PDF 10th Oct. 2016
Daily English Vocab
Dump 2020 cap on aviation emissions
India is justified in its concerns ( चंताओं/मामला) about the resolution adopted at the 39th
Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization to regulate ( नयमन करना/ व धवत
करना) emissions from international aviation — excess emissions being required to be offset by
means of measures such as afforestation (वनरोपण) or carbon capture.
New Delhi’s concern stems from the decision to cap the amount of carbon dioxide produced by
international civil aviation at the amount produced in 2020. The aviation sector in India is far
from mature — growing at a rate of 23 per cent annually. With sustained ( नरं तर/अनवरत)
economic growth and rising incomes, Indian aviation is expected to maintain its high growth
trajectory (
ेपपथ/
ेपव ), including in the case of foreign air travel and cross-border
movement of air cargo. This means that an ever-increasing amount of emission produced by the
sector would be required to be offset by undertaking compensatory (
तपू रक/ तकरा मक)
emission-reduction measures, a move that would put undue economic burden on airlines and the
fledgling (अनु प न/ पछड़ा हु आ) aviation sector. While India’s reservations are justified, it has
failed to put forward cogent (ठोस/
भावशाल / न चया मक) and viable ( यवहाय) alternative
approaches to address the sector’s contribution to climate change.
Neither has it properly articulated ( य त/सु प ट) the peculiarities ( व श टता/ख़ा सयत) of the
Indian condition — unlike other BRICS countries the bulk of India’s infrastructure is yet to be
built making the adherence to any kind of ceiling a problem. India needs to leverage
(उ यामन/उ तोलन क शि त/ वयं को ऊपर उठाने क शि त) its place in the world and engage
with the world so that solutions to its special conditions can be designed. New Delhi has not
closed its doors to the efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation.
While effectively rejecting the global market based mechanism, India has adopted the resolution
to address emissions from the sector. Over the next few years, the focus would be on designing
the offsets system, the rules and regulations for it; New Delhi needs to be an active member of
this process, putting forward substantive suggestions that address the need to limit carbon
dioxide emissions while not obstructing ( नरोधक/बाधा पहु ँचाने वाला) the growth of the
international aviation sector.
1. Concern (n, v) A matter of interest or importance to someone. ( चंता/मामला)
 Synonyms: Case, Matter, Affair, Shebang
 Antonyms: Disinterest, Unconcern
Example: I didn't mention his blossoming love life, but expressed concern over his serious
problem of nightmares.
2. Regulate (v) Control or maintain at optimality for proper working. ( नयमन करना/ व धवत
करना)
 Synonyms: Adjust, Monitor, Govern, Methodize
 Antonyms: Disorganize, Worsen, Unsettle
Example: It was indeed the requirements of the fiasco and the conscription which impelled the
imperial government to regulate the system.
3. Sustained (ad) Continuing for an extended period or without interruption. ( नरं तर/अनवरत)


Synonyms: Constant, Uninterrupted, Continuous
Antonyms: Intermittent, Interrupted, Stopping
Example: Once the country has reached to optimum growth, now what it needs to do is to
maintain the growth for sustained years.
4. Trajectory (n) The path followed by a projectile (object) (
ेपपथ/
ेपव )
 Synonyms: Route, Path, Track Line, Direction, Curve
Example: The missile’s trajectory shows it is headed for the continental United States.
5. Compensatory (ad) Reducing or offsetting the unpleasant or unwelcome effects of
something. (
तपू रक/ तकरा मक)
 Synonyms: Offsetting, Redeeming, Remunerative
 Antonyms: Damaging, Worsening
Example: There are no Good Samaritan laws in China, and compensatory damages for a longterm injury often run higher than death damages.
6. Fledgling (n) A person or organization that is immature, inexperienced, or underdeveloped.
(अनु प न/ पछड़ा हु आ)
 Synonyms: Apprentice, Tyro, Neophyte, Novice
 Antonyms: Expert, Veteran
Example: The fledgling writer could use the benefit of a good editor.
7. Cogent (ad) Clear, logical, and convincing. (ठोस/ भावशाल / न चया मक)
 Synonyms: Convincing, Firm, Solid, Persuasive, Convincing
 Antonyms: Ineffective, Weak, Unimportant
Example: I had no trouble believing the doctor's cogent statement about my strong need for the
surgery.
8. Viable (ad) Capable of working successfully; feasible.( यवहाय)
 Synonyms:Workable, Feasible, Practicable, Practical, Applicable, Usable, Manageable
 Antonyms: Impracticable, Unfeasible
Example: If the project is not viable, there is no reason for us to consider it.
9. Articulate (v, ad) Clearly and distinctly expressed. ( य तकरना /सु प ट करना)
 Synonyms: Clear, Apparent, Lucid, Explicit, Intelligible
 Antonyms: Inarticulate, Unintelligible, Misrepresented
Example: A polished speaker, Jenna was able to articulate her points during any discussion.
10. Peculiarities (n) A characteristic that is distinctive of a particular person or place.
( व श टता/ख़ा सयत)
 Synonyms: Characteristics, Trait, Strangeness, Distinctiveness, Feature
 Antonyms: Simplicity, Usualness, Normality
Example: One peculiarity of the ceremony had occasioned considerable discussion.
11. Leverage (v) Use (something) to maximum advantage. (उ यामन/उ तोलन क शि त/ वयं को
ऊपर उठाने क शि त)
 Synonyms: Heave, Lifting, Power To Lift On
 Antonyms: Weakness
Example: “We will also explore how to leverage technology to enhance Africa's higher
education goals.”, said the professor in the conference.
12. Obstruct (v) Prevent or hinder (movement or someone or something in motion). (बाधा
डालना/ कावट डालना)

Synonyms: Hinder, Block, Stall, Impede, Inhibit, Restrain
 Antonyms: Aid, Help, Boost, Support, Assist
Example: The protesters deliberately obstruct traffic by shutting off their engines during rush
hour.
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