American Psychological Association
(APA) Citation Guide
Introduction
Précis: This handout contains information on how to cite resources in the APA style. All
information in this handout is taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 6th edition (which is found in our Reference Collection at call number 808.02 P976
2010). This guide covers a lot of ground, but it doesn’t cover everything – if you’re having
trouble citing a resource, please contact Mike Westbrook ([email protected]) or Luke
Beatty ([email protected]) for some help.
You might also consider Diana Hacker’s A Pocket Style Manual (which is found on our Upper
Floor at call number 808.042 H118) for additional assistance with your writing.
Meta-Notes:
Places to Cite:
When citing in APA, you must cite your work in both a References list
and in-text.
Your References list appears at the end of your paper, and is titled
“References”. This list is organized alphabetically by author last name,
and contains full citations of the work you have used in your paper. See
the References section of the guide for samples.
The in-text citation is an abbreviated reference that is found in your
paper’s text. You will see sample in-text citations throughout this guide.
In-Text Citations:
While there is only one way to cite a work in your References list, there
are two ways you can cite in-text. The two in-text citation methods are the
name-in-sentence method and the parenthesis method. Your choice of
one over the other will boil down to a stylistic preference (we use the
parenthesis format in this guide). Here are examples of each:
Parenthesis method: After the event, the crowd dispersed (Johnson, 2012).
Name-in-sentence method: After the event, Johnson (2012) noted the
crowd dispersed.
Multiple Authors:
Citing multiple authors is a tricky business in APA, but thankfully, it
works the same way across all types of resources. We’ve covered the
rules for citing multiple authors under the Books section of this guide, so
look there if you need some guidance.
Spacing:
APA uses two spaces after all sentence-ending punctuation marks
(periods, questions marks, exclamation points, etc.). APA uses one space
between periods which separate initials in a personal name.
Print Equivalents:
Oftentimes you’ll find material online which obviously has a print clone
(i.e. the material online is exactly the same as a print version somewhere).
In these cases, you may cite the material as if you were using the print
version. Many online journals, government reports, etc. have print clones.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 1
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................1
Meta-Notes: ................................................................................................................1
Examples ....................................................................................................................4
Blog .........................................................................................................................4
Book (with 1 author or 1 editor) .............................................................................4
Book (with 2 authors or 2 editors) ..........................................................................4
Book (with 3-7 authors or 3-7 editors) ...................................................................4
Book (with 8 or more authors or 8 or more editors) ...............................................5
Book (translated).....................................................................................................5
Book (reprint)..........................................................................................................5
Book Chapter (in an edited book) ...........................................................................5
Book Review...........................................................................................................5
Brochure / Flyer ......................................................................................................6
Classical Work (i.e. religious text) .........................................................................6
Conversation / Email/ Phone Call / Personal Interview .........................................6
Dataset / Statistic ....................................................................................................6
Dataset / Statistic (online) .......................................................................................7
Dictionary Entry......................................................................................................7
Dictionary Entry (online) ........................................................................................7
E-Book ....................................................................................................................7
Encyclopedia Entry / Handbook Entry ...................................................................8
Essay (in a collection or anthology) .......................................................................8
Essay (in a reprinted volume or course pack) .........................................................8
Film / Motion Picture ..............................................................................................8
Government Publication .........................................................................................8
Image / Photo / Artwork (online)............................................................................9
Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author) ..................................................9
Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author, date, or title).............................9
Journal Article (print or digital copy of print) ........................................................9
Journal Article (with doi:).......................................................................................9
Journal Article (with URL but no doi:) ................................................................10
Magazine Article...................................................................................................10
Magazine Article (online) .....................................................................................10
Map (from an atlas or book) .................................................................................10
Map (online)..........................................................................................................11
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Music Recording ...................................................................................................11
Newspaper Article ................................................................................................11
Newspaper Article (online) ...................................................................................11
Podcast ..................................................................................................................11
Poem (original) .....................................................................................................12
Poem (reprinted) ...................................................................................................12
Presentation (online or digital) .............................................................................12
Screenplay / Play Script ........................................................................................12
Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) ................................................................13
Television Program (episode) ...............................................................................13
Television Program (series) ..................................................................................13
Video (online) .......................................................................................................13
Videogame ............................................................................................................13
Website (with personal author) .............................................................................14
Website (with an institution, organization, or company as author)......................14
Website (without an identifiable author) / Wiki / Discussion Board ...................14
References ................................................................................................................15
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
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Examples
Blog
Format:
Example:
In-Text:
Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Blog post title [Web log post].
Retrieved from URL
Wayne, A.P. (2014, February 23). Safety tips, don’t break a leg [Web log post].
Retrieved from https://www.safetyblog.com/break-a-leg.php
The market for theatre safety materials was burgeoning, and had even extended into
the blogosphere (Wayne, 2014).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Note 2: The “Blog post title” is NOT italicized.
Italicize title
Book (with 1 author or 1 editor)
Format:
Author, A.A. / Editor, A.A. (Ed.). (Publication year). Book title. Location:
Publisher.
Example Reda, G.R. (2008). Bike polo: Hipster folly or true sport? Portland, OR: Armisenis
1:
Press.
Example Blatche, M.N. (Ed.). (2014). The ignominious death of bike polo. Washington,
2:
OR: Rowlff Publishing Co, Ltd.
In-Text:
In a few short years, bike polo had become a popular activity with the flannel-andskinny-jeans set (Reda, 2008, p. 89). Predictably, however, the fad was short-lived,
and the hipster zeitgeist soon moved on (Blatche, 2014).
Note 1: The “(Ed.)” refers to an editor, and is only included when you are citing for an editor.
Italicize title
Book (with 2 authors or 2 editors)
Format:
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B./ Editor, A.A., & Editor, B.B. (Eds.) (Publication
year). Book title. Location: Publisher.
Example Stewart, A.I., & Juber, L.L. (2008). Roads to Moscow. Edinburgh, Scotland: Davis
1:
Publications .
Example Roth, U.J., & Meine, K.C. (Eds.). (1966). Hitler after Roehm. Heidelberg,
1:
Germany: In Trance Press.
In-Text:
With Ernst Roehm’s murder, Himmler had eliminated a dangerous and resourceful
rival (Stewart & Juber, 2008, p. 20-30). With Roehm and his Storm Battalion now
purged from the Nazi power structure, Hitler was free to insinuate himself further
into the German state apparatus (Roth & Meine, 1966, p. 100-125).
Note 1: The “(Eds).” refers to editors, and is only included when you are citing for editors.
Italicize title
Book (with 3-7 authors or 3-7 editors)
Format:
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. / Editor, A.A., Editor, B.B., & Editor,
C.C. (Eds.). (Publication year). Book title. Location: Publisher.
Example Hayman, R.R., Loyer, J.J., & Cleaver, R.V. (2012). What does ‘information
1:
literacy’ mean for information professionals? Springfield, IL: CLA Group
Publications.
Example Monteith, J.M., Herscovitch, P.L., & Millard, M.M. (Eds.). (2000). Mid-career
2:
librarians and tenure preparations. Calgary, Canada: Scholars North Press.
In-Text:
The tenure question has always been a bugaboo of academic librarianship, especially
when considering the non-credit instruction that librarians frequently take on
(Monteith, Herscovitch, & Millard). Contributions to teaching ‘information literacy’
– as variously and widely defined as that term is – also play an important role in
tenure considerations for librarians (Hayman, Loyer, & Cleaver).
Note 1: The “(Eds).” refers to editors, and is only included when you are citing for editors.
Note 2: For 3-5 authors/editors, the first in-text citation will contain all authors of the work -- in this
case, [ex. (Hayman, Loyer, & Cleaver, 2012)] -- while subsequent in-text citations will contain only the
first author, followed by “et al.” (which means “and all others”) [ex. (Hayman et al., 2012)].
Note 3: For 6-7 authors/editors, all in-text citations will contain the “et al.” citation. In this example, the
proper in-text citation is: (Hayman et al., 2012).
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
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Italicize title
Book (with 8 or more authors or 8 or more editors)
Format:
First 6 Author, A.A., … Final Author, B.B. / First 6 Editor, A.A., … Final Author
B.B. (Eds.). (Publication year). Book title. Location: Publisher.
Example Stancowicz, B.L., Jansson, S.A., Tomahiro, K.B., Youngwon, M.H., Hoon, S.C.,
1:
Heidel, I.U., … Cheong, T.M. (2003). Silly stories from the help desk. Denver,
CO: Avalanche Publishers, Inc.
Example Smith, S.S., Johnson, J.J., Williams, W.W., Brown, B.B., Jones, G.G., Miller, M.M.,
2:
… Davis, D.D. (Eds.). (2006). Stupid stories from the set. Hollywood, CA: Fat
Man in a Bathtub Press.
In-Text:
The work is brimming with tales of impossible stupidity, ranging from a user who
confuses his toaster with a fax machine, to a man who plugs his amplifier into a
disused toilet bowl (Stancowicz et al., 2003). Likewise, Stupid Stories from the Set
paints a dispiriting picture of everyday idiocy, with a particularly notable incident
being a PA who confuses his boss’ coffee with paint thinner (Smith et al., 2006).
Note 1: The “(Eds.)” refers to editors, and is only included when you are citing for editors.
Note 2: All in-text citations will contain only the first author, followed by “et al.” (which means “and all
others”). In this example, the proper in-text citation is: (Stancowicz et al., 2003).
Italicize title
Book (translated)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Book title. (A.A. Author, Trans.). Location:
Publisher. (Original work published Publication year).
Example: Glendenning, H.M. (2004). Collecting liquor by the river: Memoirs of a life well
lived. (G.G. Genzingher, Trans.). Queenston, Canada: High Falls Press. (Original
work published 1913).
In-Text:
The liquor, of course, was just a pretense -- it was really just an excuse to flirt with
the fisherman, laborers, and dock workers that littered the area (Glendenning,
2004/1913, pp. 36-41).
Note 1: For your in-text citation, include both the original and translated publication dates.
Italicize title
Book (reprint)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Current publication year). Book title. Location: Publisher. (Original
work published Original publication year).
Example: Parker, J.J. (2012). A most fabulous folio of New York’s finest. New York: Ball
Point Publishing. (Original work published 1921).
In-Text:
Much in the style of the day, an outsized cross-hatching technique was used to
portray the larger-than-life figures of the era (Parker, 2012/1921, pp. 50-100).
Note 1: For your in-text citation, include both the original and reprinted publication dates.
Italicize title
Book Chapter (in an edited book)
Format:
Chapter Author, A.A. (Publication Year). Chapter title. In A.A. Editor (Ed.), Book
title (chapter page numbers). Location: Publisher.
Example: Hardle, S.B. (1972). Amy Johnson. In Arbuckle, F.F. (Ed.), Aviators you’ve never
heard of (pp. 417-463). London: Aileron Group.
In-Text:
Forever in the shadow of Amelia Earhart, and without her knack for self-promotion,
Amy Johnson was destined to be “the other” aviatrix of the pre-Depression era
(Hardle, 1972, pp. 420-428).
Note 1: You would only cite a book chapter in an edited book (i.e. a book where every chapter is written
by a different author, but assembled by an editor); if the book only has one author, you would just cite
the entire book, even if you’re only using one chapter.
Italicize book title, journal
name, & volume #/issue#
Book Review
Format:
Example:
In-Text:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of review. [Review of the book Book title,
by A.A. Author]. Journal/Magazine name, volume number (issue number), page
numbers.
Pumanti, E.M. (2004). Leo Kottke’s disappointing autobiography! [Review of the
book Autobiography, by L.L. Kottke]. Journal of American Musios, 4(3), 17-19.
The reviews were dismal, however, and Kottke quickly went back to his guitar
(Pumanti, 2004, pp. 17-19).
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
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Italicize title
Brochure / Flyer
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Brochure title [Brochure/Flyer]. Location:
Publisher.
Example: Occidental Aesthetics. (2001). Lose 40 pounds in 48 hours [Brochure]. Chicago:
Occidental Aesthetics.
In-Text:
Cosmetic surgery was even making inroads in socioeconomically depressed areas of
the city, best epitomized by the ubiquitous Lose 40 Pounds in 48 Hours brochure,
found throughout Chicago’s south side in the summer of 2001 (Occidental
Aesthetics, 2001).
Classical Work (i.e. religious text)
Format
(Work name specific book [if applicable] chapter [if applicable]: verse [if
(In-Text): applicable] version [if applicable].
Example: Classical works are NOT cited in the reference list because they are considered to be
“commonly known”, and thus, a reference would be redundant. Only cite In-Text.
In-Text:
The Abrahamic religions, of course, offered guidance on the matter (Qur’an 7:1-2;
The Bible Ezekial 2:8-9 King James Version). Even the non-Abrahamic traditions
take a position on the issue (Baalapandita Sutta).
Note 1: If the work does not have a) specific books, b) chapters, or c) verses, simply omit those sections
from your in-text citation.
Note 2: Deciding what is, and isn’t, a classical work can be tricky. Most religious works are considered
classical, but where would, for instance, Scientology fit? Some consider Shakespeare’s work classical,
others not. If in doubt, simply cite the work as you would a regular book.
Conversation / Email/ Phone Call / Personal Interview
Format
(A.A. Sender, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
(In-Text):
Reference Conversations, email, phone calls, and personal interviews are NOT included in the
Example: reference list because they don’t provide recoverable data. Only cite these In-Text.
In-Text
Johnson, a violent and contemptible racist, spewed forth an unceasing stream of
Example: race-baiting invective during our conversation (D.D. Crow, personal
communication, January 7, 2014).
Italicize title
Dataset / Statistic
Format:
Author, A.A. / Rights Holder. (Publication year, month [if present]). Title of data
set/statistic [Description of material type]. Location: Name of Producer.
Example: Stuckey, D.J. (1780). The London social register 1779 [Social register]. London:
The London Historical Society.
Example South African Department of Mineral Resources. (1978, May). South African
2:
mines 1978 [Data file and codebook]. Johannesburg, South Africa: Government
Printing Works.
Example South African Department of Labour. (1979). Labour segmentation in South
3:
African mining operations by job type [Chart]. Johannesburg, South Africa:
Government Printing Works.
In-Text:
The range of datasets available to the modern consumer is enormous. Consider
social registers, now available in England as far back 1779 (Stuckey, 1780). Or,
should one’s tastes run more to the modern, one can find state-funded datasets in
most national libraries, such as, for instance, South African Mines 1978, as is
currently available in the National Library of South Africa (South African
Department of Mineral Resources, 1978). Visual representations of this data –
graphs, charts, tables, etc. – are also frequently used to illustrate various facets
within a dataset (South African Department of Labour, 2011).
Note 1: Don’t include a month in your in-text citation, even if it appears in the reference.
Note 2: A dataset is simply a collection of data (data being a body of facts or information about a
particular subject); a statistic is a particular piece of data, often represented graphically.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
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Italicize title
Dataset / Statistic (online)
Format:
Author, A.A. / Rights holder. (Publication year, month [if present]). Title of data
set [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL
Example World Bank. (2014, July). Gross domestic product ranking (GDP) [Dataset].
1:
Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalogue/GDP-ranking-table
Example International Monetary Fund. (2014). Percentage of household income paid to state
2:
tax - France [Graph]. Retrieved from http://imf/France/households/index.php
In-Text:
As at July, 2014, France had the 5th largest GDP in the world (World Bank, 2014).
France is unusual amongst the G10, however, in the unusually high percentage of
household income which goes toward the payment of state tax (International
Monetary Fund, 2014).
Note 1: Don’t include a month in your in-text citation, even if it appears in the reference.
Note 2: A dataset is simply a collection of data (data being a body of facts or information about a
particular subject); a statistic is a particular piece of data, often represented graphically.
Italicize title
Dictionary Entry
Format:
Word. (Publication year). In Title of dictionary. Location: Publisher.
Example Antidisestablishmentarianism. (2012). In Oxford English dictionary, 17th ed.
1:
London: Oxford.
Example Defriend. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, 25th ed. London: Oxford.
2:
In-Text:
‘Antidisestablishmentarianism’ is the longest word in the English language (Oxford
English dictionary, 2012). Language evolves, however, and even words that we
once thought silly – ‘defriend’, for instance – can find their way into dictionaries
(Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, n.d.).
Note 1: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the
publication year.
Italicize title
Dictionary Entry (online)
Format:
Word. (Publication year). In Title of dictionary. Retrieved from URL
Example: Googol. (2014). In dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/
In-Text:
Most people are unaware that the tech company Google took its name from the word
‘googol’, indicating the number (1.0 × 10100) (dictionary.com, 2014).
Note 1: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the
publication year.
E-Book
Format:
Example
1:
Example
2:
In-Text:
Italicize title
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of book. Retrieved from URL /doi:
Johnson, D.R. (2013). On the virtues of ice cream. Retrieved from
http://www.ebookplace.com/html/icecreambooks/321/index.html
Manley, M.M. (2014). The health risks of ice cream. doi: 10.1039/12344567.66.9.968
Research has revealed that vanilla is the most popular flavor of ice cream (Johnson,
2013). Subsequent research, however, has confirmed that chocolate ice cream is
growing in popularity (Manley, 2014, pp. 10-15).
Note 1: If the e-book has a doi: and a URL, only include the doi:.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 7
Italicize title
Encyclopedia Entry / Handbook Entry
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication Year). Article title. In Encyclopedia/handbook title.
(Vol. number, page numbers.). Location: Publisher.
Example Gallagher, L.N. (2000). Dynamic range compression in post-grunge popular music.
1:
In The Encyclopedia of Music Mastering, 2nd edition. (Vol. 3, pp. 972-979). Boston,
MA: Berklee Scholar’s Series Press.
Example Fagen, W.B. (2014). iTunes Radio and volume normalization standards. In
2:
Handbook of Digital Music. (pp. 242-247). New York, NY: Steely Brothers
Publishing.
In-Text:
Though certain albums retained a more dynamic mastering, the majority of popular
recordings were now being mastered in a compressed fashion (Gallagher, 2000).
With iTunes Radio’s volume ceiling, however, the incentive to hot master was now
considerably less than was the case with terrestrial radio (Fagen, 2014, pp. 243-245).
Note 1: Edition refers to the version/printing/iteration of the encyclopedia, while volume refers to the
number of different books which make up the encyclopedia. For example, World Book could be in its
10th edition, and in that edition, there might be 26 volumes, perhaps one for each letter of the alphabet.
Note 2: If the encyclopedia and/or handbook only has one volume, simply leave out the “Vol. number,
page numbers” section of your citation.
Italicize title
Essay (in a collection or anthology)
Format:
Essay Author, A.A. (Book publication year). Essay title. In A.A. Editor (Ed.),
Book title (pages numbers of essay). Location: Publisher.
Example: DeWitt, H.H. (2002). On the causes of poverty. In M.G. Canard (Ed.), Why can’t
we save? (pp. 80-90). Chagrin Falls, OH: Financial Literacy Publications.
In-Text:
Though the causes of poverty are multivariate, the inability to recognize one’s own
financial interests are complicating the problem (DeWitt, 2002, p. 81).
Italicize book title, journal title, volume #/ issue #
Essay (in a reprinted volume or course pack)
Format:
Essay Author, A.A. (Book publication year). Essay title. In A.A. Editor (Ed.),
Book title (page numbers of essay). Location: Publisher. (Reprinted from Journal
Name, journal issue publication year, volume number(issue number), page numbers).
Example: Millions, T.T. (2003). Anti-racism education in pre-modern children’s literature:
Decentering Curious George. In Wiseman, M.G. (Ed.), Kid-lit v.0.5 (pp. 20-30).
Toronto, Canada: Pissant Press. (Reprinted from Divestiture, 1981, 123(10), 32-42).
In-Text:
The prevailing attitudes of the day were profoundly hostile to communities of color,
though those prejudices were, to a degree, lessened in popular children’s fantasies of
the late 1890s and into the early 1900s (Millions, 2003/1981, p. 25-28).
Note 1: For your in-text citation, include both the original and reprinted publication dates.
Italicize title
Film / Motion Picture
Format:
Producer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Release/publication
year). Film title [Format]. Country: Movie Studio.
Example Spolborg, B.E. (Producer), & Abrahams, K.K. (Director). (2014). Guns against
1:
wizardry [Motion picture]. United States: Imagithrill Productions.
Example Boone, J.R. (Producer), & Hudson, F.G. (Director). (2011). Satan vs. aliens
2:
[DVD]. United States: Palimpsest Studios.
In-Text:
With Satan vs. Aliens, Hollywood budgets had been taken to a ludicrous extreme
(Boone and Hudson, 2011). The budget of Guns Against Wizardry was larger still,
though, in fairness, the CGI work was breathtaking (Spolborg and Abrahams, 2014).
Italicize title
Government Publication
Format:
Author, A.A. / Government Agency. (Publication year). Title of
book/report/publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example Hung, W.S. (2003). A review of the evidence: The MMR vaccination and the
1:
development of autism spectrum disorders. Vancouver, Canada: Health Canada,
Canadian Institute for Health Information.
Example British Columbia Ministry of Health. (1999). Do vaccinations cause autism?
2:
Victoria, Canada: Queen’s Printer for British Columbia.
In-Text:
Health authorities mounted a campaign to assure the public that vaccinations were
indeed safe (British Columbia Ministry of Health, 1999). By 2003, these campaigns
had a wealth of counter-evidence to discredit Wakefield’s claims (Hung, 2003).
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
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Italicize title
Image / Photo / Artwork (online)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Role of author). (Creation year). Title of work [Type of work].
Retrieved from URL
Example Cooke, S.S. (Painter). (2014). Dogs on the couch [Painting]. Retrieved from
1:
https://www.cookespaintings.com
Example MacDermott, C.C. (Photographer). (2013). Furby gets shaved [Image]. Retrieved
2:
September 17, 2013, from https://www.mcdermottsimages.com/temporary.html
In-Text:
With the rise of social media, the memorialization of pets was taken to new heights.
Consider Dogs on the Couch, which depicts a dog acting in the manner of a human
(Cooke, 2014). Similarly, Furby Gets Shaved playfully captures the in-progress
shaving of Furby, an impossibly fluffy dog (McDermott, 2013).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Italicize title
Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author)
Format:
Title of work [Type of work]. (Creation year). Retrieved from URL
Example: Autumn cat by my door [Drawing]. (2010). Retrieved from
https://www.catpictures.com/
In-Text:
The number of cat image repositories was staggering, though few of the repositories
required authorial attribution. For example, the drawing below is effectively
anonymous (Autumn cat by my door, 2010).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Image / Photo / Artwork (online, without author, date, or title)
Format:
[Subject and type of work]. (n.d.) Retrieved from URL
Example: [Untitled painting of a man ingesting peyote]. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.stonerart.com/pre-trip/peyote.html
In-Text:
Consider, even, the reification of the pre-trip experience, captured anonymously in
the painting below (Untitled painting of a man ingesting peyote, n.d.).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Note 2: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the
publication year.
Italicize journal title &
volume #/issue #
Journal Article (print or digital copy of print)
Format:
Example
1:
Example
2:
In-Text:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number(issue number), page number(s).
Jack, J.T. (2007). Is basket weaving an academic discipline? Evidence from the
field. The Progressive Academic, 12(2), 1-10.
Jack, J.T. (2009). Basket weaving revisited: Revisionist historiographies and the
post-secular elephant in the room. Illumine!, 14, 38-40.
Basket weaving was held in contempt by many of the faculty, but a grassroots,
student-led campaign spurred its take-up at the college (Jack, 2007, p. 9). In time,
basket weaving became a cornerstone of the curriculum (Jack, 2009).
Note 1: For multiple authors, cite your authors in the same way you would for Books (pg. 4-5).
Note 2: If your journal does not have an issue number, simply omit that part of the citation.
Italicize journal title & volume #/issue #
Journal Article (with doi:)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of article. Journal title, volume
number(issue number), page numbers.
Example: Suessadon, T.G. (2005). ‘Twist’ denouements in pre-Victorian English literature:
New perspectives . The Journal of Colonial Literature, 45(2), 25-38.
doi:10:1038/1111-2222.333.4.555
In-Text:
The device was infrequently used, though select works employed it (Suessadon,
2005, p. 35-36).
Note 1: For multiple authors, cite your authors in the same way you would for Books (pg. 4-5).
Note 2: If the article has a doi: and a URL, only include the doi:.
Note 3: If you found the article in a database, DO NOT include the database name in your citation.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 9
Italicize journal title &
volume #/issue #
Journal Article (with URL but no doi:)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number(issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from URL
Example Beatty, L.G. (2012). The International Baccalaureate in Albertan K-12 classrooms:
1:
Measuring ‘world mindedness’. The Canadian Journal of International Education
Studies, 4(3), 26-50. Retrieved from http://www.queensu.edu.ca/research/index.php
Example Tarc, P.R. (2013). The International Baccalaureate in Ontarian secondary
2:
classrooms. The Canadian Journal of Education Studies, 6(4), 13-27. Retrieved
January 22, 2014, from http://shadywebsite.com/files/contents.html
In-Text:
One of the goals of the IB is to convey a sense of world mindedness to its students
(Beatty, 2012, p. 49). In secondary classrooms, however, developing a sense of
world mindedness is not seen by the students as an important objective of the IB
(Tarc, 2013).
Note 1: For multiple authors, cite your authors in the same way you would for Books (pg. 4-5).
Note 2: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Note 2: If you found the article in a database, DO NOT include the database name in your citation.
Italicize magazine title & volume #/issue #
Magazine Article
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day [if applicable]). Article title. Magazine
title, volume number(issue number), page number(s).
Example Simmons, B.W. (2009, May 14). The NBA and Sabermetrics: Fledgling steps.
1:
Illustrious Sports, 79(12), 20-40.
Example Lowe, Z.Z. (2014, July). Sabermetrics rethought. Sportsman’s Stats, 79-85.
2:
In-Text:
Sabermetrics had been developed in the 1980s by Bill James, but prior to 2000, had
mostly been used in baseball (Simmons, 2009, p. 20-25). Their use in the NBA
began to skyrocket with when Houston Rocket’s General Manager, Daryl Morey,
began to use them with success (Lowe, 2014, p. 79-82).
Note 1: If the magazine does not include a day, simply omit that section from your citation.
Note 2: If the magazine does not have a volume #/issue #, simply omit that section from your citation.
Note 3: Don’t include a month in your in-text citation, even if it appears in the reference.
Italicize magazine title & volume #/issue #
Magazine Article (online)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year, month). Article title. Magazine title, volume
number(issue number), page number(s). Retrieved from URL
Example: Richards, S.J. (2007, March). Online dating and deceptive billing practices: Find
true love, sure, but where’s the opt-out? Lover’s Lane, 79(6), 23-26. Retrieved
from http://www.loverslaneonline.com//2007/march/deceptivebillingpractices.html
In-Text:
While the match rate of online dating services was increasing, the sites still retained
an aura of disreputability, especially as epitomized by their unforgiving billing
practices (Richards, 2007).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Italicize map/atlas title
Map (from an atlas or book)
Format:
Map Author, A.A. (Publication year). Map title [map]. Scale. In A.A. Author,
Atlas/book title. Place of publication: Publisher. (Page number[s)).
Example: Morantz, A.B. (2003). Cherokee relocations in the New York region, 1867-1912
[map]. 1:4,400,000. In B.C. Barker, Atlas of Native American migrations, 18671967. Niagara Falls, NY: Brown Rice Press. (p. 61).
In-Text:
The Cherokee relocation was comparatively swift, and the permeable Canadian
border would soon find them relocating into Canadian territory. (Morantz, 2003, p.
61).
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 10
Map (online)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Map title [map]. Scale. Retrieved from URL
Example: Hogan, S.D. (2011). The Holy Roman Empire, 1750 [map]. 1:9,900,000.
Retrieved from https://www.changingterritories.com/1700s/holyromanempire.php
In-Text:
By 1750, however, the Empire was neither Roman, holy, or really even an empire
(Hogan, 2011).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Italicize map/atlas title
Music Recording
Format:
Writer, A.A. (Copyright year). Song title [Recorded by A.A. Artist if different
than Writer]. On Album title [medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Year of
recording if differs from copyright year).
Example LaRouge, S.M. (2014). Pumps and paradise. On Dragsville revisited [vinyl].
1:
Springfield, IL: Big Punk Records.
Example LaRouge, S.M. (2011). Duckface [Recorded by S.M. LaRouge, N. Conroy, & B.
2:
Weatherhead]. On Arrows through apples [compact disc]. Jacksonville, IL:
Alation. (2012).
In-Text:
Still carrying the moniker ‘Shawn’, Larouge produced a startling array of records,
most notably Arrows Through Apples, which saw him join forces with local garage
rock luminaries Nikes Conroy and Butch Weatherhead (LaRouge, 2011). Three
years later, Larouge had gone solo, though his output remained vital, most notably
on the already-classic ‘Pumps and Paradise’ (LaRouge, 2014).
Italicize newspaper title
Newspaper Article
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Article title. Newspaper title, page
number(s).
Example Blatchford, C. (1972, September 27). A jerkwater town no longer. The Podunk
1:
Times, p. B2.
Example DeMontario, D.P. (1977, December 12). Fiery auto wreck at the Main St. pumping
2:
station. The Podunk Times, pp. C3-C7.
In-Text:
The term ‘jerkwater’ originally described trains which ran off the main line
(Blatchford, 1972, p. B2). Podunk, IL was indeed a jerkwater town, but after its
pumping station was engulfed in flames in 1977, things got even more difficult for
trains passing through town (DeMontario, 1977, pp. C3-C7).
Note 1: Most periodicals don’t use (“pp.” or “p.”) in the References list, but newspapers do because they
don’t have volumes. In the References list, use “p.” if there’s only one page in the newspaper and “pp.”
if there’s more than one page. Mirror that for your in-text citation. Honestly, this is the sort of lunatic
particularism that gives academic citation its justifiably bad name. Happy times! 
Italicize newspaper title
Newspaper Article (online)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Article title. Newspaper title, page
number(s). Retrieved from URL
Example: Karotin, S.C. (1995, February 4). Chicken in the fridge: how long is too long? The
Springfield Courant. Retrieved from http://www.thespringfieldcourant.com/
In-Text:
Even with proper refrigeration, a rotisserie chicken should not be eaten after 48hours (from the time of purchase) (Karotin, 1995).
Note 1: Many online newspapers won’t have page numbers; if this is the case, simply omit the page
number(s) section from your reference.
Note 2: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Podcast
Format:
Example:
In-Text:
Italicize title
Author/Producer, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Podcast title. [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from URL
Sumner, G. (2013, April 1). The stultifying effects of smooth jazz on the post-punk
movement. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.podcastar.com/index.php
Post-punk thrived on energy, precise playing, and a fascination with odd time
signatures; by the mid-1990s, however, smooth jazz had taken its toll on the best
artists of the movement (Sumner, 2013).
Note 1: Don’t include a month in your in-text citation, even if it appears in the reference.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 11
Italicize poem title
Poem (original)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Poem title. In Book title (page number[s]).
Location: Publisher.
Example: Brown, P.R. (2002). Black cream, black coffee. In Incomplete erasures (pp. 3233). New York: Omnipoly Publications.
In-Text:
Brown’s work was typical of the period, as best exemplified by his seminal piece,
Black Cream, Black Coffee (Brown, 2002, pp. 32-33).
Italicize poem title and original book title
Poem (reprinted)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Poem title. In Book title (page number[s]).
Location: Publisher. (Reprinted from Original book title, original year published)
Example: Yorrick, K.K. (2002). Red caps in green hats. In The collected poems of Korin
Yorrick: 1980-1985 (pp. 50-51). San Francisco, CA: Poet’s Press. (Reprinted from
The Irish condition, 1982).
In-Text:
His work was becoming more confrontational, as wonderfully illustrated in Red
Caps in Green Hats (Yorrick, 2002/1982, pp. 50-51).
Italicize title
Presentation (online or digital)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Presentation title [Presentation type]. Retrieved
from URL
Example Blaine, J.J. (2012). How to use Prezi [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from
1:
https://encrypted.google.com/#q=presentation5639
Example John Robarts Training Institute. (2013). How to use PowerPoint [Prezi
2:
presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.johnrobartstraining.com/presentation.php
In-Text:
Online training materials, particularly for Prezi and PowerPoint, had become
ubiquitous by 2014 (Blaine, 2012; John Robarts Training Institute, 2013).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Italicize title
Screenplay / Play Script
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Script/screenplay title. Location: Publisher
Example: St. Jean, E.B. (2014). Dammit Janet! The shooting script from the movie that
changed Hollywood. Hollywood, CA: Pissant Publishing.
In-Text:
The script was irreverent and insightful. Consider the following passage, which
illustrates Janet’s exasperation with her gormless aunt, Susan (St. Jean, 2014, p. 13):
SUSAN: Now, you see, Janet, one can never be too clean! Never, never,
never! For cleanliness is next to godliness – and you want to be closer to
God, don’t you???
JANET: No, no I don’t. [JANET calmly deposits her freshly laundered
clothes on the floor]. Poo poo to God, and poo poo to you! [JANET reaches
into her pocket, removes a handful of dirt, and throws it across her bed].
Filth is my only god! [JANET walks to her aquarium, reaches inside, and
flings a ream of algae into SUSAN’s face].
SUSAN: Dammit, Janet!
Note 1: If the script or screenplay is online, simply follow the reference format for E-Books [APA doesn’t
actually give any guidance on screenplays at all, so we’re improvising here…]
Note 2: For dialogue and/or stage direction, apply a block quote.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 12
Italicize social media name
Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.)
Format:
Personal Name / Username / Group Name. (Publication year). Name of post. In
Social media name [Page type]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL
Example Jembutt Krittenag. (2013). Shampoo at Walgreens today, $3.99! In Facebook
1:
[Personal page]. Retrieved January 1, 2014, from
https://www.facebook.com/baxcell250?fret=ts
Example Walgreens. (2014). In Twitter [Corporate page]. Retrieved January 2, 2014, from
2:
https://www.twitter.com/Walgreens
In-Text:
Walgreens has a legion of supporters who go out of their way to promote the
company on social media (Kriteng, 2013). The Walgreens corporate page, however,
is an unexciting and staid affair (Walgreens, 2014).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time; for social media, the source post can often change over time
(edited, deleted, made private, etc.), so include a retrieval date.
Note 2: If you want to cite a social media page, and not a particular post on the page, simply omit the
“Name of post” section from your citation.
Note 3: For Twitter, the name of the post is the first 40 or so characters of the post.
Italicize series name
Television Program (episode)
Format:
Writer, A.A. (Writer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Broadcast year). Episode title
[Television series episode]. In A.A. Producer (Producer), Series name. Location:
Studio
Example: Scheneker, R.R. (Writer), & Robinson, D.N. (Director). (2005). The t-rex and the
toad [Television series episode]. In C.C. Horowitz (Producer), Worlds of fantasy.
Hollywood, CA: Windsurfer Productions, LLC.
In-Text:
The Emmy-winning episode, however, was childish, puerile, and delivered none of
the high fantasy the series was known for (Scheneker & Robinson, 2005).
Italicize series name
Television Program (series)
Format:
Producer, A.A. (Producer). (First year of series broadcast). Series name
[Television series]. Location: Studio
Example: Scandrick, F.R. (Producer). (2011). Tripartite [Television series]. Los Angeles,
CA: Plucked Chicken Productions.
In-Text:
On the other hand, shows such as Tripartite took the conceit in a brainier direction,
giving the sci-fi genre its first ‘college intellectual’ hit since Buffy (Scandrick, 2011).
Italicize title
Video (online)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Publication year, month day). Video title [Video file]. Retrieved
from URL
Example Cunningham, R.R. (2006, April 20). Death warriors from Hell review [Video file].
1:
Retrieved from https://www.videoreviewsontherun.com/index.html
Example SpeedMonster 75. (2007, May 26). Speed run: Death warriors from hell [Video
2:
file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUbksLlrscA
In-Text:
The sequel, Death Warriors from Hell, received all manner of popular attention,
from glowing reviews (Cunningham, 2006) to play through videos (SpeedMonster
75, 2007).
Italicize title
Videogame
Format:
Developer. (Publication year). Videogame title [Game format]. Location:
Publisher.
Example Parallaxium. (1983). Castle adventure [PC game]. Bristol, UK: Fantasia
1:
Publishing Corporation.
Example Sobriquet Studios. (2014). Castle adventure redux [Playstation 4 game]. Montreal,
2:
Canada: Rataxes Ltd.
In-Text:
The trend in videogame remakes is clearly epitomized in the recent remake of Castle
Adventure, creatively titled Castle Adventure Redux (Sobriquet Studios, 2014). The
original title used little more than icons and text to convey its adventure
(Parallaxium, 1983). The remake is a multimillion dollar extravaganza, bordering
on the obscene.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 13
Italicize title
Website (with personal author)
Format:
Author, A.A. (Creation / update year, month). Website title. Retrieved from URL
Example Troy, C. (2011, January). WordPress now the leading microblogging platform.
1:
Retrieved from http://www.blogdigest.com/docs/wordpressnowleading.html
Example Kroft, V.L (n.d.). WordPress security breach. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from
2:
http://www.flybynightnewsoutlet.com/wordpresssecuritybreach.asp
In-Text:
The WordPress blogging platform was, by 2011, the leading microblogging platform
on the Internet (Troy, 2011). That growth, however, made the site a very public
target for hackers and data thieves (Kroft, n.d.).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Note 2: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the
publication year.
Website (with an institution, organization, or company as author) Italicize title
Format:
Institution / Organization / Company. (Creation / update year, month). Website
title. Retrieved from URL
Example Coca-Cola Global. (2009, February). The secret ingredient. Retrieved from
1:
http://www.coke.com/thesecretingredient.html
Example Fit Day. (2014, June). 5 reasons why aspartame is dangerous. Retrieved June 16,
2:
2014, from http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/5dangersofaspartame.php
In-Text:
Though many have speculated on the secret ingredient, Coke has remained silent on
the issue (Coca-Cola Global, 2009). In Diet Coke, however, the secret ingredient
has been supplemented with a not-so-secret ingredient – aspartame. Though health
authorities have definitively established that aspartame is safe for human
consumption – save by phenylketonuriacs – the lunatic fringe continues to cast doubt
on the safety of the chemical (FitDay, 2014).
Note 1: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time.
Note 2: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the
publication year.
Website (without an identifiable author) / Wiki / Discussion Board Italicize title
Format:
Title of specific page/document. (Creation / update year, month). In Website title.
Retrieved from URL
Example The human condition and other scandals. (2013, February). In Reddit. Retrieved
1:
from http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/2djf9s/the_human_condition/
Example Phrenology. (2014, November). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 3, 2013, from
2:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology1
In-Text:
Following the revelation, Internet discussion boards were fixated on the issue,
particularly the Reddit community (The human condition…, 2013). When it came
to light that phrenology was also involved in the practice, the Wikipedia page for
“phrenology” was repeatedly defaced (Phrenology, 2013).
Note 1: If you can’t find a date, or the work doesn’t have one, put “n.d.” (meaning, “no date”) for the
publication year.
Note 2: Include a retrieval date (i.e. “Retrieved January 22, 2014, from URL”) only if you believe the
source is likely to change over time; for wikis and discussion boards, it is almost assured that the source
will change over time, so do include a retrieval date for these resources.
Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 14
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Autumn cat by my door [Drawing]. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.catpictures.com/
Antidisestablishmentarianism. (2012). In Oxford English dictionary, 17th ed. London: Oxford.
Beatty, L.G. (2012). The International Baccalaureate in Albertan K-12 classrooms: Measuring
‘world mindedness’. The Canadian Journal of International Education Studies, 4(3), 2650. Retrieved from http://www.queensu.edu.ca/research/index.php
Blaine, J.J. (2012). How to use Prezi [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from
https://encrypted.google.com/#q=presentation5639
Blatche, M.N. (Ed.). (2014). The ignominious death of bike polo. Washington, OR: Rowlff
Publishing Co, Ltd.
Blatchford, C. (1972, September 27). A jerkwater town no longer. The Podunk Times, p. B2.
Boone, J.R. (Producer), & Hudson, F.G. (Director). (2011). Satan vs. aliens [DVD]. United
States: Palimpsest Studios.
British Columbia Ministry of Health. (1999). Do vaccinations cause autism? Victoria, Canada:
Queen’s Printer for British Columbia.
Brown, P.R. (2002). Black cream, black coffee. In Incomplete erasures (pp. 32-33). New
York: Omnipoly Publications.
Coca-Cola Global. (2009, February). The secret ingredient. Retrieved from
http://www.coke.com/thesecretingredient.html
Cooke, S.S. (Painter). (2014). Dogs on the couch [Painting]. Retrieved from
https://www.cookespaintings.com
Cunningham, R.R. (2006, April 20). Death warriors from Hell review [Video file]. Retrieved
from https://www.videoreviewsontherun.com/index.html
Defriend. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, 25th ed. London: Oxford.
DeMontario, D.P. (1977, December 12). Fiery auto wreck at the Main St. pumping station. The
Podunk Times, pp. C3-C7.
DeWitt, H.H. (2002). On the causes of poverty. In M.G. Canard (Ed.), Why can’t we save? (pp.
80-90). Chagrin Falls, OH: Financial Literacy Publication.
Fagen, W.B. (2014). iTunes Radio and volume normalization standards. In Handbook of
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Fit Day. (2014, June). 5 reasons why aspartame is dangerous. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from
http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/5dangersofaspartame.php
Gallagher, L.N. (2000). Dynamic range compression in post-grunge popular music. In The
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Glendenning, H.M. (2004). Collecting liquor by the river: Memoirs of a life well lived. (G.G.
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Googol. (2014). In dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/
Hardle, S.B. (1972). Amy Johnson. In Arbuckle, F.F. (Ed.), Aviators you’ve never heard of
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Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 15
Hayman, R.R., Loyer, J.J., & Cleaver, R.V. (2012). What does ‘information literacy’ mean for
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Hogan, S.D. (2011). The Holy Roman Empire, 1750 [map]. 1:9,900,000. Retrieved from
https://www.changingterritories.com/1700s/holyromanempire.php
The human condition and other scandals. (2013, February). In Reddit. Retrieved from
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Hung, W.S. (2003). A review of the evidence: The MMR vaccination and the development of
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International Monetary Fund. (2014). Percentage of household income paid to state tax France [Graph]. Retrieved from http://imf/France/households/index.php
Jack, J.T. (2007). Is basket weaving an academic discipline? Evidence from the field. The
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Jack, J.T. (2009). Basket weaving revisited: Revisionist historiographies and the post-secular
elephant in the room. Illumine!, 14, 38-40.
Jembutt Krittenag. (2013). Shampoo at Walgreens today, $3.99! In Facebook [Personal page].
Retrieved January 1, 2014, from https://www.facebook.com/baxcell250?fret=ts
John Robarts Training Institute. (2013). How to use PowerPoint [Prezi presentation]. Retrieved
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Johnson, D.R. (2013). On the virtues of ice cream. Retrieved from
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Karotin, S.C. (1995, February 4). Chicken in the fridge: how long is too long? The Springfield
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Kroft, V.L (n.d.). WordPress security breach. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from
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LaRouge, S.M. (2011). Duckface [Recorded by S.M. LaRouge, N. Conroy, & B. Weatherhead].
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Millions, T.T. (2003). Anti-racism education in pre-modern children’s literature: Decentering
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Morantz, A.B. (2003). Cherokee relocations in the New York region, 1867-1912 [map].
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Created & Maintained by Luke Beatty; Last updated: November, 2014
Page 16
Occidental Aesthetics. (2001). Lose 40 pounds in 48 hours [Brochure]. Chicago: Occidental
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Parallaxium. (1983). Castle adventure [PC game]. Bristol, UK: Fantasia Publishing
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Parker, J.J. (2012). A most fabulous folio of New York’s finest. New York: Ball Point
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Phrenology. (2014, November). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 3, 2013, from
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Pumanti, E.M. (2004). Leo Kottke’s disappointing autobiography! [Review of the book
Autobiography, by L.L. Kottke]. Journal of American Musios, 4(3), 17-19.
Reda, G.R. (2008). Bike polo: Hipster folly or true sport? Portland, OR: Armisenis Press.
Richards, S.J. (2007, March). Online dating and deceptive billing practices: Find true love, sure,
but where’s the opt-out? Lover’s Lane, 79(6), 23-26. Retrieved from
http://www.loverslaneonline.com//2007/march/deceptivebillingpractices.html
Roth, U.J., & Meine, K.C. (Eds.). (1966). Hitler after Roehm. Heidelberg, Germany: In Trance
Press.
Scandrick, F.R. (Producer). (2011). Tripartite [Television series]. Los Angeles, CA: Plucked
Chicken Productions.
Scheneker, R.R. (Writer), & Robinson, D.N. (Director). (2005). The t-rex and the toad
[Television series episode]. In C.C. Horowitz (Producer), Worlds of fantasy. Hollywood,
CA: Windsurfer Productions, LLC.
Smith, S.S., Johnson, J.J., Williams, W.W., Brown, B.B., Jones, G.G., Miller, M.M., … Davis,
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