Asian Transactions on Basic & Applied Sciences (ATBS ISSN 2221-4291) Volume 05 Issue 05
Silica Extraction From Sugarcane Bagasse As
Green Corrosion Inhibitor
Ian Randy L. Manzano, Noorzahan Begum, Aimi Noorliyana
School of Materials Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
Abstract— Silica was extracted from sugarcane bagasse and
used as corrosion inhibitor for copper plate. Sugarcane bagasse
was treated with acid and then heated at different heating
temperature. The silica content of 89.12% was achieved by HCl
treatment and then heating the bagasse at 800 oC for 3 hours.
The silica was then characterized using scanning electron
microscope (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF).
Furthermore, the silica was used to as a corrosion inhibitor for
copper plate. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of silica was
attained 100% using both 1M HCl and 1M NaOH electrolytes as
measured using the weight loss measurements after 3 days of
exposures. It was found that the silica act potentially as corrosion
inhibitor for copper plate in acidic and basic medium.
Index Terms—Copper, Corrosion inhibitor, Silica, Sugarcane
bagasse
I. INTRODUCTION
I
n the sugar cane industry, bagasse is the main waste in
milling process. Bagasse is a cellulose fiber with high silica
content, varied depending on the type of soil and harvesting
[1]. Several studies have investigated to recover silica from
bagasse and bagasse ash as used as adsorbents, cements and
concrete additives, catalyst, paint and corrosion coating or
inhibitors [1-3].
Corrosion is considered as one of the industrial problem that
damages the equipment. Use of inhibitors is one of the most
practical methods for protection against corrosion [1].
However, most corrosion inhibitors are synthetic chemicals,
expensive and perhaps hazardous to the environment and it is
desirable, therefore, to source for environmentally safe
inhibitors. Recently, new generation of corrosion inhibitors
were extracted from plants [4-8]. These natural corrosion
inhibitors are inexpensive, available from renewable sources,
easily produced and considered as environmentally friendly
compounds [4]. The objective of this work is to determine
which method will produces more silica to be used as a
corrosion inhibitor, and to study the effectiveness of silica as a
corrosion inhibitor.
B. Treatment of Bagasse for Silica Extraction
The bagasse was then undergo acid treatment with 3 mole
hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 100oC for 2 hours and constant
stirring. Acid treatment is for removing iron in the bagasse.
Next, the product was then filtered, washed with distilled
water and dried and then treated in furnace at 600 oC, 700oC
and 800oC for 3 hours. After processing the bagasse was
analyzed by XRF to know the silica content.
C. Silica as Corrosion Inhibitor
Silica obtained from bagasse was subjected to be used as a
corrosion inhibitor. The tests were carried out using polished
copper plate and the corrosion rates were determined by
weight loss method. The silica is considered to be anodic
inhibitor, initially forming a film on anodic areas. 1M HCl and
1 M NaOH is used as corrosive agent and 1 gm of silica is
used as inhibitor in this experiment.
Corrosion rates were calculated according to the following
equation No 1:
Corrosion Rate (mmpy) = 87.6 × (W/ D × A × T)
(1)
Where; W = Weight loss (mg), D = Density of material (g /
cm3), A = Area (cm2) and T = Time of exposure (Hr)
From the corrosion rate, the percentage inhibition efficiency
was calculated using the following equation No 2:
% Inhibition =
(C.R.)1 - (C.R.)2
-------------------------- × 100
(C.R.)1
(C.R.)1 = Corrosion rate without inhibitor and (C.R.)2
= Corrosion rate with inhibitor
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Screening of Bagasse
The sugarcane bagasse was collected from local sugarcane
mill was crushed, washed, air-dried and screened through a
series of screens to remove dirt and pith until 300µ.
October 2015
A. Effect of Temperature
The silica content for acid treatment is obtained from XRF.
The result show higher percentage of silica content 89.037%
for acid treatment at 800 oC. The silica content increased for a
few percent with increasing temperature as shown in XRF
result in Table I. The silica content change from 67.325%,
76.541% and 89.125% when the temperature rises from
ATBAS-15060431©Asian Transactions
1
Asian Transactions on Basic & Applied Sciences (ATBS ISSN 2221-4291) Volume 05 Issue 05
600oC, 700oC, and 800oC respectively. Moreover, high
temperature helped eliminate impurities in bagasse as well.
Hence higher temperature increased the percentage of silica.
TABLE I
COMPOSITION OF BAGASSE AT DIFFRENET TEMPERATURE
Component
SiO2
K2O
P2O5
SO3
CaO
Fe2O3
Mn2O3
Al2O3
Other
600oC
67.325
0.755
2.987
10.562
14.266
1.845
1.265
0.978
0.017
Mass percent (%)
Acid treatment
700oC
800oC
76.541
89.125
3.526
2.655
1.489
1.256
7.101
0.569
8.032
1.654
1.212
1.745
1.254
1.323
0.687
0.791
0.158
0.882
(b)
B. Scanning Electron Micrograph
SEM-EDS was used in this experiment to investigate the
morphological property and element present of the bagasse
after acid and heat treatment. SEM images with EDS are given
in Figure 1. SEM-EDX show an increasing amount of silica
for the baggase burn at 800 oC compare to burn at 600oC and
700 oC.. The higher the burning temperature of the bagasse in
furnace the more silica is produced. Hence, increasing the
burning temperature is one of the ways to increase the
production of silica.
(c)
Fig. 1. SEM-EDS micrograph of sample after heat treatment at (a)
600oC, (b) 700oC and (c) 800oC
(a)
October 2015
C. Corrosion Test
Corrosion test was conducted in this experiment to
determine the affectivity of silica as a corrosion inhibitor
where rate of corrosion percentage of inhibition was
calculated the corrosion rate was determined by weight loss
method, where the polished copper plate was immersed in an
acidic solution and alkaline solution with and without
inhibitor. Initial weight, volume, area and density of the metal
was recorded and compared after three days. Each result was
tabulated and the corrosion rate was calculated. The corrosion
rate with and without inhibitor was used to determine the
percentage of inhibitor efficiency.
ATBAS-15060431©Asian Transactions
2
Asian Transactions on Basic & Applied Sciences (ATBS ISSN 2221-4291) Volume 05 Issue 05
1) Alkaline Electrolyte
Table II summarizes the values of inhibitor efficiency and
corrosion rate (mmpy) obtained from weight loss
measurements for different amount of the inhibitor in 1M
NaOH solution. Inhibitor obtained at 600oC, 700oC and 800oC
showed 0.052, 0.025 and 0 mmpy rate of corrosion and
without inhibitor that of 0.125 mmpy, which is higher than
with inhibitor. However, bagasse burn in 800 oC showed lower
corrosion rate compare to with 600oC and 700oC as it has high
silica content. Therefore, it is evident that the corrosion rate
decreased with increasing silica content. The percentage of
inhibitor efficiency gives a positive result where it showed
58.54%, 80.01% and 100% for silica burn at 600oC, 700oC
and 800oC. Based on the result obtained in this experiment, we
can conclude that copper plate with silica inhibitor gives lower
corrosion rate compare to without inhibitor.
TABLE II
CORROSION RATE AND INHIBITOR EFFICIECY IN THE ABSENCE
AND PRESENCE OF SILICA IN 1 M NAOH SOLUTION
Burn at
800oC
Without
silica
0
0
100
0.011
0.274
-
IV. CONCLUSION
The result obtained based on the corrosion test showed that
the inhibitor do have a positive effect on the corrosion rate of
the copper plate. Corrosion rate with inhibitor gives lower
value compare to without inhibitor for both acidic and basic
electrolytes. However, percentage of inhibition efficiency is
slightly higher in acidic electrolyte (1 M HCl) compared to
basic electrolyte (1 M NaOH). Moreover, bagasse burn in
higher temperature showed lower corrosion rate due to having
high content of silica because the higher the temperature the
higher the silica obtained.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Sample
Weight
Loss (g)
0.002
Corrosion
rate
(mmpy)
0.052
%
inhibitor
efficiency
58.54
Burn at
600oC
Burn at
700oC
Burn at
800oC
Without
silica
0.001
0.025
80.01
0
0
100
0.005
0.125
-
The authors would like to acknowledge financial support
from Research and Development Department of University
Malaysia Perlis.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
2) Acidic Electrolyte
The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of Copper plate
immersed in acidic solution with and without inhibitor is given
in Table III. The corrosion rates with inhibitor are slower than
that of without inhibitor. Bagasse burn at 600 oC, 700oC and
800oC showed 0.025, 0 and 0 mmpy whereas without inhibitor
0.274. The results shown here indicate that the addition of
silica to the electrolyte (1M HCl solution) decreased the
corrosion rate of the copper. The percentage of inhibitor
efficiency is 90.58%, 100% and 100% which indicated
inhibition efficiency increased with increasing of silica
content.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Fotovat F, Kazemian H, Kazemeini M (2007): Synthesis of Na–A and
faujasitic zeolites from high silicon fly ash. Materials Research Bulletin
Volume 27 Issue 06.
Vital A, Klotz U, Marek S, Jerzy W (2008): Synthesis silica. Journal of
Materials Processing Technology Volume. 199.
Kuprianova,VI, Janvijitsakula K, Permchart W (2006): Co-firing of
sugar cane bagasse with rice husk in a conical fluidized-bed combustor.
Fuel Volume 85.
Denni AA, Norinsan KO, Azman J, Abdul RD, Abdul R (2013)
Nanosilicate Extraction from Rice Husk Ash as Green Corrosion
Inhibitor. International journal of Electrochemical Society Volume
Olusegun KA, Otaigbe JOE (2009): The effects of Phyllanthus amarus
extract on corrosion and kinetics of corrosion process of aluminum in
alkaline solution. Corrosion Science Volume 51.
Raja PB, Sethuraman MG (2008): Natural products as corrosion
inhibitor for metals in corrosive media—a review. Materials Letters
Volume 62 Issue 1.
Obi-Egbedi NO, Obot IB, Umorenb SA (2012): Spondias mombin L. as
a green corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in sulphuric acid: Correlation
between inhibitive effect and electronic properties of extracts major
constituents using density functional theory. Arabian Journal of
Chemistry Volume 5 Issue 3.
Lebrini M, Robert F, Blandinières PA, Ro os C (2011): Corrosion
Inhibition by Isertia coccinea Plant Extract in Hydrochloric Acid
Solution. International Journal of Electrochemical science Volume 6.
TABLE III
CORROSION RATE AND INHIBITOR EFFICIECY IN THE ABSENCE
AND PRESENCE OF SILICA IN 1 M HCL SOLUTION
Sample
Burn at
600oC
Burn at
700oC
October 2015
Weight
Loss (g)
0.001
Corrosion rate
(mmpy)
0.025
% inhibitor
efficiency
90.58
0
0
100
ATBAS-15060431©Asian Transactions
3