REFERENCING GUIDE
compiled by
School of Humanities
Griffith University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS ................................ 3 TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, PERIODICALS, NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES ................... 9 TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL ............................................................................................. 13 TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS ....................................................................... 15 TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS .................................................................. 17 TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY SOURCES ...................... 21 3. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 23 Please report any errors, typographical or otherwise, to [email protected]
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
1
1.
INTRODUCTION
The Harvard system, also known as the author/date system, is not based on a singular
source document. This guide, like most Australian university Harvard referencing
guides, is based on Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual: for authors, editors
and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, Milton, with
additional material and updates reflecting best practice in the tertiary sector. The
Harvard system has two components:
a) In-text citations (also known as short references and in-text references) which list
the author, year of publication and page number in brackets at the relevant
place, usually the end of a sentence, phrase or clause or immediately after a
quotation. They act as a form of shorthand so that readers can turn to the
bibliography or references and check for full details if they wish to pursue an idea.
b) The Reference List provides full bibliographic details for all sources referred to in your
assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced with an
in-text citation in your essay must have a corresponding entry in your Reference List.
Hanging indent format of list is not required.
It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography
lists everything you may have consulted, while a reference list consists of only those
sources for which you provide in-text references. A bibliography is not needed
unless specifically requested by your lecturer.
Rules for Referencing
All referencing follows very simple rules based on commonsense questions. In their
simplest form, these are:
•
•
•
•
Who wrote it?
When was it published?
What is it called? Or, in which journal did it appear?
Who published it? Or, in which volume and issue number of the journal?
Presentation matters. Follow exactly the punctuation’ use of upper and lower case, italics
or plain text, use or absence of quote marks, use of dashes and abbreviations that appear
in the following tables.
Note:
In the following guide some entries are fictitious and others are real. No quotations
attributed to the sources are real.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
2
2. TABLES
TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
Source Type
1. Book
No author
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
It was meaningless rubbish; a fact
that ‘every politician worth his salt
knew’ Franklin Dam issues (2000,
p. 16).
Franklin Dam issues 2000, Greenpeace Publications,
Hobart.
When there is no author, the title of the
book takes that position.
Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,
2002, rev.3, Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton,
Qld.
In-text citations MUST feature page
numbers
OR
As a proper noun Franklin Dam is
capitalised.
The most recent edition of Franklin
Dam issues claims ‘every politician
worth his salt’ (2000, p. 16) knew
nothing was being done.
This guide was prepared for Griffith
university students using the
standard text for Harvard
referencing in Australian publishing
(Style manual for authors, editors
and printers 2002).
2. Book
Single author
The current issue for masculinity ‘is
its unpopular image’ (Bly 1990, p.
72).
Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York.
Italics and minimal capitalisation in book
titles.
OR
A comma separates all bibliographic
elements after the year.
Robert Bly argues that the
‘unpopular image’ (1990, p. 72) of
Note: no comma between author’s name
and the year.
Source Type
3. Book
Two or three authors
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Most undergraduates know ‘much
more than they imagine’ (Beasty,
Tingle and Poppin 2007, p. 5) about
straightforward referencing.
Beasty, Frank, Tingle, Mary & Poppin, Paul 2007,
Understanding referencing at undergraduate level,
Random House, London.
The ampersand (&) in the in-text citation is
replaced by the word ‘and’ when it appears
in the written text, but the ampersand is
again valid in the Reference List.
According to Beasty, Tingle and
Poppin most undergraduates know
‘much more than they imagine’
(2007, p. 5) about referencing.
4. Book
Four or more authors
Ornithologists are concerned about
‘the increasingly severe results of
global warming on migratory
patterns in some nomadic birds’
(Swan et al 2006, p. 95).
Names appear in order they appear on the
title page.
Swan, Ben, Franks, Jill, Marvin, Eddie, Lanks, Pat &
Somers, David 2006, Global warming and birds in the
wild, Faber & Faber, New York.
Select a reputable dictionary to determine
whether common usage applies. Italics in
the dictionary dictate the format of your
work. Use the same dictionary throughout
the paper.
OR
Swan et al claim ‘the increasingly
severe results of global warming’
(2006, p. 95) are already
detrimental to some birds.
5. Book
Very long name of
authoring body rather
than a
person
Vegetarians should research the
many alternative sources of plantbased protein available
(Vegetarians united 2007, p.6)
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
Foreign phrases that are not common
English usage, e.g. et al should be
italicised.
All names, separated by a comma with the
exception of an ampersand between the
last two, appear in the Reference List.
Vegetarians united, see European, Asian and
Australasian vegetarians united.
European, Asian and Australasian vegetarians united
2007, Going plant-based, Whole Earth Publications,
Sydney.
Use abbreviation consistently and in the
reference list to cross-reference the same
abbreviation to the full term.
Long titles may be abbreviated and cross –
referenced using an italicised entry in the
appropriate location in the reference list
4
Source Type
6. Book
Multiple works by
same author in one
assignment or paper
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Frederick Green has been
researching this issue for a decade
(Green 1995, 2000, 2008).
Green, Frederick 1995, Youth and society in the eighties,
Virago Press, London
In-text citation years separated by a
comma.
――2000, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago
Press, London
If page numbers were used in the in- text
citation, a semi colon separates the entries
because a comma separates year and the
‘p’ of page and a full stop is used after the
‘p’ already.
Green frequently uses the same
examples (1995, p.16; 2000, p.98;
2008, p.5).
――2008, Youth and society in the noughties, Virago
Press, London
Repeated name in Reference List replaced
by a double dash without a space following
before date.
Presented chronologically from least to
most recent.
The hanging format of the entry.
7. Book
More than one work in
same year by same
author.
8. Book
Different authors with
the same surname
Frederick Green is arguably the
most prolific author in this field
(Green 2000a; 2000b; 2000c).
Green, Frederick 2000a, Adolescence to adulthood,
Jacaranda, Brisbane, Australia
――2000b, Age and competency-based learning,
Jacaranda, Brisbane, Australia
The autobiography, (Potter MJ
2002) was hotly disputed by several
members of the family, including
her daughter (Potter C 2005).
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
Sequence is dictated alphabetically
letter by letter: Adolescence, Age, Youth.
If articles (a, the, an) are
present, they are disregarded.
――2000c, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago
Press, London
Repeated name in Reference List replaced
by a double dash without a space
following.
Potter, Claire 2005, Not while I’m alive to tell the tale,
Moody Press, Halifax.
In-text citation features first initial to
disambiguate authors
Potter, Marion J. 2002, One dark night in winter, Moody
Press, Halifax.
List alphabetically according to first initial
of author’s first name.
5
Source Type
9. Book
Pseudonym
10. Book
Quotation from
someone cited by
author
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
It is hard to believe that this was the
same person who wrote Up the
Country (Brent of Bin Bin 1928, p.
54)
Brent of Bin Bin (Stella Marie Miles Franklin) 1928, Up
the country: A tale of early Australian squattocracy,
Blackwood, Edinburgh.
Could also be written as:
Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud. of Stella Marie
Miles Franklin) 1928,
OR:
Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud.) 1928,
All they could do was ‘put a nose,
not so much to the grindstone, as to
the source of the not so delicate
aroma to discover its origins’
(Gadling in Bradshaw 1965, p. 72)
Bradshaw, Lee 1965, Days of wine and whiners,
Falstaff, London.
BOTH names are required for in-text
citation.
OR in the case of a preface or introduction in a
collection by someone well known:
Note the source in which YOU found the
quotation NOT where your source found it.
OR
Gadling (in Bradshaw 1965, p. 72)
claimed that this was a unique way
to proceed.
(Maurois, in Proust 1970, p.6)
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
Maurois, André 1970 in Marcel Proust, Jean Santeuil,
trans. G. Hopkins, Simon & Schuster, New York.
Translator name presented after
publication title. Use initials first for
translator. Begin with the name of the
author of the cited material.
6
Source Type
11. Edited Book
Editor
Editors
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
A short guide to Australian poetry
(ed. Winkler 2003) is one of the
better books of its type.
Winkler, Robert (ed.) 2003, A short guide to Australian
poetry, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
The full stop after ed.
Winkler, Robert, & Bradley, Adam (eds) 2006, More
Australian poetry from the best, trans. Oubije
Noonunka, Pietro Flavio & Gunter Kunte, Melbourne
University Press, Melbourne.
No full stop after eds
Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post
traumatic stress in refugees’, in David Bentley (ed.)
Finding new voices, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
Plain text and single quote marks, minimal
capitalisation for chapter title within a
larger work.
If no author:
Year still placed immediately after the
author of the chapter.
Winkler and Bradley’s new edition
of collected poetry (2006) is
significant for its inclusion of
poetry by indigenous and migrant
groups.
This rule also applies to tran. and trans, to
comp. and comps, to ill. and ills and to rev.
and revs (See Section D for terms).
The most alarming poem, from a
political detainee, is by a young
Chinese man (Hua, in Winkler
& Bradley 2006, p. 34).
12. Chapter by an author
in an edited book
Without doubt, the response to
Winkler and Bradley has been
rapid. Bentley’s collection (ed.
2007) was the first and in that
collection, the most outstanding
example of a sensitive response to
diversity has come from a young
Englishwoman (Paulson, in ed.
Bentley 2006, pp. 79-98).
Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post
traumatic stress in refugees’, in Finding new voices,
Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
Title of collection italicised.
Editor’s name is written with first name
first and family name last.
If no author, use title.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
7
Source Type
13. Different editions of a
book
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Crumbwart (1946) is one such later
response
Crumbwart, Phillip 1962 (1946), Responding to a
nuclear world, 10th edn, vol. 3, rev. Maxwell Sneddon,
Hogarth Press, London.
The edition number comes immediately
after the title, the volume number after that
because it identifies the work.
Significant input from a reviser must be
mentioned as follows: in the full reference,
place the original date of publication in
brackets after the date of the current work,
if the latter is significantly different.
NB: Apply School of Humanities
usage as shown above for GU
assignments unless directed
otherwise. Be aware that in the
Style manual for authors, editors
and printers, 6th edition, the
original date is not prioritized by the
in-text citation
14. Encyclopedia or
Dictionary
Inflation has a large entry that
covers all the basics and then some
(Encyclopedia Britannica 1982)
If there is an author of a segment
mentioned, then the principles already
outlined in chapter of an edited book
apply.
The term is not included in the
Oxford English dictionary (1997) .
15. Electronic Book or
book viewed
electronically
This is evident in much research
now available in electronic form
(Armitage 2007)
OR
PDF files
(eg ABS, database
journals)
If these items are stated in the text of your
document they do not require mention in
the list of references.
Armitage, Mary 2007, ‘The far from final ‘Tale of two
cities’, Miranda Publishing, Kilroy, Queensland.
Retrieved August 2007 from NetLibrary database.
Single inverted commas highlight title
within a title already italicised.
Clarification of where Kilroy is for those
who do not know.
Full stop at end of entry prior to retrieval
details.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
8
TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, PERIODICALS, NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES
Source Type
1. Article in a print journal
with a volume number
and an issue number
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
The most exciting diversions,
according to some practitioners are
difficult to resist through breathing
alone‟ (Franklin 1968, p. 5)
Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to share an
intimate Evening’, Journal of Leisure and
Sexuality, vol. 39, no.10, pp. 63-82.
Article title: single inverted commas. Comma
separates titles.
Journal title: italicised and capitalised.
Do not use capitals for vol. and/or no.
Include articles page numbers.
Article with no author: list by title.
2. Article in a print journal
with a volume no., issue
no. and month identifier
This is Mary Jane’s only sane act in
the whole novel (Trudell 2003,
p.92)
Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding eugenics
in “Darwinians Must”’, Journal of Mental
Health and Literature, vol. 3, December, pp.
92-101.
Could also be written - see note:
Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding eugenics
in Darwinians Must’, Journal of Mental Health
and Literature, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 92-101.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
As above. Plus:
Within article title, another italicised title (book,
ship name, etc) should also be either italicised OR
placed in double inverted commas. Whichever is
chosen, consistency is then required throughout the
reference list.
If both month identifier and issue no. are present,
select one or the other to place after the vol.
identifier. Again, consistency is required once a
decision is made.
9
Source Type
3. Electronic journal, full
text accessed from a
database or through
library catalogue
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Education is little more than a
sausage machine unless we think
seriously about what we are doing
(Jugges 1976, p. 31).
Jugges, Matthew 1976, ‘Making young people
creative’, Journal of Australian Education, Infocus series, Marilyn Snikes & Bert Fornfoot
(eds), vol. 3, no.2, pp. 35-70. Retrieved
November 16, 2006, from Expanded Academic
Database.
As above would apply
The trend is for more and longer
periods of inactivity in the
classroom (‘Changes for eighties
teaching’ 1976, p. 79)
Use PDF versions which have page
numbers.
‘Changes for eighties teaching’ 1976, Journal
of Australian Education, In-focus series,
Marilyn Snikes & Bert Fornfoot (eds), vol. 3,
no.2, pp. 371-90. Retrieved November 18,
2014, from Expanded Academic Database.
This issue is part of a series. Series name and
editors of the series are placed in plaintext after
journal name with minimal capitalisation.
Electronic retrieval data added. If no author, list by
title of article. For all journals, print and electronic,
no place of publication is listed unless journals of
the same name are published in different places.
Provide all details by in-text citation. Abbreviate
and italicise frequently used, long names after first
full use e.g. Sydney Morning Herald; (SMH),
Courier Mail (CM).
No need for separate list of references entry as all
reference details provided in-text. Double inverted
commas inside single inverted commas for a quote
within a quote.
4. Newspaper magazine
article with author hard copy
The Council Mayor promised
‘something would be done about
beach erosion’ (Hill 2008, p. 10)
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
Hill, Jane 2008, ‘Northward moving real
estate‘, Gold Coast Bulletin, 12 January, 2008,
p. 10.
10
Source Type
5. Newspaper magazine
article with no author
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Gold Coast City resident writes:
‘The Mayor promised “something
would be done about beach erosion”
but, at this stage, it looks as if we’ll
have to go to Noosa to retrieve what
belongs to us’(No action yet‟, Gold
Coast Bulletin, 23 January, 2008, p.
3).
Note this feature
Provide all details by in-text citation. Abbreviate
and italicise frequently used, long names after first
full use e.g. Sydney Morning Herald; (SMH),
Courier Mail (CM)
No need for separate list of references entry as all
reference details provided in-text. Double inverted
commas inside single inverted commas for a quote
within a quote.
6. Full text newspaper,
newswire from the
internet – no author
('People flock to reef' 2007, p. 7)
‘People flock to reef'’, Cairns Weekly, 16 July
2007, p. 7. Retrieved 12 September, 2007,
from Factiva database.
7. Published conference
proceedings, seminars
and meetings.
The latest figures available
suggest…(Mandlehurst 2004, p.12)
Mandlehurst, Mandy 2004, ‘Representations,
tourism and the ecology of the Great Barrier
Reef’, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Save
the Reef Campaign, James Cook University,
Townsville Queensland, pp. 5-15.
8. Reviews of any sort
In her review of Peter Carey,
Goodilly suggested that he was not
really an Australian (2001, p.2).
Goodilly, Karen 2006, ‘Expatriates and the
need to claim them, review of True history of
the Kelly gang’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12
January, p.4s.
Full stop at end of reference before retrieval
information
Elements separated by commas.
Italics for the name of the book within the title of
the review.
Lower case ‘s’ after the page represents pagination
in a special section. eg Literary Pages.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
11
Source Type
9. Interviews
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
However, when Goodilly actually
interviewed, Carey (2002) no
mention of this previous inclination
to disown Carey as Australian was
apparent. ‘Do you consider
expatriates to be non-Australian?’
(Carey, in Goodilly 2002) drove
home Carey’s awareness of her
position
Goodilly, Mary 2002, ‘Catching up with Peter
before he flies away’, interview with Peter
Carey, Meanjin, vol. 35, no. 1, pp.16-32.
Carey is not listed. His quote was found in
Goodilly’s interview so she is the source mentioned.
Inverted commas for title of review. Italics for
journal title
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
12
TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL
Source Type
1. Media Release (verbal
or written)
2. Television & radio
programs
3. Sound recording
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Fred Nirvana, spokesperson for
Activists for Making the World a
Better Place said that they would try
to sponsor a channel which carried
only good news stories (Nirvana
2008)
Nirvana, Fred 2008, Everybody wants a better
life, media release, Activists for Making the
World a Better Place, Nimbin, New South
Wales, 31 January.
Italics for name of address if there is one.
One of the best crime shows is
Danish (Unit one 2006).
Unit one 2006, television programme, SBS
Television, Sydney.
Raymond Gaita claims that
‘philosophy has always had a very
strong presence in Australia’
(2008).
Philosophy for lunch 2008, unpaginated
transcript, ABC Radio National, Sydney, 19
January. Retrieved 23 January, 2008, from
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/philosopherszone/stor
ies /2008/2121635.htm #transcript TO
INCLUDE ITUNES.
We could hear the quiver in her
voice during the whole second act
(Ionesco 1973).
Ionesco, Eugene 1973, Rhinoceros, Caedmon,
New York. Sound recording, 87 minutes, 2
cassettes. TO INCLUDE PODCASTS.
Plain text for organisation.
Numeral in date precedes month.
If radio programme accessed was a podcast or real
time broadcast, then note that where transcript
occurs in this reference.
This radio program could also be referenced as an
interview.
Extra details follow reference
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
13
Source Type
4. Films, videos
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Was this dancing movie (Strictly
ballroom 1992) really Australia’s
equivalent to Grease (1978)?
Strictly ballroom 1992, Feature film, Twentieth
Century Fox, Los Angeles.
Only give the full reference of the version you are
using.
Also available in book form as the screenplay:
Luhrmann, Baz & Bovell, Andrew 1992,
Strictly ballroom, Currency Press, Sydney.
Screenplay.
Extra details follow reference.
Extra names in details are not appearing
alphabetically so do not need to be family name
first.
And was produced as a video recording as
well:
Strictly ballroom 2000, videorecording,
Miramax Home Entertainment, Burbank, CA.
Producer Tristram Miall, Director Baz
Luhrmann.
5. Stand alone maps (those
not found in books,
journals or websites)
Australian Surveying and Land Information
Group 2001, Tallangatta, Victoria and New
South Wales topographic map, 1:250 000. 553, 2nd edn., Australian Surveying and Land
Information Group, Canberra.
Publisher may be same as author.
Sheet title if there is one in italics. Scale must be
included.
Edition is very important in maps.
Environmental map of Australia 2000, map, 1:
5,000,000, Earth Systems, Melbourne.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
14
TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Source Type
1. Unpublished thesis
2. Unpublished report
presented at a
conference or meeting
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
The ideological implications of the
current multinational and globalised
post-capitalist investments in fully
stocked underground bunkers are
driven by neo-conservative
recognitions that nuclear energy is
on its way (Frankfurter 2001, p. 45)
Frankfurter, Michelle 2001 ‘Fear and its
ideological underpinnings’, PhD thesis,
Griffith University, Brisbane.
Type of thesis must be mentioned.
The Treasurer reported (1982, p. 2)
that the annual income for that year
grew significantly compared to the
previous two years.
‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to
the fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang
Youth & Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19
July.
University at which it was undertaken replaces
publisher.
Place is still required unless inferred. No italics
anywhere.
No italics anywhere.
Entry ends with a full stop before place of lodgement
is noted.
If held privately or by author:
‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to
the fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang
Youth & Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19
July. In possession of Mr Frank Newfingle,
Nerang (Brisbane).
3. Archival material
The Treasurer reported (1982, p. 2)
that the annual income for that year
grew significantly compared to the
previous two years.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to
the fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang
Youth & Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19
July. File CM 458. In possession of Gold
Coast City Library, Local History Division,
Gold Coast.
If there is a file number available, position it after the
details of the reference but before the details of the
place location
15
Source Type
4. GU Dossier of Readings
When full details of
reading is available from
the dossier contents
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
The Russians very quickly decided
‘the Americans could not be
permitted to control outer space’
(Minsky 2001, p. 6) and initiated
their own space program.
Minsky, Godfrey 2001, Initiating a Russian
space program, Routledge, New York.
As far as possible put all the details of the reading
that would locate it in its original source.
Australian literature was at its peak
in the seventies (Rathdown 1999, p.
65)
5. GU Dossier of Readings
When full details of
reading is NOT
available from the
dossier contents
The trouble was that the depression
dramatically slowed ‘home grown
manufacturing and export’
(Delaney, R2 in 1109ART Dossier
2008, p. 16)
Rathdown, Susie 1999, ‘Understanding new
radicalism in Australian literature’, Journal of
Australian Books and History, vol. 45, no. 3,
pp. 65-90.
Delaney, Matthew 1941, ‘Finding a way
forward’, Reading Two, 1109ART
Depression Studies, Dossier of Readings,
Griffith University, Brisbane, semester 1,
2008.
Where they are not available, write ‘not available’ in
place they would normally appear.
In addition add dossier details
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
16
TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
(Examples drawn directly from: Commonwealth of Australia 2002, pp.220-222; Division of Library Services, 2003, pp. 19 & 54)
Problems often occur in the citing of government publications. Common challenges to which to be alert include: No apparent author; Often a specific consultant is
employed, or a particular committee formed to work temporarily with a sponsoring agency.
It may be sponsored and written by the same agency (so they are effectively both author and publisher) May be the work of a committee set up for that single task.
May be a parliamentary publication (eg Hansard, Parliamentary Papers, Journals of the Senate, House of Representatives Votes and Proceedings)
Source Type
1. Title page without an
author
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
The government has had a clear
policy of mainstreaming that has
effectively established half way
houses (Disability Services
Queensland 2000).
Disability Services Queensland 2000, Securing
a forward looking dimension in mainstreaming
disability, Disability Services Queensland,
Brisbane.
Sponsoring agency listed as author. Maximal
capitalisation.
It is usually also the ‘publisher’.
Title italics, minimal capitalisation.
2. Title page with author
and sponsoring body.
New anti-terrorism measures are in
place and effectively protecting
Australian citizens (Australian
Federal Police 2007).
Australian Federal Police 2007, Analysis of
effectiveness of anti-terrorist measures
introduced and deployed in 2006, report
prepared by John Smith, Australian Federal
Police, Canberra.
The Australian Federal Police
(2007) defend their…
STILL place the sponsoring agency in the author
position.
Acknowledge individual writer after the title.
In-text citation has sponsoring body.
3. Title page: names
temporary consultant
Dabrowski’s latest report (1999)
made is obvious that…
Dabrowski, W 1999, Caring for country, report
to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Commission, Canberra.
Temporary consultant appears in author position.
4. Title page names
temporary committee
‘Care for country should be
encouraged alongside modern
methods’ (Traditional Methods
Committee 1999, p.3)
Traditional Methods Committee 1999, Burning
for regeneration, report to the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.
Committee appears in author position (convened
with a specific task and dismantled once it is
complete).
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
17
Source Type
5. Written by a Branch
or Division
permanently within
an agency which is
the publishing body
6. Publishing body
and sponsoring
agency are
different.
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Producing an alternative and
sustainable form of fuel is a
challenge currently being taken
up by government bodies
(Department of Conservation
2004).
Department of Conservation 2004, Hydrogen
powered cars: Progress to date, Sustainable Energy
Branch, Department of Conservation, Darwin.
STILL place the sponsoring agency in the author
position.
The current Australian flag
should never be considered the
only way of presenting the
national flag, nor should the State
flags be minimised in importance
(DAS 1995).
Department of Administrative Services (Awards and
National Symbols Branch) 1995, Australian flags,
Australian Government Publishing Service,
Canberra.
Acknowledge the Branch or Division after the title.
In-text citation has sponsoring body.
Acknowledgment position of Branch or Division
details CHANGES when the publishing agent is not
the same as the sponsoring body in position of
author.
Abbreviate long title in author position in the in-text
citation; insert abbreviation in the bibliography with
a cross reference to full name in its alphabetical
position.
The Department of
Administrative Services (1995)
has recently…
No need to mention the Branch or Division in the intext citation.
7. Parliamentary
papers
The 1999-2000 annual report of
the Department of Finance and
Administration (2000a)
demonstrates….
The report has become
something
of a hot potato for use of the
phrase ‘Collateral spending’
(Bent report 2000b, p. 6).
Australia, Parliament 2000a, Department of Finance
and Administration annual report 1999-2000, Parl.
Paper 32, Canberra.
Australia, Parliament 2000b, Parliamentary
spending: Report of the Public Accounts Committee,
(L Bent, chairperson), Parl. Paper 142, Canberra.
Title in italics and minimal capitalisation (proper
nouns maximal, however).
Use of 2000a, 2000b format to distinguish items
published in the same year.
Even where a report which is well known by the
name of the person giving it, and which can therefore
be cited by that name in-text, should be placed in the
bibliography with the author as the sponsoring
agency.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
18
Source Type
8. Hansard
In-text Citation Format
Commonwealth of Australia
(2014, p. 13755) records the first
and second readings of the
Corporations Amendment
(Further Future of Financial
Advice Measures) Bill 2014.
9. Journals of Senate
Votes and
Proceeding of the
House of
Representatives
10. Australian Bureau
of Statistics
Unemployment is at its lowest
for five years (ABS 2000) but the
Youth Allowance lowers that
figure.
List of references Format
Commonwealth of Australia 2014, Parliamentary
debates: House of Representatives: official Hansard,
vol 24, pp. 13742-13891.
Australia, Senate 2000-2001 Journals, no. 123, p.
178.
Note this feature
Hansard is the name given to Australian
parliamentary proceedings.
Page numbers accessed appear in the Referencing
List.
Australia, House of Representatives 2000-2001,
Votes and Proceedings, vol. 1, p. 631.
Volume numbers replace use of use of 2000a and
2000b.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s
population 1890-1910, Catalogue no. 3467.2, ABS,
Canberra.
Be sure to insert title, catalogue number and page if
paginated.
Title in italics and minimal capitalisation.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Queensland
yearbook, Catalogue no. 1301.5 ABS, Brisbane.
11. ABS graphs and
tables in full.
Image and/or table as it appears
in the original with the following
phrase to accompany the image
as an in-text citation:
Source: ABS 2001, Australia’s
environment: issues and trends,
4613.0
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s
environment: Issues and trends, Catalogue no.
4613.0, ABS, Canberra.
Cross reference abbreviated from in- text citation.
Australian Bureau of Statistics is permitted as an
abbreviation within the full reference on its second
appearance only.
No brackets around substitute for in- text citation
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
19
Source Type
12. Compilation of
figures or
percentages which
are the author’s
interpretation.
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
Your own tabulated
interpretation of raw statistics
with the following phrase to
accompany it as an in- text
citation:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Queensland
yearbook, Catalogue no. 1301.5 ABS, Brisbane.
As above.
If using sources called ABS or AusStats, only
available electronically, see below: Electronic
materials only.
Figures compiled using statistics
from: ABS 2005, 1301.5
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
20
TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY SOURCES
Source Type
1. Web Site
(Homepage of
organisation or
person)
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
If you need to know details of
the QAG program, begin at
their homepage
(http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/)
QAG/GoMA See Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art.
Author (person responsible for the
site) may be a person OR
organisation.
Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage,
Queensland Government, Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014,
http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/.
OR
If you need to know details of
the QAG program, begin at
their homepage (QAG/GoMA
Homepage)
2. A document
within a web
site.
McQueen is a central figure in
early twentieth century
Queensland art (Making it
modern 2007)
Date established OR last revised. (If
no date, n.d.).
No italics.
Web address may be given in the intext citation
OR
School usage, which remains
acceptable, has been to use an
abbreviated term cross referenced in
the bibliography if needed.
Making it modern: The watercolours of Kenneth Macqueen 2007,
description of exhibition sponsored by Leighton Contractors, viewed 26
January 2008,
<http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/coming_soon/kenneth_macqueen>.
Can usually be treated in the same
way as a print copy of document or
book citing author, editor, compiler,
date revised.
(Navigate to this
from homepage)
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
21
Source Type
3. GU Discussion
forum Mail lists
Usenet groups
Bulletin boards
In-text Citation Format
List of references Format
Note this feature
‘Television encourages family
values as often as it opposes
them’ (Jones, 2 June 2006)
Jones, Bill 2006, ‘Not as simple as that’, 1907ART Gender, history and
Culture, discussion forum reading four, viewed 19 August,
<https://learning.griffith.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&
url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_56491_1&frame=t op?
Title of posting in inverted commas
like the title of an article in journal
or chapter in a book.
Journalism used to be a
profession that had no code of
ethics – this is no longer the
case, according to at least one
member of the association
(Frankling, 2 January 2005)
4. Email OR
personal paper
correspondence
Frankling, L, Frankling 2000, ‘News for old hacks’, list server, 2 January
2005 National Journalists Association, viewed 4 April 2006,
<http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/>.
Comma after name for in-text
citation
URL is between <….>
Components in order should be: author’s name, author’s identifying details,
date of posting, title of posting, description of posting, name of listowner,
date of viewing, URL.
An eyewitness reports that
Inole 2002, pers.comm. 25
May).
Personal correspondence includes:
face to face conversation, telephone
call, fax, letter or email
Mr Inole confirmed by fax on
25 May, 2002, that…
5. CD-ROMS
Children really benefit from
electronic skills in accessing
material (Onscreen learning
today 2005)
School of Humanities Referencing Guide
Onscreen learning today 2005, CD-CDROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc.,
Torrance, California.
Italics for title of CD- ROM.
Same details as for film, TV, video
and radio
22
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th
edition, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.
Division of Library Services 2003, Referencing guide, 7th edn., Charles Sturt
University, Bathurst, NSW.
Hagger, Jennifer 1979, Australian colonial medicine, Rigby Ltd, Adelaide.
Harris, Robert A. 2001, The plagiarism handbook: Strategies for preventing,
detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles.
Lawson, Ronald 1973, Brisbane in the 1890s
a study of an Australian
urban society, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Brisbane.
Library and Information Service 2007, Harvard referencing, Curtin University of
Technology, Perth.
Janna L, Kim, C, Sorsoli, Lynn, Collins, Katherine, Zylbergold, Bonnie A,
Schooler, Deborah, and Tolman Deborah L 2007, From sex to sexuality:
Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television, The Journal
of Sex Research, vol. 44, no. 2 pp.145-158.
Sabia Joseph J 2007, Reading, writing, and sex: The effect of losing virginity on
academic achievement, Economic Inquiry, vol.45, no.4, pp.
NB. entries are in alphabetical order by author surname.
School of Humanities Referencing Guide