Your committee work will be directly influenced and impacted by your
crisis notes and vice versa. They will intertwine to create a personal and committee
narrative.
Example:
Anastasio Somoza Debayle,
It has come to my attention that I still need to recruit more fighters to strengthen the
contra forces. Therefore, I request from you at least 400 more men in order to hold up
a steady front against the Nicaraguan Sandinistas. This will both benefit your cause of
ridding these people from your country and the CIA’s determination to rid the
Americas of communism. I will have three agents meet you and your men at the
border of Honduras and Nicaragua where you will hand over the list containing names
of all men who will be joining the contras. My agents will oversee those listed being
transported to the nearest contra base in Honduras where they will begin the 4-month
initial training program before being assigned posts and missions. You will be
compensated for your efforts once all men have reached the base. Your compensation
will be delivered to your home no later than two days after the arrival of all 400 men.
Until further communication,
Duane Clarridge
CIA Chief of Latin America
6
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Press Releases:
These are statements that can be on behalf a single person, a group of people,
organizations, or the committee as a whole, but are specifically sent to the public.
They can be used to your advantage when trying to communicate something to the
public in a formal and direct manner. They are concise, to the point, and convert a
direct and meaningful message. They should be used strategically and have a specific
audience in mind when released. They can either sway the public
Communiques:
Much like Press Releases these are statements; however, they are from the
whole committee and can be addressed to organizations, governments, specific
people, or groups. They can include anything from the transfer of information, deals,
negotiations, threats, requests, or proposals. These, like directives, are well-worded
and the tone of them can change depending on the purpose of each communique.
Use of Portfolio Powers:
These are personal powers that each of your characters will possess and will be
exercised in your crisis notes. They can be contacts, connections, assets, or certain
influence that you use to craft your crisis notes and push your personal objectives.
Each minister has a different set of portfolio powers based on who they represent and
what their objectives are. It is up to the delegates discretion to know the scope of what
they can and cannot do based on you research and knowledge of the topic and role.
Directives:
These are the heart and soul of committees. Theses are action plans and how
your committee as a whole will respond to situations and set plans in motion. These
are different from GA style resolutions. They still consist of committee-wide orders
and actions that the committee as a whole will want to take; however, these are
briefer, more direct, and use fewer words to state specific actions and plans the
committee has. Directives give crisis committees the direct power to take action and
create change. Unlike other UN bodies these are not suggestions or recommendations.
Everything written and passed in a directive will be acted upon and followed up on.
7
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
For a directive to be successful they should include the opinions and ideas of a
majority of the committee. They should indicate a strong level of knowledge on the
topic and have a level of creativity much higher than that of a GA resolution.
Directives should be specific-- always remember to include the “who, what, when,
where and how” in the directive. Also, the more detailed your directives are, the more
that the crisis team has to work with, and in turn the more fun and challenging the
committee will be.
8
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Committee History and Mandate
The Pakistani Cabinet was first created in 1947, compiled of a mix of feudal
lords and British technocrats. Currently, it is composed of the most senior elected
officials in the executive branch of the government. All powers granted to the Cabinet
are dictated by the Pakistani constitution, a document that dates back to the first
Cabinet of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. The Prime Minister may dismiss or
reappoint ministers at will. Historically, the Cabinet has been one of the most active
branches of the cabinet, acting as advisors to both the Congress and the acting Prime
Minister, who consults with it for issues such as tensions with India and terrorist acts.
In their most recent meetings, members of the Pakistani Cabinet have steeled
their resolve to defend their motherland at all costs, rejecting Indian claims that the
current strikes were surgical in nature. In addition, they reaffirmed their commitment
to eliminating poverty and unemployment domestically.
As the Pakistani Cabinet, you were nominated and appointed by the Prime
Minister. According to Pakistan’s Constitution, the cabinet operates and administers
per the guidelines of the Constitution. All executive power and authority shall be
made under the name of the Prime Minister with him being the final chief executive
of all actions. The cabinet members are there to aid and advise the Prime Minister in
all functions. Cabinet members additionally shall be responsible to the Senate and the
National Assembly. Traditionally, the Prime Minister has relied heavily on the
knowledge, expertise, and advice from all cabinet members using their
recommendations in all decision makings.
9
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Topic A: Kashmir Crisis
History of the Topic
Background of the Region
Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. In the present
day it is referred to the area comprising of Jammu and Kashmir (governed by India),
Northern areas and Azad Kashmir (governed by Pakistan), and Aksai Chin (governed
by the Chinese). Today the land is torn apart by a six-decade long conflict between the
nations of India, Pakistan and China, who are in dispute over the territories. Set in
the backdrop of the beautiful Himalayas, the conflict has led to almost 70,000 deaths
and 8000 missing persons since the insurgency in 1989. Today’s Kashmiris face a
rough life with a huge military presence and ongoing militia operations often leading
to curfews and loss of civilian lives too. This conflict has caused the people and the
economy of the state to suffer immensely.
The 1947 War and Standstill Agreement
The conflict has its root in 1947, when the then Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir
signed the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan. This allowed the Maharaja to delay his
decision to accede to either India or Pakistan and allowed him to have an opportunity
to remain independent. But an internal revolt in the Poonch Region led to mass
killings of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs with lakhs of refugees from minority
populations fleeing their homes in search of safer habitats. The revolt culminated with
the invasion of Kashmir by the Pathan tribesmen and the Poonch rebels, who killed
large numbers of minority populations in numerous districts. Powerless and under
pressure from numerous quarters, the Maharaja ignored the fact that Kashmir had a
large Muslim population and signed an Instrument of Accession that put Jammu and
Kashmir under Indian control. This allowed India to repel the Pakistani presence and
kick start the war. The agreement was accepted by India as a temporary measure until
a plebiscite was held to enable the Kashmiri people to choose who governed them.
The war ended in 1948 when the UNSC accepted India’s appeal and passed a
resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of Pakistani military
presence. India was allowed to retain minimal military presence until a plebiscite was
held. While the ceasefire was enacted on 31st December 1948, both countries blatantly
violated its terms. Pakistan did not withdraw its troops and on the other hand India
too never conducted the plebiscite. These events thus paved the way for increasing
unrest in the region.
10
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
The Sino-Indian War and Simla Agreement
While there was continuous conflict between the nations of India and Pakistan
as the years passed, in 1962 China got involved in the conflict too. In 1962 military
forces in China and India clashed due to territorial disputes. But the Chinese army
quickly overpowered the Indian Army and the territory they conquered was now
called Aksai Chin. There was also significant heavy fighting between India and
Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, with the 1971 war leading to the defeat and surrender of the
Pakistani military in East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). Pakistan’s defeat led to
the signing of The Simla Agreement, wherein both countries agreed to resolve all
issues by peaceful mutual discussions in line with the UN Charter. The Agreement
defined the Line of Control between India and Pakistan that would separate Jammu
and Kashmir and Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.
But the Simla agreement were not an appropriate reflection of the events on
the ground, characterized by increasing organized uprisings. These groups had
grievances ranging from Opposition to the Indian administration, disputed state
elections and military occupation. These issues remained unaddressed in the Simla
Agreement and eventually led to a part of the state’s legislative assembly forming
militant wings called the Mujahideen. From then on these militant groups have stayed
and played an active role in leading insurgency in the region. There are three main
groups, namely the Hizbul Mujahideen; Lashkar-e-Toyeba; and Harkat-ulMujahideen. They are all divided into numerous factions and have different views on
resolving the conflict as well as opinions on the use of violence. There is also the
presence of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, a secular and nationalist group
that demanded complete independence of Kashmir from both India and Pakistan.
Many of the insurgent groups are alleged to have the support of the Pakistani military
who provides them with arms training, and other financial support.
The Kargil War of 1999
In 1999, insurgents and soldiers from Pakistani Kashmir infiltrated Jammu and
Kashmir, taking advantage of the cold and occupying vacant mountain peaks in the
Kargil range. They wanted to block the highway and cut off the link between the
Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. This caused the Indian Army to retaliate and led to a
great loss of life and property on both sides. Finally the risk of a nuclear conflict
between the nations caused the international community to intervene and the United
States pressured Pakistan to retreat. While most Pakistani troops withdrew, the
presence of some Pakistani troops and militants caused the Indian Army to launch its
11
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
final attack. This cleared the Drass sector of all militants and troops ending the Kargil
war and leading to the victory of the Indian Army.
12
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Current Situation
The losses suffered by both sides in the Kargil War led to expediting of the
peace process, and one of the first peace initiatives was launched in the year 2000.
The largest militia group also enforced a unilateral ceasefire against Indian forces after
negotiations amongst various stakeholders. But the demands of this group to declare
Kashmir a disputed territory and beginning of tripartite negotiations between the
nations were not met and the ceasefire collapsed. In 2003, another ceasefire was
declared along the LOC, which led to five-stage talks between the two governments
that commenced in 2004. While these talks momentarily led to peace in the region
and increased trade and movement across borders, the 2008 Mumbai attacks worsened
the situation. Pakistan accepted that these attacks were partly planned and executed
from Pakistan. The 2013 hanging of Ajmal Kasab and the extremely controversial
hanging of the Kashmiri Muhammad Afzal Guru convicted for the 2001 Indian
Parliament Attacks led to widespread protests and violence in the valley, leading to
frequent curfews and police action.
The election of the new Prime Minister in both nations; Nawaz Sharif in
Pakistan in 2013 and Narendra Modi in India in 2014 renewed hope of peace in the
region. In 2014 the two nations were once again at loggerheads and the resulting
crossfire led to the death of nine civilians in Pakistan and seven civilians in India. It
also wounded a large number of civilians on both sides and caused thousands of
people to flee their homes due to the three day long violence. The 2016 encounter of
militant leader Burhan Wani increased instability in the Kashmir Valley and led to
curfews in all 10 districts of Kashmir. About 40 civilians were killed and another 2000
injured in clashes with the Police. In September 2016, four militants stormed the town
of Uri in Jammu and Kashmir and about nineteen Indian soldiers and four militants
were killed in the resulting skirmish. India blamed the Pakistani government for the
attack and in response called for the postponement of the 19th SAARC Summit and
also urged its close ally Russia to call of a joint military exercise with Pakistan. While
at present the situation has returned to normal and there is peace and harmony in the
Valley, repeated violations of ceasefire by Pakistani troops leading to loss of life of the
Indian soldiers, increasing militant actions, and the recent surgical strikes by India,
seem to portray a bleak future for Kashmir.
13
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
International Impact and Significance
In addition to the hundreds of civilian and military lives that are lost every year
in the conflict, the issue finds repeated mentions in international media for a variety
of reasons.
Firstly, some analysts say that there is a direct correlation between Pakistan’s
increased involvement in the Kashmir conflict, and the rise of the Taliban in
Afghanistan. They claim that since the Pakistani army is currently directing the
majority of its efforts towards securing its territory in Kashmir and protecting its
people, it is unable to focus its efforts in waging a war on terror and combatting
terrorist groups like the Al-Qaeda in the border regions of Afghanistan. Hence it is
felt that the nations of USA and UK will be the worst affected due to this conflict
since the withdrawal of NATO forces from Afghanistan and the subsequent division of
Pakistani resources away from the Afghanistan border means that the Taliban will
continue its activities unhindered.
Secondly, the international community and the United Nations are extremely
concerned about the rising violence in the region and the frequent skirmishes
between the military forces of the region. The recent attacks on the Indian military
bases of Uri and Pathankot and the subsequent surgical strikes by India are examples
of the same. The cause of concern here is the large stock of nuclear weapons that both
nations possess and if the violence escalates it could lead to a nuclear war, which will
cause severe damage to the economies of both countries, and also negatively impact
world markets that are supplied with a variety of goods from these nations everyday.
Thus this impending possibility of a devastating war makes it all the more important
for the international community to be actively involved in the resolution of this issue
and enable both sides to reach a peaceful and acceptable agreement.
There is also the critical role played by China, whose increasing closeness to
Pakistan is being scrutinized closely by the international community. It is commonly
believed that by maintaining a close relationship with Pakistan, China hopes to gain
access to numerous strategic military locations across the Silk Route and the Siachen
Glacier range. If China somehow does gain access to these critical locations, then the
Pakistani and Chinese armies could unite and pose a great threat to India’s national
security, with the natural barrier provided by the Himalayas being completely
undermined, and India’s northern frontier under the threat of imminent attack.
Additionally, there is the concern that the independence of Kashmir would lead to the
advancement of global terrorism and provide it with much needed leverage as a safe
haven for terrorists. It would lead to Kashmir becoming a fundamentalist state and
14
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
posing a threat to the safety and security of the world as a whole. Lastly, the resolution
of the Kashmir issue would mean that the problem of Pakistan being viewed as a
terrorist state will also be solved since Islamic elements can no longer take advantage
of the sour relations between the two nations and blame India as the major threat to
Pakistan. Furthermore, the terrorist organizations too will see a reduction in new
recruits, because the solving of the Kashmir issue would mean lesser disgruntled
youth and hence the groups will face more difficulty in recruiting youth from both
nations to join terrorist groups.
In conclusion, the need of the hour is for the international community and UN
bodies to quit playing the role of mute observers and rather actively involve
themselves in the resolution of the Kashmir issue so that there is peace and security in
South-East Asia, and increased cooperation and coordination amongst nations across
the world.
15
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Topic B: Terrorism
History of the Topic
A more recent, currently threatening crisis than the Kashmir conflict, Terrorism
in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent years.
The annual death toll from terrorist attacks has risen from 164 in 2003 to 3318 in 2009,
with a total of 35,000 Pakistanis killed as of 2010. The Pakistani Taliban, formally known
as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, was formed in 2007 when various terrorist groups already
operating in the country's northwest banded together. The group aims to overthrow the
government and impose a hard-line form of Islam. It also has called on the government
to pull all troops from tribal areas bordering Afghanistan where many of the terrorist
groups are based. The TTP is loosely affiliated with the Afghan Taliban, which is
fighting US-led forces in Afghanistan, and shares similar ideology, but it has a different
leadership structure. The TTP focuses its fight in Pakistan.
According to the government of Pakistan, the direct and indirect economic costs
of terrorism from 2000-2010 total $68 billion. President Asif Ali Zardari, along with
former President ex-Pakistan Army head Pervez Musharraf have admitted that terrorist
outfits were deliberately created and nurtured by past governments as a policy to
achieve some short-term tactical objectives. The trend began with Muhammad Zia-ulHaq's controversial "Islamization" policies of the 1980s under which conflicts were
started against non-Muslim countries. Zia's tenure as president saw Pakistan's
involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War, which led to a greater influx of ideologically
driven Afghan Arabs to the tribal areas and increased availability of guns such as the
AK-47 and drugs from the Golden Crescent.
The state and its Inter-Services Intelligence in alliance with the CIA encouraged
the "mujahideen" to fight a proxy war against the Soviet Union. Most of the mujahideen
were never disarmed after the war and some of these groups were later activated at the
behest of the state in the form of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and
others like the Taliban who were all encouraged to achieve Pakistan's agenda in the
Kashmir conflict and Afghanistan respectively. The same groups are now taking on the
state itself, making the biggest threat to it and the citizens of Pakistan through the
politically motivated killing of civilians and police officials by what Pakistan calls
misguided holy warriors (mujahideen) and the rest of the world calls terrorists.
From the summer of 2007 until late 2012, more than 3000 people were killed in
suicide and other attacks on civilians for reasons attributed to a number of causes –
sectarian violence between Sunni and Shia Muslims; easy availability of guns and
explosives; the existence of a "Kalishnikov culture"; an influx of ideologically driven
Afghan Arabs based in or near Pakistan, who originate from any country with a Muslim
16
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
population and the subsequent war against the Afghan communists in the 1980s which
blew back into Pakistan; the presence of Islamist insurgent groups and forces such as
the Taliban and Lashkar-e-Taiba; Pakistan's thousands of fundamentalist madrassas
(Islamic schools) which are thought by some to provide training for little other than
jihad and secessionists movements – the most significant being the Balochistan
liberation movement – blamed on regionalism, which is problematic in a country with
Pakistan's diverse cultures, languages, traditions and customs.
Two of the main causal factors of terrorism in Pakistan are sectarian/religious
violence and the Pakistani state's active nurturing of terrorist proxies for perceived
strategic ends. Following imposition of martial law in 1956, Pakistan's political situation
suddenly changed and thereafter saw dictatorship type behaviour at different levels
appearing in the civil service, the army (those most culpable) and political forces or
Zamindars (landlords created by the British) who claimed power, probably because the
British originally did not consider Pakistan an independent state, yet did not want to
intervene; this trend continued into the 21st century, when finally, the US persuaded
General Pervez Musharraf to hold elections. Other causes, such as political rivalry and
business disputes, also took their toll. It was estimated in 2005 that more than 4,000
people had died in Pakistan in the preceding 25 years due to sectarian strife.
Pakistan has been carrying out large-scale military operations in the northwest
since 2009, when it launched an operation to retake the Swat Valley, a heavily populated
area that had been taken over by Taliban terrorists. That was followed by operations in
other regions along the Afghan border that have displaced hundreds of thousands of
civilians and killed more than 4,000 Pakistani troops. North Waziristan is the only
region where the military has not carried out a large operation so far, and it has become
a hub for terrorist groups.
17
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Current Situation
Since September 11, 2001, 21,672 Pakistani civilians have lost their lives or have
been seriously injured in an ongoing fight against terrorism. The Pakistan Army has
lost 2,795 soldiers in the war and 8,671 have been injured. There have been 3,486
bomb blasts in the country, including 283 major suicide attacks. More than 3.5 million
have been displaced. The damage to the Pakistani economy is estimated at $68 billion
over the last ten years. Over 200,000 Pakistani troops were deployed at the frontline
and 90,000 soldiers are fighting against militants on the Afghan border.
The ongoing insurgency has accelerated the already dismal economic situation
and has affected almost each and every economic aspects of the country, particularly
in FATA and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. All the main sources of revenue in affected areas
have been hurt, including agriculture, the tourism industry, manufacturing and smallscale industry.
Due to insurgency, the loss to agriculture alone amounts to Rs.35 billion. The
breakdown in law and order situation has damaged the fruit based economy of the
northern areas. It has rendered billions of rupes losses to the landowners, labourers,
dealers and farmers who earn their livelihood from these orchards. Also, the
Economic survey of Pakistan report shows that the share of agriculture in the gross
domestic product (GDP) has been constantly falling. It accounted for 25.99 per cent of
GDP in 1999-2000; however, gradually its share shrank to 21.3 per cent in 2007-2008.
The figures show that terrorism has not only decreased the productive capacity of
agricultural activity in these regions but also in the entire country.
The manufacturing sector has been hard hit by frequent incidents of terrorism
and has created an uncertain environment resulting into low level of economic
growth. The manufacturing sector is witnessing the lowest-ever share of 18.2 per cent
in the GDP over the last five years. In addition, the small and medium-size enterprises
which are key area of manufacturing in Pakistan have been affected across the country
because of power shortages and recurrent terrorist attacks.
According to a Harvard study (December 2000), higher levels of terrorism risk
are associated with lower levels of net FDI. In case of Pakistan, terrorism has affected
the allocation of firms investing money in the country. As a result, FDI, which had
witnessed a steep rise over the previous several years, was adversely affected by the
terrorist acts in the country, especially in FATA and other areas of Khyber
Pukhtunkhwa.
18
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
According to the World Economic Forum, Pakistan ranked 113 out of 130
countries in 2009 as a tourist destination. The low ranking is attributed to incidents of
terrorism and the lack of a tourism regulatory framework in Pakistan. On account of
persistent terrorist attacks many hotels in the northwest areas have been closed.
According to government’s own estimates, the hotel industry in Swat valley has
suffered a loss of Rs. 60 billion. Many workers have lost their jobs and transport has
also face a severe blow.
Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden areas are migrating to other
areas of Pakistan. Country has seen the largest migration since independence in 1947.
These people have left their homes, businesses, possessions and property back home.
This large influx of people and their rehabilitation is an economic burden for
Pakistan. Unemployment is still prevalent and now the question of providing
employment to these migrants has also become a serious concern. This portion of
population is contributing nothing worthwhile to the national income yet they have to
be benefitted from it. This unproductive lot of people is a growing economic problem
of Pakistan
Social impacts have also been caused by this war. In a society where terror
exists cannot be healthy. Social disorganization has occurred due to terrorism. Social
relations, economic transactions, free moments, getting education, offering prayers
etc. have suffered. Pakistan’s participation in the anti-terrorism campaign has led to
massive unemployment, homelessness, poverty and other social problems and ills. In
addition, frequent incidents of terrorism and displacement of the local \population
have severely affected the social fabric.
On the political front Pakistan is badly impacted in fighting the war against
terrorism. It has taken many valuable steps to defeat terrorists. In spite of all the
sacrifices the country is making it is branded to be a country insincere or half-hearted
in fighting the menace. Every time the country is told to “do more”. It is further
alleged for infiltration of the militants inside US-NATO dominated Afghanistan. The
failure of the Western troops in the neighbourhood is blamed on Pakistan. This
situation has eroded the trust between the governments and caused international
image problem for the country.
19
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
International Impact and Significance
Today, terrorism worldwide has enveloped international relations as well as
domestic politics. What can be considered to have started in Pakistan has now
continued with the ISIS in Iraq and Syria, which is now arguably the most feared
organization on the planet. The world fears the possible consequences of both
collaboration and conflict between the ISIS and other terrorist organisations. With
collaboration would come an unimaginable amount of joint power, resources and
wealth, while with conflict would come unprecedented collateral damage as the
terrorists fight for their superiority. In either case, the rest of the world must realise
that instead of waiting for one of the two conclusions to unfold, we must prevent it
from reaching there in the first place.
Pakistan is currently a crucial ally in the war on terror, as made evident by its
support in eliminating the Taliban in Afghanistan and the recent arrest of Khaled
Sheikh Mohammed. However, elements of the Pakistani government support AQ and
the United States is finding this increasingly difficult to ignore. The United States will
ultimately have to address this issue head on. The ramifications are at best uncertain.
Given how close the Islamist parties came to achieving an electoral victory in
Pakistan's presidential elections last year, any future action taken to reduce or
eliminate governmental ties with AQ will need to be handled delicately. This also
implies a possible shift in U.S. foreign policy in the region—against Pakistan and
toward India.
The religion is also impacted by the war against terrorism. The religion of Islam
is perceived to be the one tolerating extremism and terrorism abroad. In the western
world people equate violence, abuse against women and minority rights, and several
acts of terrorism like suicidal bombing and coercion with Islam and Muslims.
Whenever any such inhuman act takes place they tie it with Islam and its followers.
When in the UK terror acts were committed the authority blamed it on Pakistani
citizens for instance. And why these days Pakistanis are discriminately interrogated
and have to be screened before they inter the US is due to the fact that they are
Pakistanis and Muslims.
20
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Character Descriptions
Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif: The Prime Minister leads the executive branch of
the government, oversees the economic growth, heads the Council of Common
Interests as well as the Cabinet, and is vested with the command authority over the
nuclear arsenals. This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in
control over all matters of internal and foreign policy.
Minister of Defence, Khawaja Muhammad Asif: The Defence Minister of
Pakistan heads the Ministry of Defence, under which serve the three armed forces of
the country, Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and Pakistan Navy.
Minister of States and Frontier Regions, Abdul Qadir Baloch: The
Minister of States and Frontier Regions manages local governments and minor state
activities.
Minister of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit Baltistan, Barjees Tahir: This
Minister is the primary liaison and director of affairs within his region-- past holders
of this position have been well-versed on the ongoings.
Minister of Religious Faith and Interfaith Harmony, Sardar
Muhammad Yousef: The Ministry of Religious Affairs is a government agency of
Pakistan responsible for religious matters such as pilgrimage outside Pakistan,
especially to India for Ziarat and Saudi Arabia for Umrah and Hajj. It is also
responsible for the welfare and safety of pilgrims.
Minister of Planning, Development and Reform, Ahsan Iqbal: The
Minister of Planning, Development and Reform heads the strategic committee for the
creation of Pakistan’s infrastructure.
Minister of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs, Ishaq Dar: The
ministry is primarily concerned with promoting economic growth and activities
throughout Pakistan.
Minister of Information, Broadcasting and National Heritage, Maryam
Aurangzeb: This minister has the right to regulate all information, press media, and
broadcasting laws. They control the release of unclassified government information
and data, galleries, and public domains.
21
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Minister of Interior and Narcotics Control, Nisar Ali Khan: The Minister
of Interior and Narcotics control controls internal state security, policy, territorial
affairs, and drug trafficking and smuggling.
Minister of Science and Technology, Rana Tanveer Hussain: The minister
of Science and Technology promotes and leads science programs and policy for the
country. Additionally, using these programs and efforts to promote economic
development and sustainability.
Minister of Commerce, Khurram Dastgir Khan: This ministry promotes
national economic growth, trade development, and internal and external commerce.
Minister of Industries and Production, Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi:
This ministry is concerned with allocating and obtaining industrial resources to
encourage development and progression of the country.
Minister of Water and Power, Akram Khan Durrani: This ministry is in
charge of various companies and divisions that regulate water usage, water control,
energy development, and energy usage and production.
Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi:
This ministry is concerned with maintaining and ensuring a viable and continued
supply of oil and natural resources. In addition, they are responsible for developing
natural resources and oil for economic development and progression.
22
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Committee Mission
The mission of this committee is to increase the unilateral power of the Pakistani
government in both Kashmir and internal terror threats through the manipulation of
social, economic, and other resources. We strongly encourage you to utilize your
portfolio powers and amplify the impacts by working with your compatriots in the room.
Ministers, together you hold the power to change the face of Pakistan. With each
of your individual ministries comes power, but also responsibility. Responsibility to do
what is in the best interests of your department, but also of Pakistan as a whole. Never
forget that while you do have a duty towards your ministry, you have a greater duty
towards the country of Pakistan. You must strive not to let personal disputes and desires
get in the way of serving your true purpose, and whilst you may see opportunities arise
for personal gain, you must use your better judgment to make the right call not for
yourself, but for Pakistan.
23
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Bibliography
Topic A:
UN Sources
UNSC Resolution 47. PDF. United Nations Security Council, March/April, 1948.
"Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement) | UN
Peacemaker." United Nations. Accessed November 29, 2016.
http://peacemaker.un.org/indiapakistan-simlaagreement72.
"United Nations Official Document." United Nations. March & april, 1948. Accessed
January 03, 2017.
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F47%281948
%29.
"United Nations Official Document." United Nations. Feb. & march, 1951. Accessed
January 03, 2017.
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F91%281951
%29.
"United Nations Official Document." United Nations. Aug. & sept., 1965. Accessed
January 03, 2017.
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F209%2819
65%29.
Non-UN Sources
"Kashmir: Conflict Profile." Insight on Conflict. Accessed November 29, 2016.
https://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/conflict-profile/.
2001, 12:00PM BST 24 Sep. "A Brief History of the Kashmir Conflict." The
Telegraph. Accessed November 29, 2016.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmirconflict.html.
"Kashmir Region." Kashmir Region - New World Encyclopedia. Accessed November
29, 2016. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Kashmir_Region.
Bajoria, Jayshree, Daniel S. Markey, C. Raja Mohan, Hasan-askari Rizvi, Howard B.
24
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Schaffer, and M. Farooq Kathwari. "How the Kashmir Dispute Affects Security
in South Asia." Council on Foreign Relations. June & july, 2009. Accessed
January 03, 2017. http://www.cfr.org/terrorism/kashmir-dispute-affects-securitysouth-asia/p19805.
Ahmed, Nazir. "Kashmir is a global threat | Nazir Ahmed." Opinion. September 21, 2010.
Accessed January 03, 2017.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/sep/21/kashmirpakistan-india-nuclear.
War and Peace: An Analysis Of The Kashmir Issue And A Possible Path To Peace.
25
Pakistani Cabinet
Southern California Model United Nations 2017
Topic B:
UN Sources
"COUNTER TERRORISM." United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.
http://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/
"UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy | Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task
Force." United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/un-global-counter-terrorismstrategy
"About Us | UN Counter-Terrorism Committee." United Nations. United Nations, n.d.
Web. 10 Feb. 2017.
http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/aboutus.html
"Security Council." International Organization 16.2, Africa and International
Organization (1962): 422-25. Web.
http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/docs/2015/N1544502_EN.pdf
Non-UN Sources
“Growing Terrorism in Pakistan | Peace Kashmir.” N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.
http://www.peacekashmir.org/views-articles/2012/1216-growing-terrorism-inpakistan.htm
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.
http://www.cfr.org/interactives/CG_Pakistan/#/timeline/
Safi, Michael. "India Calls Pakistan a 'terrorist State' as 17 Soldiers Die in Kashmir."
The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 18 Sept. 2016. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/18/india-accuses-pakistan-ofbeing-terrorist-state-17-die-kashmir
Mitra-Jha, Shreerupa. "Terrorism Is Pakistan's Main Challenge, Says UN Committee."
First Post. First Post, 24 Aug. 2016.
Web.http://www.firstpost.com/world/pakistan-lists-steps-for-human-rightsprotection-in-balochistan-to-un-committee-2973556.html