World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 2FFXUUHQFHRI)RUHLJQ0DWWHULQ)RRG$SSOLHG ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ0HWKRG$VVRFLDWLRQRI2IILFLDO $JULFXOWXUDO&KHPLVWV$2$&DQG)RRGDQG'UXJ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ)'$ (&0DWWRV960*'DURV5'DO&RO$/1DVFLPHQWR 7KH LVVXH RI SURGXFW FRQWDPLQDWLRQ E\ IRUHLJQ VXEVWDQFHV VXFKDVLQVHFW¶VIUDJPHQWVULJLGSRLQWHGDQGVKDUSREMHFWVWKDW FDQ GDPDJH WKH FRQVXPHU¶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nternational Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003795 Abstract²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¶VKHDOWKVXFKDVPHWDOVWRQHV JODVV ZRRG ZHUH IRXQG EXW UDUHO\ 0LVFHOODQHRXV VKHOO VDQG GLUW DQGVHHGVZHUHDOVRUHSRUWHG7KHUHDUHDORWRIH[WUDQHRXVPDWHULDOV WKDW DUH FRQVLGHUHG XQDYRLGDEOH VLQFH DUH VRPHWKLQJ LQKHUHQW WR WKH SURGXFWLWVHOIVXFKDVLQVHFWIUDJPHQWVLQJUDLQV,QFRQWUDVWWKHUHDUH DYRLGDEOH H[WUDQHRXV PDWHULDOV WKDW DUH OHVV WROHUDWHG EHFDXVH LW LV SUHYHQWDEOH ZLWK WKH *RRG 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 3UDFWLFH 7KH FRQFOXVLRQ RIWKLVZRUNLVWKDWDOWKRXJKPRVWH[WUDQHRXVPDWHULDOVIRXQGLQIRRG DUH FRQVLGHUHG XQDYRLGDEOH LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR NHHS WKH *RRG 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 3UDFWLFH WKURXJKRXW WKH IRRG SURFHVVLQJ DV ZHOO DV PDLQWDLQLQJDFRQVWDQWVXUYHLOODQFHRIWKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVLQRUGHU WR DYRLG DFFLGHQWV WKDW PD\ OHDG WR RFFXUUHQFH RI WKHVH H[WUDQHRXV PDWHULDOVLQIRRG Keywords²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nternational Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 133 scholar.waset.org/1999.1/10003795 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 ,Q RUGHU WR UHGXFH SDUWLFOHV FRQWDPLQDWLRQ LQ DOO W\SHV RI IRRG DQG WR JXDUDQWHH KLJK RXWSXW RI VDIHW\ DQG KLJK TXDOLW\ SURGXFWV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ VXUYHLOODQFH DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH IRUHLJQPDWWHU 7KH GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRGRORJ\ WR LGHQWLI\ DQG LVRODWH DOO WKH YDULHW\ RI FRQWDPLQDQWV LQFOXGHV JHQHUDO RSWLFDO PLFURVFRS\ SRODUL]HGOLJKWPLFURVFRS\DQGHOHFWURQLFPLFURVFRS\>@ 7KH DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR SUHVHQW WKH PDLQ ILQGLQJV RI IRUHLJQPDWWHUVLQIRRGDQDO\]HGE\3XEOLF+HDOWK/DERUDWRU\ $GROIR/XW],QVWLWXWH6DQWR$QGUH6DR3DXOR%UD]LOLQRUGHU WRFRPSO\ZLWK+HDOWK\6XUYHLOODQFH'HSDUWPHQWDQG*HQHUDO &RQVXPHUVUHTXHVW PLFURVFRSLFDLUERUQHGHEULVGLUWRQSRWDWRHVRUPLQXWHLQVHFW IUDJPHQWV LQ ILJV DUH FRPPRQ H[DPSOHV RI XQDYRLGDEOH H[WUDQHRXVPDWWHU>@ 7$%/(, 7+(2&&855(1&(2))25(,*10$77(565(68/76%<*52836 *URXS ,,0$7(5,$/$1'0(7+2'6 International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication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± IORXU DQG IORXUEDVHG SURGXFWV FHUHDO EDNHU\ DQG SDVWD *URXS JUDLQV *URXS ± PHDW SURGXFWV ILVK DQG ILVKEDVHG SURGXFWV *URXS ± FKRFRODWH DQGFDQG\*URXS±FRQGLPHQWVDQGWHD*URXS±WRPDWR EDVHGSURGXFWV*URXS±FRIIHH*URXS±3URFHVVHGIRRGV *URXS ± PLON DQG PLONEDVHG SURGXFWV *URXS ± ZDWHU *URXS±EHYHUDJH*URXS±FDQQHGSURGXFWV*URXS YHJHWDEOHV*URXS±VXSSOHPHQWVDQGVXJDUIUHHSURGXFWV )RUHLJQPDWWHU*URXS$/LYHLQIHVWDWLRQVLQVHFWVODUYDH DQG PLWHV *URXS % GHDG LQVHFWV LQVHFW IUDJPHQWV IHFHV ZHEV GHDG ODUYDH GHDG PLWHV *URXS & URGHQW KDLU DQG H[FUHPHQW *URXS ' ±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¶VKHDOWKVXFKDVPHWDOVWRQHVJODVVZRRGZHUHUDUH )LQGLQJV RI H[WUDQHRXV PDWHULDOV VXFK DV VKHOO VDQG GLUWDQGVHHGVZHUHQRWLFHGDVZHOO 8QDYRLGDEOHH[WUDQHRXVPDWHULDOPD\RFFXULQIRRGDVDE\ SURGXFW RI WKH SURFHVVLQJ V\VWHP RU DV VRPHWKLQJ LQKHUHQW WR WKH SURGXFW LWVHOI ,WHPV VXFK DV VWHPV LQ EOXHEHUULHV International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 134 scholar.waset.org/1999.1/10003795 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003795 UHFHQWO\PLFHPeromyscus maniculatusKDYHEHHQDVVRFLDWHG WRDSXOPRQDU\V\QGURPHSURGXFHGE\KDQWDYLUXV 7KH \HDUV¶ SHULRG UHVHDUFK FDUULHG RXW E\ >@ GHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWRIWKHVDPSOHVSUHVHQWHGURGHQW¶VKDLU ZKLFKLVEHORZWKHIRXQGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ 2WKHU SDSHU UHSRUWHG KLJK RFFXUUHQFH RI IRUHLJQ PDWWHU ILQGLQJV LQ IRRG DV >@ ZKHUH VDPSOHV RI JXDYD VWUDZEHUU\ DQG JUDSH MDPV ZHUH DQDO\]HG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH SUHVHQFH RI ILOWKDQGPROGILODPHQWVDQGRIWKHVDPSOHVSUHVHQWHGDW OHDVWRQHH[WUDQHRXVPDWHULDO7KHH[WUDQHRXVPDWHULDOVIRXQG ZHUHPROGILODPHQWVLQVHFWIUDJPHQWVPLWHVQRQHGLEOHSODQW SDUWV OHDYHV DQG VWHPV PDJJRWV D ZKROH LQVHFW D Q\ORQ WKUHDGDSLHFHRISODVWLFPDWHULDODQGDPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOH 6LPLODUWR>@>@FRQGXFWHGUHVHDUFKZLWKVDPSOHVRI IUHVK PLQDVW\SH FKHHVH IURP FRPPHUFLDO EUDQGV DOO UHJLVWHUHG LQ WKH %UD]LOLDQ )RRG 6DQLWDU\ ,QVSHFWLRQ DQG UHYHDOWKDWRIWKHVDPSOHVSUHVHQWHGIRUHLJQPDWWHUDQG ILOWKLQFOXGLQJLQJUHDWHUDPRXQWVEXUQWPDWWHUDQG V\QWKHWLFDQGYHJHWDEOHPDWHULDOIUDJPHQWVDQG LQ VPDOOHU DPRXQWV VDQG JUDLQV PDFURVFRSLF IUDJPHQW RI V\QWKHWLFRULJLQDQGKXPDQKDLU 5HIHUHQFH >@ DQDO\]HG PDFURVFRSLFDOO\ DQG PLFURVFRSLFDOO\ IURP -DQXDU\ WR -XQH IRRG VDPSOHVDQGWKHUHVXOWVUHYHDOHGWKDWKDGLQVHFWVWKHLU VWDJHVRIGHYHORSPHQWIUDJPHQWVDQGVHFUHWLRQVIXQJL DQG\HDVWFDUERQL]HGPDWHULDORUFDUDPHOL]HGVXEVWDQFH URGHQWV KDLU DQG H[FUHPHQWV SDUDVLWHV QHPDWRGHV VHQVRU\ FKDQJHV SLJ KDLU SUHVHQFH RI OL]DUG XQLGHQWLILHG IDWW\ VXEVWDQFH QRQHGLEOHSODQWERYLQHKDLUDQGWLFNKXPDQKDLU ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR PHQWLRQ WKDW IRUHLJQ PDWWHU FDXVHV UHSXJQDQFHHYHQZKHQLWLVQRWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKHDOWKKD]DUG LW DOVR GLVSOD\V TXDOLW\ GHYLDWLRQV DQG IDLOXUHV LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI*03VDQGVKRXOGWKRVHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ LPSOHPHQW HIIHFWLYH PHDVXUHV RI FRQWURO PRQLWRULQJ WKURXJKRXW SURGXFWLRQ FKDLQ WR DYRLG ORVV FRQVXPHUV¶UHMHFWLRQDQGHQVXUHWKHDWWDLQPHQWRIVDIHIRRG $YRLGDEOH H[WUDQHRXV PDWHULDO LV JHQHUDOO\ OHVV WROHUDWHG WKDQ XQDYRLGDEOH EHFDXVH LW LV SUHYHQWDEOH ,W FRQVLVWV RI IRUHLJQPDWWHUZKLFKVKRXOGQRWEHSUHVHQWLISURSHU*03VDUH IROORZHG $YRLGDEOH H[WUDQHRXV PDWHULDO PD\ FRPH LQ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV VXFK DV VPDOO JODVV IUDJPHQWV SLHFHV RI SODVWLFFKXQNVRIUXEEHUSLHFHVRIMHZHOOHU\IHDWKHUEDUEXOHV DQLPDOGHEULVRUDQ\RWKHUXQUHODWHGIRUHLJQPDWHULDO>@ )LJGHPRQVWUDWHVDYRLGDEOHIRUHLJQPDWWHUVILQGLQJVLQD YDULHW\RIDQDO\]HGIRRG7KLVW\SHRISK\VLFDOFRQWDPLQDWLRQ LV D JOREDO LVVXH WKDW WKH IRRG LQGXVWU\ KDV QRW EHHQ DEOH WR HOLPLQDWH FRPSOHWHO\ $FFRUGLQJ WR >@ LQ WKH 8. SK\VLFDO FRQWDPLQDWLRQDFFRXQWHGIRUSHUFHQWRIDOOIRRGLQFLGHQWVRU FDVHV LQ ,Q $XVWUDOLD DQG 1HZ =HDODQG IRRG UHFDOOVZHUHLVVXHGIURPWRGXHWRIRUHLJQPDWHULDO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ,QWKH86WKH)'$LVVXHGIRRGUHFDOOVIRU IRUHLJQ PDWHULDO IURP -DQXDU\ WR 6HSWHPEHU 7KH &DQDGLDQ )RRG ,QVSHFWLRQ $JHQF\ WUDFNHG WRWDO FDVHV RI H[WUDQHRXV PDWHULDOV LQ IRRG WR GDWH LQ WZR RI ZKLFK ZDUUDQWHGLVVXLQJSXEOLFZDUQLQJV )LJ8QDYRLDGDEOHIRUHLJQPDWWHUVILQGLQJV$PLWHV %IUDJPHQWVDQGLQVHFWV¶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¶ KDLUPD\DOVRDSSHDU>@ 6RPH VSHFLHV RI Acarina, Blattodea, Coleoptera Lepidoptera DQG Psocoptera PD\ FDXVH DOOHUJLF UHDFWLRQV LQ KXPDQVH[SRVHGWRUHPQDQWVRIWKHLUERGLHV1RFULWLFDOOHYHOV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU FRQWDPLQDWLRQ RI IRRG DJURFRPPRGLWLHV E\ DOOHUJHQV RI DUWKURSRGV >@ 7KXV WKH SUHVHQFH RI LQVHFWV LQ VWRUHG JUDLQV FDQQRW EH LJQRUHG DQG PXVW EH FRQWUROOHG DOZD\VNHHSLQJEHVWSUDFWLFHVRIPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGVWRUDJH $PRQJWKHIRUHLJQPDWWHUFRQVLGHUHGLQHYLWDEOHLWLVZRUWK WRPHQWLRQWKHSUHVHQFHRIURGHQW¶VKDLUDVWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKLV NLQG RI ILOWK\ GHPRQVWUDWH WKH URGHQW FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH IRRG ZKLFKDUHFRQVLGHUHGYHFWRUVRILPSRUWDQWGLVHDVHVSDWKRJHQV VXFKDVVDOPRQHOORVLVOHSWRVSLURVLVPXULQHW\SKRLGDQGPRUH International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 135 scholar.waset.org/1999.1/10003795 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 $ International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication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nternational Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 136 scholar.waset.org/1999.1/10003795 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 >@ $5 2OVHQ 6$ .QLJKW *& =LREUR 0DFURDQD\WLFDO 3URFHGXUHV 0DQXDOUHYLVHGHGLWLRQ)'$7HFK%XOO1R86)RRGDQG'UXJ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ:DVKLQJWRQ'& >@ %UDVLO$JrQFLD1DFLRQDOGH9LJLOkQFLD6DQLWiULD$19,6$5HVROXomR 5'& Q GH GH PDUoR GH 'LVS}H VREUH PDWpULDV HVWUDQKDV PDFURVFySLFDVHPLFURVFySLFDVHPDOLPHQWRVHEHELGDVVHXVOLPLWHVGH WROHUkQFLD H Gi RXWUDV SURYLGrQFLDV 'LiULR 2ILFLDO GD 5HS~EOLFD )HGHUDWLYDGR%UDVLO%UDVtOLD')Q6HomRSSPDU >@ 30/ *HUPDQR $% %RDQRYD 0,6 *HUPDQR &RQVXPHUV¶ ULJKW ODUYD LQ D ERPERP UHVXOWV LQ UHSDUDWLRQ GXH WR PRUDO LQMXULHV Revista de Direito SanitárioYQRSS-XO2FW ,9&21&/86,21 0LFURVFRSLF DQDO\VLV SURYLGHV DQ LPSRUWDQW WRRO IRU HYDOXDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV DQG LQDGHTXDWH SUDFWLFHV GXULQJ WKH VWDJHVRISURGXFWLRQVWRUDJHDQGGLVWULEXWLRQRIIRRG 7KHUHVHDUFKOHDGHGWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDOWKRXJKIRUHLJQ PDWWHUVIRXQGLQJUHDWHUDPRXQWVDUHFRQVLGHUXQDYRLDGDEOHLW LVQHFHVVDU\WRPDLQWDLQDVWULFWTXDOLW\FRQWUROWKURXJKRXWWKH IRRGSURFHVVLQJDVZHOODVFRQVWDQWVXUYHLOODQFHWRSUHYHQWWKH RFFXUUHQFHV RI ILOWK WKDW PLJKW SRVH D ULVN WR WKH SRSXODWLRQ KHDOWK International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003795 5()(5(1&(6 >@ 66 1LHOVHQ([DPLQDWLRQ RI )RRGV IRU ([WUDQHRXV 0DWHULDOV´ )RRG Analysis Laboratory Manual - Food Science Texts SeriesSS >@ &DQDGLDQ)RRG,QVSHFWLRQ$JHQF\3K\VLFDO+D]DUG$YDLODEOHDW KWWSDFWLYHLQVSHFWLRQJFFDUGKLEGULGHQJOLVKUGKL EGULGLQWURHDVS["L >@ 5) 6WLHU 7KH 'LUW\ 'R]HQ :D\V WR 5HGXFH WKH %LJJHVW )RUHLJQ 0DWHULDOV3UREOHPVFood Safety Magazine-XQ-XO >@ -76WDVQ\)5$OEULJKW5*UDKDP,GHQWLILFDWLRQRIIRUHLJQPDWWHU LQIRRGVScan Electron Microsc3WSS >@ $VVRFLDWLRQRI2IILFLDO$QDO\WLFDO&KHPLVWV$2$&2IILFLDOPHWKRGV RIDQDO\VLVRI$2$& >@ )RRG DQG 'UXJ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ ± )'$ Technical Bulletin Number 5, Macroanalytical Procedures Manual:DVKLQJWRQ'&&HQWHUIRU)RRG 6DIHW\DQG$SSOLHG1XWULWLRQFK9 >@ 6 $TXLQR 05 3RWHQ]D $QiOLVH GD PLFRELRWD DVVRFLDGD j HQWRPRIDXQD HP UDo}HV D JUDQHO SDUD DQLPDLV GRPpVWLFRV Arq. Inst. Biol.YROQRSS$SU-XQ >@ 96WHMVNDO-+XEHUW$UWKURSRGVDVVRXUFHVRIFRQWDPLQDQWVRIVWRUHG SURGXFWVDQRYHUYLHZ9th International Working Conference onStored Product Protection $YDLODEOH DW KWWSVSLUXFJDKUNVXHGXSURMLZFVSSSGINSVSGI >@ &+%9DUJDV$$$OPHLGD,GHQWLILFDomRGRVLQVHWRVLQIHVWDQWHVGH DOLPHQWRVDWUDYpVGDPLFURPRUIRORJLDGHVHXVIUDJPHQWRVRevta bras. ZoolYROQRSS >@ e5$GD6LOYD 0+0DUWLQL7KHSUHVHQFHRIURGHQWKDLULQIRRGD ULVNRIKXPDQKHDOWK´ 9th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection $YDLODEOH DW KWWSVSLUXFJDKUNVXHGXSURMLZFVSSSGISGI >@ 7% 0RUDLV $&% 'LHJXHV '0 6LJXOHP 7KH XVH RI OLJKW PLFURVFRS\ LQ D VWXG\ RI H[WUDQHRXV PDWWHU DQG DXWKHQWLFLW\ RI JXDYD VWUDZEHUU\DQGJUDSHMDPVFood ControlYROQRSS >@ 7% GH 6RX]D$* GD &UX]05 / 0RXUD$& 0 9LHLUD$6 6DQW¶$QD 0LFURVFRSLF TXDOLW\ LQGLFDWRUV RI PLQDV IUHVFDO FKHHVH Food ControlYROQRSS >@ 96 /LULR ,6 0DQWHVVR &6& 'LDV 5- &DUQHLUR -$ 0D]]RFDWWR -& 0HOmR 0, $XJXVWR 0$% 1RMRVD (3 &UX] 0$0 )HUUHLUD$YDOLDomR PLFURVFRSLFD GH DOLPHQWRV FRPHUFLDOL]DGRV QD FLGDGH GH 6mR 3DXOR XXI - RAIB - Reunião Anual do Instituto Biológico ,QVWLWXWR %LROyJLFR 6mR 3DXOR 6HFUHWDULD GH $JULFXOWXUD H $EDVWHFLPHQWRYROSS >@ -0DVRQ)RUHLJQ0DWHULDO&RQWDPLQDWLRQLQ)RRGNSF International Supply Chain Asssurance Division $YDLODEOH LQ KWWSZZZDLJFRP-DQ16)$UWLFOHBBKWPO >@ ,QVWLWXWR%UDVLOHLURGH*HRJUDILDH(VWDWtVWLFD,%*($YDLODEOHDW KWWSZZZLEJHJRYEUKRPHHVWDWLVWLFDSRSXODFDRFHQVRGHIDXOWVK WP >@ &RGH[$OLPHQWDULXV'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHURQSURSRVHGGUDIWJXLGHOLQHVIRU HYDOXDWLQJ REMHFWLRQDEOH PDWWHU LQ IRRG JOINT FAO/WHO Food Standards 52 Programme &RGH[ &RPPLWWHH RQ )RRG +\JLHQH 6HVVLRQ%DQNRJ7KDLODQG2FWREHU >@ '3 *ROGPDQ 7KH 3K\VLFDO +D]DUGV RI )RUHLJQ 0DWHULDOV Food Safety and Inspection Service )6,6 $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZIVLVXVGDJRY233'(UGDG)53XEV17KH3K\VLFDO+D ]DUGVRI)RUHLJQ0DWHULDOVSGI$FFHVVLQ$XJ International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 137 scholar.waset.org/1999.1/10003795
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz