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1945-1960
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16.1 The C
- Wartime alliances
- Soviet domination of Eastern Europe
- Causes of Berlin blockade
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Roots of t
- Ideological differences (Communism vs.
Democracy)
- Yalta Conference: Stalin wants weak
Germany and control of E.Europe/ Truman and
Churchill wanted unified Germany and free
elections in E.Europe (Satellite States)
-Potsdam Conference: Free elections not
agreed
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Meeting the S
- "Iron curtain" has fallen over Europe
-Greece and Turkey were struggling after the
war and falling to communist movements
-Truman Doctrine or promise to aid any
nation struggling against communist
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Containing So
-George F. Kennan explained that Stalin
wanted to expand and the only answer was a
policy of containment
-The Marshall Plan was the first great victory
of containment. It was 13 billion in foreign aid
to Europe and stimulated growth and trade for
a struggling post war Europe
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The Cold W
-The front line of the Cold War was located in
Germany. (West Germany vs East Germany/
East Berlin vs West Berlin)
-Stalin stops all means of aid from getting to
West Berlin
-The U.S. Was able to airlift food and supplies
to save the citizens (Berlin Airlift)
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Cold W
NATO
-12 Western European
nations and North
America
-Collective Security
Warsaw Pact
- the Soviet Union and
all satellite nations
- collective security
-created in response
to NATO
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16.2 T
- Why were Commies able to take over China?
- How did Truman react to the invasion of
South Korea?
- What were the most important results of the
U.S. Participation in the Korean War.
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Comm
- Before the Japanese invasion of China Chaing Kai-shek
led a nationalist movement against communist leader
Mao Zedong.
- The U.S. sent aid to Kai-shek while the Soviet Union
sent aid to Mao.
- Kai-shek’s corrupt leaders pocketed the money while
people starved. Mao promised to feed
- the people and won.
- The U.S. greatest fear came true.
What heck happened to the World??
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Americans
- After the Japanese rule ended, Korea was
split on the 38th Parallel (US backed
south/USSR backed north)
- In 1950 the North (armed with Soviet
weapons) invaded and took the South
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Korean War Battle Map
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U.S
- Truman remembered appeasement had failed to check
German aggression.
- The U.N. decided to back Truman and his action to aid
South Korea
- The U.N. bypassed Soviet Union’s veto on the security
council due to its boycott.
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MacArthu
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As U.N. and allied forces arrives the South Koreans were retreating to the
SE corner to the capital of Pusan.
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Douglas MacArthur: WWII hero had a plan to drive invaders out of South
Korea
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MacArthur attacked the weak supply lines of North Korea and pushed the
North Koreans back over the 38th parallel
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China Forc
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MacArthur attacked north of the 38th parallel and pushed the North Koreans to the Chinese
border of the Yalu River.
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The Chinese threw their hat in the war and pushed the allied forces back.
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With the Chinese involvement now an issue, the only answer for MacArthur was a major land
commitment.
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Truman’s policy of limited war wanted to achieve specific goals. MacArthur did not agree
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His public outcry led to the removal of MacArthur
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Korean
Short Term
- 37,000 Americans killed
- 103,000 Americans
wounded
- Relations with Chinese
ruined
- Armed forces
integrated.
Long Term
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Military spending increases
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Military commitments increase
worldwide
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Relations with Japan improve
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Future Presidents send military into
combat without Congressional approval
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Go To Website
http://www.ahctv.com/battleshistory/videos/korean-war/
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16.3 The Cold
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Arms Race Between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
How did Eisenhower and Truman differ?
Worldwide conflicts erupt
Soviet efforts in Space
http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/5k6js5/hotsauce--cold-war
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The
- Soviet successfully detonate an A-Bomb soon after the
takeover of China
- Truman orders the creation of an H-Bomb (1000 times
stronger than A-Bomb)
- The arms race between the U.S. and Soviet Union
created the idea of Mutually Assured Destruction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60
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Eisenho
- Eisenhower agreed with much of Truman’s
foreign policies.
- John Foster Dulles (sec. of state) and Ike
both agreed that the idea of containment
drew the U.S. into endless conflicts and was
draining the resources.
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Eisen
- Ike favors Massive Retaliation
- Instead of conventional forces (troops) Ike spent
money on nukes and the future of war
- Brinkmanship was born and Ike felt that he could get
more bang for his buck.
- See any problems?
Stalin Dies
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Nikita Khrushchev won the power struggle in the Kremlin
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He was just as brutal to his own people but did feel that he should inch
more towards peace with the West.
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The Cold War
- Countries like Poland, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia resented the Soviet control.
- Hungarian revolution was put down
violently
- America could only watch but also make it
available to other people.
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The Cold War
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In Egypt President Nasser used the Cold War to his advantage with the
Suez Canal
For the construction of the canal, Nasser opened the discussion to the
Soviet Union after an agreement with the U.S.
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U.S. rescind the offer to build the canal
Nasser nationalized the canal and placed it under government control
Threatened the end of flow of oil from the Middle East
After joining forces with Israel, the British and French used the Suez Crisis as an excuse to take
control of the canal.
Eisenhower was furious at the western nations and cut off their oil supply forcing them to
withdraw.
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Eisenh
President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in
January 1957, and Congress approved it in March of the same year. Under
the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic
assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened
by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the
Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces
“to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence
of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from
any nation controlled by international communism.”
A New War
- CIA is created in 1947 and asked to engage in covert
operations to protect American interests
- Aiding coups that installed new governments
- intelligence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgX4uJSj00Y
- Does this change anything??????
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The Cold War
- On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union successfully
launched Sputnik as well as a several larger
satellite with a dog months later.
- The U.S. was losing the Cold War and the only way
to even the fight was to create NASA and spend 1
billion on research.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcDd6irDqvg
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16.4 Cold
- How did Fear of domestic communism
affect American society during the Cold
War?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BewOcp1JtDU
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Worrying
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There was a fear that Americans were being threatened both inside and
outside America
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This second Red Scare can be attributed to the spread of communism in
Europe and Asia and that it could flood into government positions.
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The Smith Act was passed and meant to cripple the Communist party. This
Act made it unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S.
Government.
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1st Amendment Violation Maybe????
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Congress H
- The House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to
investigate fascists, Nazis, or communists
- Their job was to probe the government,
armed forces, unions, education, science,
newspapers, and other aspects of American
Life.
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Congress H
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The best known hearings were in 1947 when the movie industry was under
attack.
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Left wing directors, and producers known as the Hollywood 10 refused to
answer questions and the the hearings turned into screaming matches.
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After the hearings movie execs circulated a blacklist of actors who should not
be hired due to their communist ties. their careers were over and the era of
entertainers avoiding social issues began
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJzV6-wJ3SQ
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Governm
- This case was the definition of loyalty versus disloyalty
- Oppenheimer was the lead scientist in the Manhattan
Project and the chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission.
- His family ties to communism removed his security status
although it was found that he committed no treason.
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Spy Cases Wo
- Alger Hiss was a dedicated government servant that
worked in New Deal agencies as well as organizing the
UN.
- Whittaker Chambers was a young communist espionage
agent until the brutality of Stalin’s rule turned him.
- He named many of his contacts, one being Alger Hiss.
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Spy Cases Wo
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Hiss explained that he did not know Chambers.
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A young man named Richard Nixon convinced the committee that Hiss was guilty
and with that his story began to come apart.
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Prove arose that showed Hiss did know Chambers and gave him secret documents.
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Hiss would spend 5 years in prison although his innocence is always questioned.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnCvqzqicp8
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Th
- Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were charged with sending atomic
secrets to the Soviet Union.
- Although the case was built on the word of a confessed spy,
the Rosenbergs claimed innocence and claimed they were
being persecuted because of their Jewish heritage.
- Both were executed in 1953 after 26 months on death row.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B33oE73tPUo