CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
1
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
CONTENTS

BEGINNING OF COLD WAR - CAUSES

COURSE OF COLD WAR - FORMATION OF BLOCS AND MILITARY
ALLIANCES

























CHALLENGE TO BIPOLARITY - NAM

EVENTS LEADING TO THE END OF THE COLD WAR
-
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
-
FALL OF COMMUNIST REGIMES IN EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
-
DISINTEGRATION OF USSR.
SUB TOPICS
Introduction
The Cold War
The Beginning of the Cold War: Origins:
The Berlin Wall crisis and the Division of Germany
Two States in Germany
The Warsaw Pact
Invasion of Afghanistan
The Korean war
Impact of Korean war
USA as the superpower
Economic supremacy
Arms Race
The Cuban Missile crisis
The Vietnam war
The détente
Invasion of Afghanistan
Anti-Communist hysteria
Foreign interventions
Poverty in USA
Fall of Communist regimes in east European countries:
Disintegration of Soviet Union
Emergence of Non-Alignment Movement-NAM
Disintegration of Soviet Union
End of the Cold War
2
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
UNIT MATRIX
CONTENTS
KNOWLEDGE
 Concept of cold
war
 Concept of
bipolar order
 Concept of
containment
 Terms of Yalta
and Potsdam
conference
 Truman
Doctrine
 Marshall Plan
Beginning of
Cold War –
Factors
responsible
for the rise of
cold war
Course of
cold war –
formation of
blocks and
military
alliances








Concept of
military alliances
Objectives of
NATO and
WARSAW pact
Formation of
SEATO and
CENTO
Arenas of cold war
– Berlin crisis,
Korean Crisis,
Vietnam Crisis,
Cuban Missile
crisis
Emergence of
Détente
Time line of cold
war
Invasion of
Afghanistan
Armaments race
UNDERSTANDING
 Factors behind
the emergence of
Bi polar world
order
 Differentiate
between
communist and
capitalist
ideology
 Examples of
ideological
confrontations
 Role of Truman
doctrine and
Marshall Plan in
laying the
foundation of
cold war.







Comprehend the
purpose behind the
formation of
NATO and
WARSAW pacts.
Analyze the role of
military alliances in
stimulating cold war
tensions
Significance of
Berlin Blockade
Examine the nature
of cold conflicts
Historical
background of
Vietnam War
Reason behind US
involvement in
Vietnam War
Threat of nuclear
weapons
APPLICATION
 Develop perspective
over ideological
debate between
capitalism and
communism.
 Become sensitive to
the agony of the
people of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
 Recognize the role
of atom bomb in
human destruction
 Critically evaluate
the role of US and
USSR in various
cold war
confrontations.
 Probe into various
causes responsible
for the rise of cold
war.





Mapping skills –
identification as well
as location of the
members of
WARSAW and
NATO pacts.
Implications of
Cuban Missile Crisis
and Berlin Blockade
Critically evaluate
American
involvement in
Vietnam War
Establish a
correlation between
Vietnam War and
Invasion of
Afghanistan
Consequences of
Arms race on the
World
3
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
Challenge to
Bi polarity NAM

Concept of MADMutually Assured
Destruction

Logic of deterrence

Concept of Non

Alignment
Objectives of
NAM

Timeline of fall
communist regimes
in East European

countries
Causes behind the
emergence of NAM


Events
leading to the
end of cold
war
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
Process of fall of
communist countries
in East Europe
Significance of fall
of Berlin Wall
Contribution of
United Nations in
reducing cold war
tensions
 Interpret various
cartoons associated
with the course of
cold war
Contribution of NAM in
reducing cold war
tensions







Investigate reasons
responsible for the fall
of communist regimes in
East European countries
Implications of fall of
Berlin wall on Germany
and the world
Gather information on
the factors responsible
for the disintegration of
USSR
Impact of disintegration
of USSR on the World
Acknowledge the role
played by third world
countries in reducing
cold war tensions
4
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
SCOPE
Humans have long dreamt of the whole world living in harmony and made constant efforts to
establish it. The world after the end of World War II laid the foundation of a changing world
order which was involved in a constant effort and struggle for gaining and balancing political,
economic and international power for the purpose of both establishing superiority over the
world and averting the outbreak of another World War.
This unit will introduce them to the array of interesting events which affected the broader
history of the second half of the twentieth century. This unit will help them to investigate the
scope and intensity of the cold war and the impact it had on the world at large. It will also
facilitate in developing a clear and stimulating interpretative overview of the cold war which
will further encourage deeper investigative skills in them.
The study of this unit will help them to acknowledge the fact that the origin of cold war can
be traced back to the mistakes made at the end of World War II. This will develop an
understanding that the basis of change in the nature of imperialism, colonisation,
International terrorism, Global poverty, violation of human rights , genocide, mad race for
armaments , global warming, US hegemony etc are a direct and indirect outcomes of the
process of the cold war.
This will sensitize the learners to the grievances of the developing nations combined with the
hardships of great economic divide, economic under development, the fear of getting dragged
into various cold war hostilities, and the evident hegemony of two super powers, clouds of
military blocs and never ending thoughts of suspicion, threat and above all the fear of the
outbreak of the third world war. The role of NAM in challenging bi-polar politics will
motivate the learners in fighting against the injustice. Through this Unit, I intend to instil a
driving force amongst the youngsters in the discharge of their responsibilities as global
citizens.
5
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
WHY WE TEACH THIS UNIT:
As the Second World War drew to a close, the seed of new and most destructive conflict was
sown. Those who had fought together the World War II now got separated into two military
camps standing hostile to each other. The US and USSR did not fight each other directly but
fought with potent weapons of diplomacy, ideology, mad race for armaments, economic
confrontation, division of the world into two camps and so on. The birth of this new era is
described as the beginning of the Cold War.
The end of Second World War and the beginning of cold war marked the significant
transitional period to the emergence of the contemporary era in international politics. This
journey began with the most destructive discovery and use of atom bombs on humanity to the
war of words revolving around capitalism vs. communism, to formation of UN, to division of
world into two powerful camps capable of triggering and inflicting a nuclear warfare, to
Berlin blockade, to the rise of NAM as a third option, to the use of chemical and biological
weapons on innocent people, to détente and to disintegration of the USSR.
These events affected governments, organizations and people in a way that had not happened
before. This period also underwent major technological changes both helping and hindering
human development. As the mid twentieth century unfolded, the desire to dominate regional
politics expanded to establish hegemony around the globe.
This transformation from bipolar to uni-polar and then multi polar world is very significant in
understanding the dynamics of global politics.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Comprehend the concept of the Cold War, Bipolarity and Non Alignment Policy.
 Interpret the key causes responsible for the rise of Cold War.
 Familiarize themselves with the course of the Cold War and important events associated
with it.
 Investigate a variety of reasons responsible for the end of the Cold War.
 Establish a co-relation between the rise of Cold War and the emergence of NAM.
 Acknowledge the significance of the fall of Berlin wall and its impact on the world.
6
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
 Gather information on the factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR and its
impact on the world politics.
 Appreciate the emergence of New World Order by the end of Cold War.

•acknowledge the role played by Third World Countries in reducing the Cold War
tensions.
7
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
TEACHERS NOTE
INTRODUCTION
Almost sixty years since the end of the Second World War, the world has changed
dramatically. The political shape of the world had been completely transformed. The period
witnessed the total disintegration of the imperialist domination and a near total collapse of
European hegemony of the world. In 1945, fifty nations had joined together in founding the
United Nations. After Namibia’s emergence as an independent nation in March 1990 and,
later, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the number of member-countries of the United
Nations has gone up to 192. Most of the new members are countries, mostly of Asia and
Africa, which have won their independence after the Second World War.
USA and the Soviet Union established themselves as the greatest powers of the world for
over four decades after the defeat of Germany, Japan and Italy, and the loss of the colonial
empires of Britain and France. These two countries exercised a dominant role in world affairs
and headed the two power blocs that came into being soon after the war. USA headed the
Western bloc, comprising countries of Western Europe, North America and the Pacific.
These countries chose to describe themselves as constituting the ‘Free World’. The Soviet
Union was the dominant power in the Socialist bloc which, came into being as a result of the
capture of power by Communist parties in countries of Eastern Europe and, later, in China
and North Korea. Many changes took place within and between these two blocs, or groups of
countries, but the position of USA and the Soviet Union as pre-eminent military powers in
the world remained unchanged till the end of the 1980s.
There have been vast political, economic and social changes in every part of the world. The
direction and extent of changes vary from country to country but the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights with its stress on civil and political, and economic
and social rights may be regarded as a symbol of the main direction of change. Almost every
country in the world attained independence and the people, at least in principle, everywhere
have become masters of their own destiny. Though the main direction of change has been in
the growth of political freedom and establishment of universal franchise and representative
institutions, many countries are still ruled by military dictators, autocrats and oligarchies.
8
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
For about 45 years since the end of the Second World War, until the dramatic changes which
began to take place around 1990, the two main political, economic and social systems in the
world were described as capitalist and socialist. Each of them underwent many important
changes. In countries with an advanced capitalist system, there was a general recognition of
economic and social rights. This came about, at least partly, as a result of the struggles by
workers’ unions and labour and socialist movements. Most of the advanced capitalist
countries have followed welfare policies which have mitigated the worst miseries associated
with capitalism before the Second World War. The kind of socialist system which was built
in the Soviet Union and, after the Second World War, in Eastern Europe was for some years
seen as an alternative to the capitalist system. This system, often referred to as ‘actual
existing socialism’, also underwent many changes until it collapsed. The newly independent
countries have been engaged in the task of building their social, economic and political
systems. The backwardness which they inherited from the colonial rule, however, continues
to characterize most of these countries. The world economic system continues to be
inequitable and is a major factor in the continuing backwardness of these counties which,
together, is referred to as the Third World, Some countries of the Third World witnessed very
high rate of economic growth. The most spectacular has been the rise of China as a great
economic power during the past 20 years. India is also beginning to emerge as a major
economic power.
There have been technological changes of a dramatic nature during the past fifty years. These
technological changes have particularly transformed the economies of the advanced capitalist
countries. Besides USA, Japan and Germany have emerged as major economic powers. The
advances in technology have tended to further widen the gap between the economically
developed countries and the countries of the Third World which are called developing
countries. The division of the world into developed and a developing country has become a
major feature of the post- Second World War world.
The period after the Second World War has been a period of tensions and conflicts. The
alliance which had come into being during the war to defeat fascism came to an end soon
after the war was over. Then followed a period of confrontation between what cause to be
known as the Western and the Soviet bloc. This confrontation which continued for fifty years
9
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
after the end of the Second World War is known as the Cold War. It was accompanied by a
race for more and more, destructive weapons which threatened the very survival of the
human race. Many wars broke out in different parts of the world, and although in many of
these wars the countries of the two antagonistic blocs were directly or indirectly involved,
these wars remained localized. There were many occasions during this period when the world
was brought on the brink of disaster but a general war was averted.
The emergence of independent nations in Asia and Africa has been a distinctive feature of the
world after the Second World War. The independent countries of Asia and Africa along with
many countries of Latin America pushed for an independent role in world affairs. During the
period of the Cold War, their refusal to align with any of the military blocs helped in creating
an atmosphere of peace. The coming together of these countries led to the rise of the NonAligned Movement which played an important role in lessening tensions around the world, in
ending colonialism, imperialism and racialism and in bringing to the fore the issue of
development as an international concern.
There were periods of thaw and the lessening of tensions since the 1960s, but now it can be
said with certainty that the world since the 1990s is a post-Cold War world. The end of the
Cold War marks the end of an era which began with the end of the Second World War.
Whether it also marks the beginning of a genuinely peaceful world cannot be said with
certainty. The post-Cold War world is not without tensions and conflicts. It should be
remembered that the hunt for more destructive armaments during and even after the Cold
War was a more puzzling question for world peace efforts. Only a genuine concern for
disarmament and international cooperation, and not merely the avoidance of war, can
guarantee world peace.
Since the end of the 1980s some of the changes that have taken place in the world are so farreaching that may be said so mark the beginning of a new phase in world history. The Soviet
Union as a state—as a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- collapsed. The 15 republics
which constituted USSR have become independent states. The rule of the communist parties
in these states, as well as in the countries of Eastern Europe, has ended. With the ending of
10
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
the communist rule, the kind of socialist political and economic system which was built in
these countries has collapsed. The Soviet Union had been a major factor in world politics
since the Russian Revolution. After the Second World War, it headed a mighty military bloc
and, along with countries of Eastern Europe, was seen as representing a powerful challenge to
the military might and the political and economic system of USA and Western Europe. There
is hardly any major event in world history since the Second World War which can be fully
understood without reference to the direct or indirect role, or the sheer existence, of USSR.
The most obvious consequence of the collapse of USSR has been the end of the Cold War.
ACTIVITY–1:

FIVE WHY’S
Begin the chapter in the class by posing five guiding questions based on their previous
knowledge of the Second World War period.

Write the following five questions on the board.
o Name the powerful countries of Europe during the First World War, Inter war
period and the Second World War.
o Why Britain and France turned against Russia during inter war period?
o Why Russia came closer to the Western powers during WW II?
o What was the last event of the World War II?
o What was the outcome of the Second World War?

Divide the class into 5 Groups.

Ask all the groups to brainstorm over all five questions for 10 minutes.

Allow each group to present their views one by one. On the basis of their response,
provide your valuable inputs to introduce the chapter in the class.
USE-WORKSHEET-1
THE COLD WAR
At the Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences, agreements had been reached by the leaders
of Britain, USA and the Soviet Union on many questions relating to the future of the liberated
countries of Europe. The council of foreign ministers set up at the Potsdam Conference
discussed the terms of the peace treaties with the Axis Powers and their allies. By 1947,
11
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
agreements were reached and treaties were signed with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary
and Finland. The Allied occupation of Austria was ended in 1955 when a treaty was signed
with Austria. On the question of Germany and Japan, however, no agreement could be
arrived at. While the Western countries signed a treaty with Japan in spite of Soviet
objections, the differences over Germany became a major source of conflict between the
West bloc led by USA, and the Soviet Union. Soon after the war, the wartime alliances had
begun to wear out and a period of Cold War, or armed truce, had set in.
YALTA CONFERENCE- FEBRURAY, 1945
Division of Germany into fourZones .More than half of the Europe was captured by
Germany and the axis powers during Second World War. The allied powers met at Yalta in
Ukraine to plan the future of Europe after the calculated defeat of Germany. At Yalta the
‘BIG THREE’– Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed
on the following points:

Division of Germany and Berlin into four zones:
American, Soviet, French and British.

They agreed to join UN which would help in
establishment of international peace and security.

On Stalin’s demand, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed
that Eastern Europe should be seen as Soviet sphere of influence.
The Big three at Yalta ConferenceSTALIN, ROOSEVELT AND CHURCHILL
USE-WORKSHEET-2
12
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
Origin:
Many historians trace the origins of the Cold War to the year 1917, when the Bolshevik
Revolution took place. As has been stated before, many Western countries had sent their
troops to Russia to destroy the new Soviet government that had been set up after the
revolution. The foreign interventions had, however, failed and had ended by 1920. After that
the Soviet Union was ostracized by most Western countries and it had taken them many years
to recognize the Soviet government and establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
After the triumph of fascism in Germany, the Western countries had hoped that Germany’s
aggression would be directed against the Soviet Union. They had, therefore, followed a
policy of appeasement of the Axis powers and had refused to have any alliance with the
Soviet Union to resist aggression.
During the war, and particularly after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the SovietBritish-US alliance was formed which led to the defeat of Germany and other Axis Powers.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR








Ideological confrontations between US and USSR.
Acquisition of atom bomb by America
Dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Soviet expansion of Eastern Europe and aggressive policies
pursued by Stalin.
Truman doctrine and policy of containment.
Mutual fear and suspicion between both the super powers.
US President Truman dislike of Stalin.
Soviet fear of American attack and vice versa
13
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
This alliance, however, even during the war, had not been free of tensions. The US and
Britain conducted their military operations jointly under a unified command and they took
their own independent decisions. This was particularly clear on the question of the opening of
the ‘Second Front’ which, the Soviet Union felt, was being deliberately delayed. Differenced
over the future of Europe, for example on Poland, had emerged early during the war. Though
most of these differences had emerged early during the war. Though most of these
differences had been sorted out at the conferences at Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam, the
Western suspicions of the Soviet Union had persisted. The Soviet victories against Germany
in Eastern Europe had created a feeling of unease among the Western countries. The British
were particularly alarmed at the Soviet army’s advance towards Berlin, although Berlin fell
within that part of Germany which, by common agreement, had been allocated to the Soviet
Union to liberate. Churchill tried hard to pressurize the US President to direct General
Eisenhower, Commander of the Allied troops, to march towards Berlin rather than Leipzig.
USE-WORKSHEET-3
THE BERLIN WALL CRISIS
The crisis over Berlin and the division of Germany
By early 1948, the Western Powers had started the process of the creation of a separate state
of West Germany by merging the occupation zones of Britain, France and United States.
These zones were also being brought under the European Recovery Programme under which
the United States was to provide massive aid for the building of the economies of Western
Europe devastated by the War. The city of Berlin which came within the Soviet Zone had
also been divided in to four zones, like the rest of Germany. The three Western powers
treated West Berlin as a part of West Germany which was being created as a separate state.
The Soviet Union was opposed to this development. In June 1948, she closed the road which
passed through the Soviet Zone connecting West Germany with West Berlin.
The Blockade of West Berlin was intended to force the Western Powers to accept the Soviet
position on Berlin. This created the danger of War because the Western countries were not
willing to budge from West Berlin but they could not hold West Berlin without continuing
14
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
supplies from outside. The Western Allies responded to this situation by conducting a
massive airlift of supplies to West Berlin. The Blockade continued for about 11 months
during which period over 275000 plane-loads of supplies of food and fuel were sent to West
Berlin by the Western Allies. Thus the danger of hostilities was averted. The Soviet Union
ended the Blockade in May 1949.In the mean time, a new Western Military alliance had
come in to being. In April 1949,teh United States, most countries of Western Europe
Britain,France,Belgium,Luxemburg,Holland,Norway,Denmark,Portugaland Italy-and Iceland
and Canada formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).Through this alliance the
Western countries launched a massive programme rearmaments to check what they called
“Russian Expansion” in Europe and to “Contain” Communism. During the next six years, the
United States gave massive military aid to the NATO countries of Europe. In 1952, Greece
and Turkey were also made members of NATO.
USE-WORKSHEET-4
TWO STATES IN GERMANY
In May 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was formed with her capital
at Bonn. The rearmament of West Germany also began although West Germany was made a
formal member of NAO only in 1955.The formation of a military alliance by Western
Countries within four years after the end of the Second World War was a major development
which further increased the confrontation of between the Western Bloc and the Soviet Union.
A few months after the formation of West Germany, the Soviet zone of Germany became an
independent state—the German Democratic Republic. Thus by the end of 19049, the division
of Germany had been formalised and two separate states emerged, each confronting the other.
This division of Germany continued for over forty years. It ended on 3 October 1990 when
Germany was reunited.
THE WARS AW PACT
In 1955, when West Germany was admitted as a member of NATO, the Soviet Union and the
East European countries ruled Communist parties formed their military alliance which is
known as the Warsaw Pact. It included all the Communist countries in East Europe except
15
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
Yugoslavia. The members were--- Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Warsaw Pact countries, like the NATO
countries, had a joint military command. In the mean time, the Cold War which initially had
been confined to Europe had spread to other parts of the world and, besides NATO; other
US-sponsored military alliance had been set up in other parts of the world.
FACT FILE
NATO PACT
WARSAW PACT
TROOPS
2.6 million
4 million
TANKS
13000
42,500
ARTILLERY
10,750
31,5000
USE-WORKSHEET-5
THE KOREAN WAR
The Korean War was described as the first incident of open confrontation between
communist headed by USSR and the capitalist headed by US.
16
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
ACTIVITY- 2
EXTRACT/ ARTICLE BASED ACTIVITY

Divide the class into six groups.

Download the copy of NATO and WARSAW pact from the respective sources--http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nato.htmand
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html

Distribute one copy of WARSAW and NATO pact to each group.

Allot them 2 periods to go through the terms of the respective allocated pact.

Help in directing the students in their course of study.

Remind the students about US basis of the policy of containment.

Provide 10 minutes to each group for verbal presentation to express their views and
findings on the same.

The teacher would wind up the topic by providing necessary inputs on the topic and move
further with the chapter.
The US strongly believed in domino theory, which stated that nations sharing borders with
communist countries are in the imminent danger of getting swayed by the communist rule.
North Korea had become communist country with its communist leader trained in USSR.
South Korea was anti communist in nature, on June 25, 1950, North Korea attacked South
Korea by crossing 38th parallel (the latitude line which divided the Korean peninsula).
President Truman immediately responded by supplying necessary army & warships around
Korea. In the meantime, US were able to convince UNSC to take action against North Korea.
The US took advantage of USSR’s absence from UNSC (USSR was boycotting the UN
because US had denied China its permanent seat in UNSC and had refused to recognise PRC
as a legal government of China).
As a result of this, a UN collective force was organised from 18 different countries who
contributed in one form or the other to the coalition. But the military coalition was
overwhelmingly American. It was also led forward by American Commander General Mac
Arthur. Within few weeks, the UN led coalition was able to drive back North Koreans to their
17
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
original position i.e. 38th parallel. China wanted to secure North Korea as a buffer against
possible US invasion.
America was not just satisfied with South Korea. It wanted to wipe out communism
completely from North Korea. Therefore, US were successful in pressing UN further advance
in North Korea. In Oct 1950, Chinese troops joined the North Koreans. General Mac Arthur
underestimated China’s power. On the back, China was successfully supported by Soviet
Union. The Soviet Union supplied modern tanks, planes & other war related products to
China. The UN-US led forces were finally pushed back into South Korea. This entire episode
involved three years of brutal fighting. In 1953, an armistice was signed which re-established
the 38th parallel as the border between North Korea & South Korea.
IMPACT OF KOREAN WAR
There were several casualties on both the sides of the border. The Korean War increased the
rift between US & USSR on one hand and US & China on the other hand. This war
demonstrated the American will to contain communism anywhere and everywhere. The US
was greatly concerned over domino effect of communism. The Korean War also increased
the enmity between North Korea & South Korea. South Korea ever since became an
important military base of US.
USE-WORKSHEET-6
USA AS THE SUPERPOWER
After the end of the Cold War USA became the sole ‘superpower’ become ‘uni-polar’.
However, recent developments in the world have eroded the belief in uni-polarity. Some
experts have already started describing the period up to about the 1990 as the First Cold War
and the possibility of another ‘cold war’ breaking out.
18
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
ACTIVITY- 3:
PICK AND CHOOSE
 Write the following terms/concepts on small piece of papers and fold them into chits –
capitalism, communist, USSR, Britain, France, USA, One party system, Bi party system,
freedom of speech granted, Freedom of speech denied, political and civil equality granted
, civil and political liberties denied, complete public ownership of all the means of
production and distribution, right to property curtailed, right to property granted, against
capitalist, against communist, in favour of workers and peasants, no election/irregular
elections, freedom is supreme, equality is supreme, East European countries, satellite
states, etc.
 Divide the class into two halves. Reserve one part for the capitalist family and the other
for communist family.
 Ask each individual child to pick the chits of his or her choice and on the basis of their
previous knowledge select the family.
 Ensure that both the families have been correctly paired with each other and reflecting the
right ideology.
 Instruct students to ponder upon their respective ideologies to present it in a coherent
form. Connect their ideas and opinions with the great ideological divide that existed
during the cold war period and the policy of containment and other important events
followed thereafter.
 Build your explanation on the basis of the information provided in the teacher’s manual.
 This activity is followed by a work sheet.
The period after the end of the Second World War saw the emergence of the United States as
the pre-eminent military and economic power in the world. Every part of the world came
under the purview of US interests. The US also viewed herself as a great “moral force” in the
world. Many Americans liked to think that the period in which they were living could quite
legitimately be described as the “American Century”. With the collapse of the Soviet Union,
the US became the only super power in the world.
19
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
ACTIVITY- 4: MAP BASED ACTIVITY

To reinforce and enhance their knowledge, organise a map based activity in the class.

Provide one Europe political map to each student.

Instruct them to locate the following on the given map:
o
Any four NATO members
o
Any four WARSAW pact members
o
Only communist East European country that did not join WARSAW pact.
Answer Key
Source: www/cla.calpoly.edu.
20
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
ACTIVITY – 5: CONSIDER ALL FACTORS (CAF)
After dealing with the significant events that marked the beginning of cold war, ask students
to identify the causes of cold war by using this strategy:

Divide the class in three groups: A, B, and C

Group-A would research upon the actions of the US that led to the emergence of cold
war.

Group-B would elaborate upon the role of USSR in triggering cold war tensions.

Group-C would try to identify the factors other than US and USSR which brought
cold war to the forefront.

Allot two periods to discuss the factors that led to the rise of cold war.

Now draw a blank graphic organizer on the board comprising of three figures.

Ask two students from each group to reflect their opinion and findings on the given
topic. Ask one representative from each group to simultaneously write the important
points on the board.

Have an interactive session once the verbal presentation has been made by each group
to attend to their queries.
ECONOMIC SUPREMACY
The Second World War had done no damage to the United States economy. In fact, the
problems created by the Great Depression had been overcome during the war. The post-war
period was one of unprecedented economic prosperity. From 1940 to 1987, the GNP rose
from about $ 100 billion to about $5,200 billion while the population rose from about 132
million to about 240 million. The affluence of the American people was reflected in the
growth of what is usually described as “consumer culture” or “consumerism”. There was an
unprecedented growth in the production and consumption of a huge variety of consumption
goods. The motor car became a symbol of this consumer culture. Every technological
innovation, minor or major, made the existing product obsolete and worthless. The United
States was able to sustain this “consumerism” because of her own vast natural resources as
21
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
well as the control she exercised over a variety of natural resources of many other parts of the
world.
The growth of economy was, as in the earlier periods, accompanied by the growing
centralization of the economy. Most of the economy was controlled by a relatively small
number of companies and corporations. There was tremendous increase in the growth of
industries connected with armaments and a huge amount of government funds were spent for
procuring defence equipment which benefited a few big corporations. The growing
“interfusion” of the military and the industry in peace time alarmed many Americans and
Eisenhower, the United States President, while laying down office in January 1961, warned
the country against “ the acquisition of unwarrantable influence … by the military-industrial
complex”. In the United States, the relationship between political leaders and higher levels of
government bureaucracy and the military establishment, and the corporations and big
financial institutions has been closer than in most other democratic countries with capitalist
economics. Very often, the government, when faced with a deficit, resorted to cuts on
expenditure in medical care and other social welfare programmes, rather than increase taxes
on the corporations.
During recent years, there has been a decline in the economic supremacy of the United States.
From 1948 to 1952, the United States had provided about $ 12 billion to the countries of
Western Europe under the European Recovery Plan, popularly known as the Marshall Plan
after the name of the then US Secretary of State. This plan had helped the European
economics to recover to their pre-war levels within a very short period. In the following
years, the economics of West European countries developed at a very fast rate. Japan also
emerged as a major economic power in the world and Japanese goods began the United
States domestic market. The decline in United States pre-eminence would be clear from the
data on industrial production was more than 60 per cent; in 1980, it was about 45 per cent.
Western Europe and Japan have become the major economic rivals to the United States.
The United States faith in her world supremacy had been first shaken when in 1957 the
Soviet Union launched the Sputnik, its first satellite in space. This was followed three years
later by first satellite in space. This was followed three years later by the first Soviet manned
flight in space. These ‘shocks’ led to vigorous efforts in areas in which the United States
22
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
thought she had been surpassed by the Soviet Union. Vast resources were made available to
the space research programme. The US made a great achievement when two United States
astronauts landed and walked on the surface of the moon in 1969.
ARMS RACEThe cold war period accentuated the mad race of armaments between the two super powers.
In an attempt to establish superiority, both the super powers engaged themselves in
accumulation of weapons of mass destruction. The formation of military alliances added fuel
to fire. Large amount of weapons were required to maintain the military alliances and the
satellite states of Soviet Union. One after the other, all the five permanent members of UN
Security Council acquired nuclear weapons. These weapons acted as a major threat to the
human survival.
Both the super powers spent huge amount of resources to enhance the quality and quantity of
their nuclear arsenals. In the decade of 1960s, the theory of MAD developed – Mutually
Assured Destruction.US and USSR developed a capability to launch a devastating attack on
the other side even after receiving a full scale assault from the counter side. This meant that if
US attacked Soviet Union, then the Soviet Union would still be left with enough nuclear
arsenals to suitably retaliate. Hence, there would be no winners.
The theory of MAD ensured that both the super powers and their alliances should refrain
themselves from waging a full scale attack against each other. It acted as a deterrent to a
possible nuclear attack in future. Therefore, all the nuclear states concentrated to use the
nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the rival alliance and used it as a powerful
mechanism to establish their superiority over the other. Their struggle for armaments moved
beyond and entered into space as well. The space race officially started on October 4, 1957
when USSR launched its first artificial satellite, Sputnik into space.
USE-WORKSHEET-7
23
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
The Cuban Missile crisis brought both the super powers US & USSR close to a nuclear
confrontation. It brought world on the brink of a nuclear warfare, but, at the last moment, a
compromise was reached between US & former USSR and the nuclear war was averted. The
crisis existed for 14 days in Oct: 1962.In Jan 1959, Cuba was taken over by FIDEL CASTRO
after the Cuban revolution. After coming to power, CASTRO pursued economic policies that
SPACE RACE






1957- The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial
satellite
1958 – The US launched its first satellite, Explorer I
1959 – The Soviet Union launched Luna 2. This was the first
space probe to hit the moon
1961 – Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first
person to orbit the earth.
Alan shepard, Jr became the first American Astronaut in
space…. and the race continued.
Source http://www.eurocivcourse7.edublogs.org/page/2
went against US interest. In retaliation to this, the American government staged an invasion
of Cuban territory through Bay of Pigs. Immediately after Bay of Pigs invasion, Castro
declared Cuba a communist country. This alarmed US as it became the only communist
country in the American continent.
“Soviet Union was technically behind US in arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful
enough to be launched against Europe, but US missiles were capable of striking the entire
Soviet Union”. Besides, Khrushchev also wanted to balance the US deployment of nuclear
warheads in Turkey which was meant against Soviet Union.
Ever since the unsuccessful invasion of Bay of Pigs, Castro could foresee the possible US
invasion against Cuba. Castro was in search of a powerful way to defend his island nation.
24
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
“I found myself in the difficult position of having to decide on a course of action which would
answer the American threat but which would also avoid war. Any fool can start a war, and once
he’s done so, even the wisest of men are helpless to stop it….especially if it’s a nuclear war”
Khrushchev on Cuban Missile Crisis
Source: http://www.cubanmissilecrisis.org/page2asp
Consequently he approved of Khrushchev’s idea of deployment of intermediate range
missiles in Cuba.
Soviet’s medium range ballistic missiles on Cuban soil, with a range of 2000 km could
threaten Washington D.C. and nearly half of US’s strategic air command base (of
nuclear armed bombers) with a flying time of less than 20 minutes)
The US came under major pressure on Oct 15, 1962 when reconnaissance photographs
revealed Soviet’s installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The Soviet Union’s ambassador to
US kept denying the deployment of missiles in Cuba. President John Kennedy maintained the
secrecy of the fact so as to avoid any panic amongst US citizens. After 7 days of intense
debate with EXCOMM, Kennedy concluded to impose naval ‘quarantine’ around Cuba on
October 21 1962.The next day President publicly announced the discovery of installations.
He announced that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be considered as a nuclear
attack on US by Soviet Union and demanded the removal of offensive weapons from Cuba.
Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy claiming the deterrent nature of missiles in Cuba. He
provided two options to the American government. – USSR is ready to dismantle the
installations on the condition that US would in future not attempt to attack Cuba and
secondly, the US government should provide an assurance to withdraw its missiles from
Turkey. The tension between US & USSR reached at an alarming stage when a U-2 spy plane
was shot down over Cuba. On one hand, the US govt began the quarantine on 24th Oct at
10:00AM at a line 500 metres from Cuba and on the other, Soviet ships reached near the
quarantine zone. The world came closest to a nuclear devastation. As it was rightly remarked
by Soviet General and army chief of operations, Anatoly Gibkov, “Nuclear catastrophe was
hanging by a thread….and we were not counting days or hours, but minutes.”
25
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
Both the super powers were in a state of dilemma. It was difficult for them to decide their
course of action which would not only answer the counter super powers’ threat and maintain
their superiority over others but which would also at the same time avoids a nuclear
confrontation between the two. One of the above mentioned quotes of Khrushchev clearly
signifies the mounting pressure on Soviet Union.
The quarantine had already begun and Soviet ships reached near the quarantine zone. At that
crucial juncture, Kennedy announced the acceptance of the first option provided by
Khrushchev, and sent Attorney General Robert Kennedy to Soviet Embassy to accept the
second in private. It was promised that the missile installations in Turkey would be removed
six months later.
Tensions finally began to ease. Soviet ships turned back and moved away from quarantine
zone. On October 28, Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle installations from
Cuba and return the missiles to Soviet Union. Once the missiles were completely dismantled
from Cuba, Kennedy ended the quarantine on November 20.
Aftermath: The compromise satisfied no one but severely affected the image of Khrushchev
and Soviet Union at large. Soviet Union dismantled the missiles from Cuba and the decision
of American withdrawal of missiles from Turkey was not made public. He was severely
criticised in Soviet Union for the way he handled the crisis. Ultimately it gave the USA an
upper hand to US. One of the scariest parts of the Cuban missile crisis was the
communication delays between Washington & Moscow. It took several hours to transmit a
message from one capital to another. In order to avoid any communication delays in future, a
hotline was established between the Kremlin & White House for direct communication.
For Cuba, it was a betrayal by the Soviets. Castro was furious for not being consulted by
Soviet Union while taking a decision over Cuba. He was not satisfied with the solution. He
wanted to incorporate other demands in the solution. He also yearned for an assurance from
American government that they would to end economic blockade and spy and espionage
activities against Cuba. He wanted the return of Guantanamo naval base to Cuba.
26
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
ACTIVITY -6:
WALL MAGAZINE

As the photo story progresses, draw students’ attention to the Berlin crisis.

Remind the learners about the incident of Berlin blockade and encourage them to probe
into the possible causes for the re-emergence of Berlin crisis.

On the basis of their response, provide your valuable inputs on the given topic.

Divide the class in four groups and allocate one display board to each of them. Ask
every group to research upon the Berlin crisis in detail.

Allocate one individual task to each of the four groups
o Interesting facts about Berlin blockade
o Interesting facts about Berlin wall
o Pictures, cartoons, speeches and timeline on Berlin blockade
o Pictures, cartoons, speeches and timeline on construction of Berlin wall
o Allocate two periods for the decoration of display boards/corridor wall
USE-WORKSHEET-8
THE VIETNAM WAR
The Vietnam War had roots in American Domino Theory which was perceived by John foster
Dulles, American Secretary of State. Vietnam was a French colony. During World War II,
Japan invaded Vietnam. Inspired by communist ideology, Ho Chi Minh formed Vietminh to
fight against Japan on one side and French colonisers on the other. Japan towards the end of
World War II withdrew from Vietnam leaving emperor Bao Dai to rule over Vietnam. Ho
Chi Minh forces rose up and were able to capture North Vietnam.
After the end of Second World War France once again came to the forefront to regain its
control over Vietnam. After eight years of war, the French forces were finally defeated in a
decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954.
Unfortunately, in the peace negotiations at Geneva, Vietnamese were persuaded for a
temporary division of the country into North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh regained its
control over North Vietnam and established his communist rule and Bao Dai was established
27
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
in South Vietnam. It was promised that election would be held for reunification of the
country in 1956.America was of the opinion that if Ho Chi Minh won the elections, then the
entire Vietnam would become communist. And then this will lead to a domino effect on the
other neighbouring countries as well.
But in 1955, Bao -Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Din Diem. Since
he was a strong critique of communism, America provided all possible support for the
establishment of Republic of South Vietnam. Diem initiated a series of repressive measures
against the people of South Vietnam. In 1960, Diem opponents in South Vietnam organised
themselves into a national liberation front. This movement was referred as Viet Cong.
In Nov 1963, the South Vietnamese army itself overthrew and killed Diem because of the
oppressive measures undertaken by his government. This political instability in South
Vietnam ultimately paved the way for the spread of communism from North to South
Vietnam.
This situation alarmed America who ultimately waged a full scale war to contain the spread
of communism. The Tong king incident gave a strong reason to wage a war against Vietnam.
“The American involvement in Vietnam was at its peak from 1965 to 1969 when a maximum
of 500,000 American troops were in Vietnam. A number of the front line troops were
conscripts and were not professional troops. They were young and usually from lower social
groups. They were trained in conventional warfare whereas; the Viet Cong used Guerrilla
tactics.”
America adopted two different strategies to fight against North & South Vietnam. North
Vietnam was hit by air attacks and in South Vietnam, American troops fought on ground.
Meanwhile, North Vietnam got economic and military aid from China & USSR to strengthen
its air defences. The US used most powerful bombers of that time – B52.
In order to bring war on a decisive victory, the US Government ordered the use of chemical
weapons against Vietnamese – Napalm, Agent Orange and phosphorus bombs. They killed
the civilians in large numbers and completely decimated jungles. The effects of chemical
bombs were utterly shocking and devastating for the Vietnamese.
28
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
The American public started questioning the legitimacy of the war. By now President
Johnson had understood that the war could not be won militarily. Because of mounting
pressure from domestic public opinion, he decided to reduce the number of American troops
in phases from Vietnam. By 1973, US withdrew all its troops from Vietnam. After sometime,
the North & South Vietnam also got united. Finally the whole Vietnam became communist.
The Vietnam War completely shattered the international image of the US. US not only failed
militarily but also failed politically. It could neither prevent South Vietnam from becoming
communist, nor the neighbouring countries of Laos & Cambodia.
Do you know?
Do you know?
The Vietnam War had taken a heavy toll on
As many as 48, 00,000 people were exposed to
America also. The war had cost her one
American chemical attacks. Some 50,000
billion dollars a day at its peak.
babies over three generations have been born
She had dropped 7 million tons of bombs –
with horrific deformities after their parents
more than the entire total of all participants
ingested Agent Orange in their food & water,
in the World War II. The cost of the war in
and many future babies will be born with
1968 alone was $88,000 million.
unspeakably grotesque disfigurements. Agent
orange
continues
to
contaminate
the
Vietnamese water and soil to this very day.”
Source: http://www.socialistalternative.org
ACTIVITY- 7:
SHOWCASING PHOTO STORY AND PLUS-MINUS-INTERESTING

Install the software- : “photo story 3 for windows” for developing a photo story on the
entire course of events taken place during cold war.

Prepare the room, if necessary, for viewing a photo story.

Play the photo story in parts and break up the course of cold war accordingly. Pause
in between to explain and reinforce important incidents ----Berlin, Korean, Cuban,
Vietnam etc. one by one with the help of class discussion.
29
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II

Instruct students to transcribe important points related to the course of cold war.

Remind the students about the previous incidents and their connection to the outbreak
of various crises during cold war.

Give students five minutes time to think and recapitulate the events that studied up till
now in order to maintain the chronology of the events.

Invite their queries and comments on the given topic and complement it with your
explanation and analysis.

Draw a blank graphic organizer comprising of three figures on the board.

Identify the factors which increased the tensions during Berlin crisis and write them
under Minus Box. The factors that eased tensions should be written under PLUS Box
and the interesting outcome to be mentioned under Interesting Box.

Ask students to jot down the important points from time to time.

Provide your valuable inputs to wind up the topic.
ACTIVITY-8
SHOWCASING THE PHOTO STORY

As the photo story proceeds, draw the attention of the students to the Korean crisis.

Ask students to focus on the article mentioned in the students’ manual on Korea.

Encourage them to critically analyse the role of UN & US in the Korean crisis.

On the basis of their response, build your explanation. Make sure that the information
provided in the teachers’ manual is covered in the discussion.

Provide your valuable input to wind up the topic.

This activity is followed by a work sheet.
USE-WORKSHEET-9
30
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
THE DÉTENTE
One of the most significant outcomes of Vietnam War was the emergence of the period of
Détente. There were two important factors which promoted Détente in 1970s; the use of
chemical weapons on a large scale in Vietnam War brought the American Government under
lot of criticism both at home and abroad. The other was the fear of possible nuclear holocaust.
The arms race was going on not only between US & USSR but also involved other countries
of the world at large. All these countries possessed huge amount of nuclear weapons which
became a major threat for international peace and security.
Moreover, USSR was already spending huge amount of its national income on defence. The
realisation on the part of US to devise new ways to contain communism also motivated it to
follow the policy of Détente. The huge amount of cost factor attached to both containing and
spreading communism brought them closer to the period of Détente.











DÉTENTE
1969 – First Round of Strategic Arms limitations talk began
1971 – Kissinger paid a visit to Peking(Beijing), via Pakistan
!972 – President Nixon visited China
1972 – President Nixon visited Moscow and signed a treaty on Anti ballistic Missile
System.
1972 – Second round of strategic Arms limitation talks began and signed a treaty on
limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.
1974 – Nixon visited Soviet Union and agreed with Brezhnev to limit underground
testing for five years.
USSR & China
In late 1960s, a border dispute emerged between US & USSR
In late 1960s, China left USSR’s alliance
China & US
In an attempt to improve its relation with US, Chinese sports team invited American
table tennis team in 1971. This was described as Ping-Pong diplomacy
1971, US supported China’s entry to UN
Leaders of US in China visited each other’s country in 1971-72
31
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan proved to be the last war of Soviet Union during the cold
war period. Before the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan War, the country was already in a
state of civil war. The Mujahidin waged a holy war against the Hazifulla Amin’s government
of Afghanistan. At this crucial juncture, Soviet Union intervened militarily in Afghanistan.
“The Soviet government claimed that they had been invited by the Amin’s government and
that they were not invading the country. They claimed that its task was to support a legitimate
government and the Mujahidin were not less than terrorists.”
But in December 1979, Amin himself was shot down by Soviet forces, as the Soviet
government became suspicious of him. The Soviet government installed Kamal as the leader.
This was strongly retaliated by most of the soldiers who went on the side of Mujahidin to
fight the war. As a result of this, Soviet army ended up killing most of the innocent civilians
whom they were suppose to protect. America did play an important role in Afghan crisis but
behind the scene.
USE-WORKSHEET-10
ANTI-COMMUNIST HYSTERIA
The Cold War had a vitiating influence on life in the US for many years. There emerged in
the US a “paranoiac obsession” with “godless communism”. The anti – communist and antiradical hysteria led to branding every opinion which did not conform to the US view of the
Cold War as ‘un-American’ and subversive.
During the presidency of Truman (1945-52), the loyalty of government officials was
investigated and thousands of people were thrown out of jobs. Thousands of school, college
and university teachers were dismissed from their jobs for teaching what were considered
“un-American” ideas. Many film writers and producers were jailed and many blacklisted and
debarred from employment in Hollywood for refusing to disclose their past communist
connections. The anti-radical hysteria continued for some years during the presidency of
Eisenhower who was elected president twice, in 1952 and 1956. In 1953, Julius and Ethel
32
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
Rosenberg were executed on charges of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, in spite
of protests and appeals from all over the world. J. Robert Oppenheimer, popularly known as
the father of the atom bomb (he had been the head of the US Atomic Bomb project), was
denied security clearance. He had opposed the Hydrogen Bomb project and was accused of
having concealed his past connections with communists. The leader of this crusade against
communism within the United States was Senator Joseph McCarthy. From 1950 to 1954, he
is described as having “terrorized American public life” by branding many innocent people as
traitors and levelling accusations even against the State Department and the military of
harbouring “traitors”. He himself was disgraced in 1954 and there was a gradual decline in
the hysteria even though most victims of the hysteria were not rehabilitated.
FOREIGN INTERVENTIONS
The ‘containment’ of communism remained the objective of US foreign policy for most of
the period after the Second World War. The US policy in Latin America continued more or
less as before and the US either sent her troops or actively aided rebels to overthrow regimes
in many Latin American countries which she suspected of being leftists and, therefore, antiAmerican. John F. Kennedy, who was elected US President in 1960, inaugurated a period of
new dynamism in US domestic policy. However, it was during his presidency that the US
began to get directly involved in the war in Vietnam, the fiasco of the Bay of Pigs took place
and the confrontation on Soviet missiles in Cuba occurred.
A major peace initiative was taken in 1963 when the US President Kennedy and the Soviet
Union Premier Khrushchev signed a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in the
outer space and underwater. President Kennedy was assassinated on 22 November 1963. The
man who was believed to be his lone assassin was killed soon after while in police custody
and millions of people saw this act of killing on their television screens as it took place.
Later, doubts were raised about the view upheld by a judicial commission that there was only
one person behind the killing of President Kennedy.
33
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
The war in Vietnam ended in the ignominious defeat of the US. The war had begun to
escalate during the period when Lyndon Johnson was the US President (1963-69). It was
further escalated during the presidency of Richard Nixon (1969-74). Cambodia was bombed
and the government of Cambodia was overthrown, and a pro-US government under a military
general was installed there. The US had also extended the war to Laos, the third country of
Indo-China.
President Nixon started the process of normalizing relations with China and China was
admitted to the United Nations in 1971. In 1972, Nixon went to China. The SALT talks
referred to earlier were started with the Soviet Union. In 1973, the US agreed to end the war
in Vietnam and to withdraw her troops. However, the war continued for another two years
and ended when the North Vietnamese troops and the troops of the National Liberation Front
of South Vietnam entered Saigon, the capital of the pro-US regime in South Vietnam, in
April 1975, soon after the last US planes and helicopters had left the city.
The war in Vietnam came to an end after Nixon had resigned as president after a major
scandal popularly known as the Watergate scandal. He had been re-elected president in 1972
but was soon after accused of serious charges of corruption, and of authorizing planting of
spying devices and stealing of files from the Democratic Party. Although he claimed that he
was not a crook, he was faced with the prospect of impeachment and resigned.
The US support too many unpopular regimes sometimes created problems for the US and led
to acts which were illegal under US law. The US had long supported and sustained the
regimes of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines and Jean- Claude Duvalier, commonly
referred to as Papa Doc, in Haiti. But these regimes became to unpopular that the US had to
support the overthrow of these dictators. In the case of Iran, the US first took an adventurous
step which ended in a fiasco and later US officials had dealings with Iran which according to
her own laws were illegal. In 1979, the Shah of Iran who was one of the most important
supporters of the US in Asia fled the country following a revolution in Iran. The government
of Iran asked the US to hand over the Shah, who had come to the US for treatment. The
Iranian government wanted to put the Shah on trial. On the refusal of the US, the Iranians
held many Americans as hostages. In April 1980, Jimmy Carter who had become president in
34
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
1977 sent US commandos to rescue the hostages. The commando action ended in disaster.
The hostages were finally released in early 1981 when the US returned the Iranian assets in
US banks which had been frozen by the US government earlier. In the 1980s during the
presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981-88), a major scandal broke out. High US officials had
entered into illegal deals to support the rebels against the government of Nicaragua. These
officials were believed to have entered into the illegal deals with the approval of the
president.
In 1989, when George Bush was the president (1989-92), US troops were sent to Panama.
General Noreiga who ruled Panama was overthrown and brought to the US to stand trial on
charges of drug trafficking. In 1991, supported by the troops of some other countries, the US
went to war against Iraq following the occupation of Kuwait by the latter. The war which was
authorized by the United Nations led to the ending of the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. Though
the US-led to the ending of the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. Though the US – led troops were
victorious, Iraq was not occupied. However, the war had serious consequences for the people
of Iraq. Many restrictions were imposed on Iraq, including restrictions on the sale of oil,
which was the only export commodity available there. In 2003, Iraq was again invaded, this
time on the pretext of developing weapons of mass destruction, by the US and its allies, and
has since been under US occupation.
POVERTY IN USA
An issue which succeeding administrations in the US have had to contend with is the
persistence of poverty. In the most prosperous country of the world, about 15 per cent of the
population (over 30 million people) were officially classified as poor in the 1980s. The
incidence of poverty in different ‘racial’ groups reflected the continuing ‘racial’ inequality in
US society. In the 1980s, about 33 per cent of African Americans, about 20 per cent
Hispanics (or Spanish-speaking inhabitants and immigrants from Mexico, Puerto Rico, etc.)
and 12 per cent Whites in the US were poor. Homelessness in urban areas has been another
major issue.
35
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
FALL OF COMMUNIST REGIMES IN EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES:
In late 1980s the communist rule in East European countries came to a dramatic end
when people behind the Iron Curtain began to raise their voice against the established
communist rule. Under communist rule, they had witnessed decades of political and
economic repression.
The instances of mass protest against communist rule were reported earlier also. But this time
things were destined differently. This time, Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of Soviet
Union, was determined not to recourse to putting down the demonstration. Soviet Union
decided not to intervene in the internal affairs of East European countries. It unleashed
certain forces and events which reached to an uncontrollable level. All this finally led to the
collapse of communist regime in East European countries one after the other.
USE-WORKSHEET-11
EMERGENCE OF NON- ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT-
NAM
The decade of 1960s also saw the emergence of Non Alignment movement. The Second
World War also witnessed the onset of wave of decolonisation amongst the Afro- Asian
countries. These newly independent countries immediately after gaining Independence were
expected to join either of the military alliances. They were promised with economic aid and
militarily assistance in lieu of that.
But they were required to follow the dictates of the respective Super Power in pursuing its
foreign policy objectives. In some places, these counties also acted as a surrogate nation to
meet the objective of the aligned Super Power. In this process of alignment with their military
blocs, these nations lost their Independence to take decisions on the basis of their national
interest. Hence the concept of non alignment came into being. It was first coined by the
Indian PM Nehru. The movement was founded by Indian PM Nehru, Ghana’s PM Nkrumah,
Egypt’s President Sukarno and Yugoslavia’s President Tito.
36
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
The foundation of this movement was laid in the Bandung conference of 1955. The NAM
tried to act as a balancing force between the two super powers. It played a vital role in
reducing the cold war tensions by providing an III option to the Afro- Asian countries.
The non alignment policy meant not joining the military blocs on one hand and following an
independent foreign policy on the other. Both the Super Powers equated it with the policy of
neutrality and isolationism. But non alignment is neither neutrality nor isolationism. In fact
the non alignment nations actively engaged themselves in mediating various cold war
conflicts with the help of United Nations.
This movement apart from providing relief from cold war tensions also acted as a platform
for the newly Independent Afro Asian countries to voice their concerns together at the
international level. They also demanded for the establishment of new international economic
order. Through this forum, the non aligned countries waged a united struggle against the
forces of imperialism and colonialism, racialism, armament race, nuclear weapons, global
economic inequality and all forms of foreign aggression.
USE-WORKSHEET-12
DISINTEGRATION OF SOVIET UNION
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of Soviet Union. By the time Gorbachev
came to power, in Soviet Union, it was undergoing serious financial crisis. In order to match
up with the West in arms race, Soviet Union diverted all its resources from economic and
social sector to the defence sector. Its economy began to stagnate in 1960s.No concrete
measures were taken by Soviet Government to overcome economic stagnation. This resulted
in severe economic crisis in Soviet Union. There was extreme shortage of consumer goods
and food crops in the country. Besides, the maintenance of satellite states was huge burden on
Soviet economy.
The Soviet Union could match up with US on military front but lagged behind in terms of
technology. Politically also the people of Soviet Union were tired of authoritarian rule of the
37
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
communist political party. The lack of freedom of speech and expression stifled people badly.
The communist political party that had ruled the people over 70 years could not cater to the
basic political and economic needs of the people. The ten years war with Afghanistan
completely crippled Soviet economy. It proved to be a major blunder to the ongoing
economic crisis in USSR.
TIMELINE – FROM 1985 TO 1991











1985- Gorbachev came to power.
1987- Reagan and Gorbachev signed the intermediate –range Nuclear forces
treaty.
March 1989- Hungary decides to allow free elections and take down the fence
between Hungary and Austria.
June 1989 – Poland holds its first free elections.
July 1989 – Thousands of East Germans “vacation” in Hungary and then flee to
the Austria and the West.
October 1989- East Germans protested to put an end to communist regime.
Russian troops stayed in their barracks and GDR soldiers and police backed
down. Communist leader Honaker was voted out of office by the Politburo.
November 1989- Bulgaria’s communist party leader resigned free elections held
in June, 1990.
December 1989- The Communist government in Czechoslovakia gave up without
violence and elections were held.
December 1989- Romanian communist forces kill 73 in riots. Crowds storm the
government and elections were held.
June 1991- Spilt of Yugoslavia
December 1991Disintegration of Soviet Union
In such state of affairs, Gorbachev introduced two important reforms in Soviet Union –
Glasnost and Perestroika to save the communist system. These two reforms, however,
ultimately paved the way for the disintegration of Soviet Union. The restrictions on freedom
of speech and expression and censorship on media was removed by the Soviet Government.
To do away with the rampant corruption and inefficiency, he introduced Perestroika. All
these were accompanied by a desire to gain sovereignty in various republics of USSR.The
38
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
communist party hardliners held Gorbachev responsible for this and organised a military
coup against Gorbachev. But it was put down by Boris Yelstin. Suddenly the three major
republics of USSR-Russia, Ukraine and Belarus declared independence from Soviet Union.
The fall of Soviet Union also marked the end of cold war and the long ideological debate
between the communist and the capitalist ideology. It marked the triumph of Capitalism over
communism. The end of cold war also brought an end to arms race between the two super
powers. It also laid the foundation of a uni-polar world order. The end of cold war also gave
rise to a new form of debate over the uni-polar and multi polar world order. This period also
saw the rise of new international actors on political scene and once again transformed the
map of Europe.
USE-WORKSHEET- 13
END OF THE COLD WAR
It has been mentioned earlier that the world had, from about the 1990, entered the post-Cold
War era. Many efforts had been made since the 1950s to promote relaxation of tensions and
on many occasions in the past it appeared that the two power blocs had entered the period of
détente. The Non-Aligned Movement played a crucial role in promoting a climate of peace.
However, many developments that seemed to mark the beginning of détente were followed
by new tensions and conflicts.
One of the factors that played an increasingly important role in changing the policy of
confrontation was the realization that unlike the past events in human history, the
practicability of an all-out war simply could not be the basis of conducting international
relations. The reports prepared by scientists on the effects of a nuclear war and the voices
raised by them against the armaments race and the doctrines of MAD and Nuclear
Deterrence, and the popular anti-war movements around the world, played an important role
in creating an atmosphere of détente. The Non-Aligned Movement, since its inception,
pressed for disarmament so that the vast resources released by it could be utilized for
development and for ending misery in the world.
39
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
Since the early 1960s, the rigid military alliances showed tendencies of breaking down. From
1956, the Soviet leaders began laying stress on peaceful coexistence. After the split in the
communist movement which began in the late 1950s, the theory of the danger of the
expansion of communism lost much of its relevance. The hostility between the Soviet Union
and China destroyed the fear of communism which had been earlier viewed as a monolithic
bloc. Albania went out of the Warsaw Pact in 1961 and Romania began to play an
independent role. US relations with China improved in the early 1970s and China was
admitted to the United Nations in 1971. There were changes in the US – sponsored military
alliances also. 1966 and NATO forces and bases were removed from French territory. In the
early, 1970s, SEATO also began to be phased out as a military alliance. Pakistan withdrew
from SEATO in 1973 and France in 1974.
The process of the end of the Cold War was not an easy one. At a number of occasions the
breakout of an all out nuclear war seemed imminent. In 1956, there was an uprising in
Hungary and in 1968 a change of government in Czechoslovakia. In both cases, it meant and
economic policies which deviated from the Soviet sponsored ‘socialism’. Both these
countries were invaded by Soviet troops. In Czechoslovakia they were joined by troops from
some other countries of the Warsaw Pact and a pro-Soviet government was installed there.
In 1961, East Germany built a wall between East and West Berlin to make it impossible for
East Germans to escape to West Berlin. This created wide spread resentment in the West. In
1979, the Soviet Union sent her troops to Afghanistan to help the Afghan Govt. crush the
rebels who had been helped and armed by the United States and were operating in
Afghanistan from and with the support of Pakistan. There were also many instances of US
overt or covert intervention in many countries, particularly in Latin America. In Africa also,
the US aided rebels against regimes which she considered pro-soviet and Pro-communist.
As it has been pointed out earlier that, the elimination of the means of destruction can alone
ensure peace. The existence of the weapons whose destructive power is beyond ordinary
human imagination is itself a source of tension. The end of confrontation, therefore, must
lead to disarmament, to begin with, nuclear disarmament. Though this armament remains a
far cry, some positive steps were taken in this direction. In 1963, a Test Ban Treaty was
signed by the US, the Soviet Union and Britain which prohibited the testing of nuclear
40
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater. France and China, however, had
refused to sign the treaty and continued to carry out nuclear test in the atmosphere. In 1969,
Negotiation aimed at the reduction of arms began between the United States and the Soviet
Union and in 1972 an agreement was reached on limiting certain categories of missiles.
These Negotiations were known as Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).
The negotiation for disarmament were hampered in the 1980s, when the US started working
on a new system of weaponry called the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), popularly known
as the “star wars” programme. This would mean taking the arms raise to a new terrible height
by extended it to outer space. However, some progress was made in eliminating some
categories of nuclear missiles and in cutting down others. A treaty on the non – proliferation
of nuclear weapons, popularly known as NPT, was also signed by many countries. It aims to
prevent the countries that don’t possess nuclear weapons from acquiring them but doesn’t
require that countries already in possession of nuclear weapons should eliminate them.
Because it give the five nuclear powers—the countries that presently possess nuclear
weapons—the exclusive monopoly over nuclear weapons, this treaty is considered
discriminatory by some countries, including India. India has tested a nuclear device in 1974,
and more recently in 1998, both India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests. Israel is believed
to be in possession of nuclear weapons; the number of nuclear weapons she is said to possess
is estimated to be 50.
Some very important events could be said to have brought the cold war to an end. In 1989,
the communist party’s monopoly of power in the countries of Eastern Europe came to an end.
This can be considered a major consequence of the policies pursued. By the new leadership
headed by Mikhail Gorbachev which came to power in 1985, the soviet control over the
Govt. of East European countries was loosened and new governments were formed after free
elections were held in these countries. In October, 1990, Germany was reunited. In 1991, the
Warsaw Pact, the military bloc headed by the Soviet Union, was formally dissolved. It may
be noted that NATO was not a dissolved; it has in fact, expended over the years with 26
countries being its members at present. In 1991, the communist party’s exclusive control over
the Soviet Union, which it had exercised soon after the revolution in 1917, came to an end.
41
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
By the end of the year, the Soviet Union broke up into 15 independent republics. With the
collapse of the Soviet Union the cold war finally came to an end.
The term, Cold War, is used to describe the confrontation and rivalry between the two
military blocs—one consisting of West European and North American countries headed by
USA, and the other consisting of the Soviet Union and European countries ruled by
communist parties. It had its impact on almost every conflict in every part of the world
because almost every major conflict in every part of the world was seen in terms of this
confrontation and rivalry or, as is often said, in terms of the Cold War. The Cold War was
also often seen as confrontation and rivalry for world domination by two opposing political,
economic and social systems—capitalist and communist. This ‘war’ remained ‘cold’ because
even though there were many conflicts and tensions and even wars in which the two military
blocs were, directly or indirectly, involved, there was no widespread general war and in none
of the wars the two superpowers—USA and Soviet Union – Directly fought against each
other. The end of the Cold War means the end of the confrontation and rivalry between the
two military blocs. It does not, however, mean that tensions, conflicts and wars have come to
an end.
USE-WORKSHEET- 14
ACTIVITY – 9: JIGSAW ACTIVITY

In order to acquaint the students with the events leading to the end of cold war, the
teacher will organise a jigsaw activity in the class.

With the help of a photo story, the teacher will build her explanation of the important
incidents that took place in late 1980s which had a profound impact on the future
course of international politics.

The teacher will divide the class into four groups with four to six students each. (This
depends on the strength of the class) The teacher will assign one specific topic to each
of the groups – Protests in East European countries and fall of communist
governments, fall of Berlin wall and the Soviet withdrawal of forces from
Afghanistan and the disintegration of USSR.
42
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II

All the groups would be given one day time to research upon their topics.

Next day, the students will be allotted two periods to discuss the topics in their
respective groups.

Now one child from each parent group will go to other groups to share his/her
findings and observation.

The students will once again get back to their parent group and will discuss the entire
chapter in totality.

This activity is followed by a work sheet.
USE-WORKSHEET- 15,16&17
43
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
GLOSSARY
IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Cold War:
This period emerged in the international relations after the end of Second World War. It was
marked by intense suspicion, rivalry, ideological confrontations, formation of military blocs
and the division of world between two super powers.
Deterrence:
A logic developed by both the super powers as a means to avoid the outbreak of Third World
War by increasing their capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much
destruction that neither side could afford to initiate the war. This was achieved by possessing
destructive nuclear weapons and indulgence in armaments race.
Non Alignment Movement:
A movement led forward by the Third World Countries who were committed not to join
either of the power blocs and follow an independent foreign policy.
Bipolar World Order:
Presence of two super powers in the world order is referred as bipolar world order. The
period after the end of Second World War marked the beginning of a bipolar world. The two
super powers were US and USSR.
Uni-polar World Order:
Presence of only one super power in the international arena is described as uni-polar world
order. The period immediately after the disintegration of USSR in 1991 led to the emergence
of Uni-polar world order. In such a system, it is difficult to check and balance the actions of
the super power. Therefore the period after the disintegration of USSR witnessed the
beginning of US hegemony in the world order.
Neutrality:
44
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
It is a situation in which a state does not take any side in the war. It has relevance only in war
and is a condition of non involvement in war. This policy was often misunderstood with non
alignment.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO):
An organisation which was formed by western alliance in April 1949. It was an association
of twelve states which declared that an armed attack on any one of them shall be considered
as an attack on all of them. It was a military alliance formed by United States of America.
WARSAW Pact:
The alliance formed by USSR and the East European countries to counter NATO was
referred as WARSAW pact.
Allied forces:
One of the two warring camps during the Second World War by the US, Soviet Union,
Britain and France.
Axis Powers:
It was another warring front of the Second World War led by Germany, Italy and Japan.
New International Economic Order (NIEO):
A demand put forward by all the developing countries to make international economic order
more just and equitable in nature and frame international economic policies favourable to the
interests of the Developing countries.
Satellite States:
A satellite state is a country that is economically and politically dominated by another nation.
During cold war period, Soviet Union turned East European countries as its satellite states by
establishing puppet communist regimes in each of these countries.
45
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
ASSESSMENT RUBRICS
Criteria
Excellent(A+,A)
Knowledge and Demonstrates detail & depth
understanding
in discussion of a chosen
of the content
topic at a level of relative
complexity. Content is
relevant to the chosen topic
and
displays
relevant
research
Language
Satisfactory(B+,B)
Needs Improvement
(C,D)
Content is relevant Content is sometimes
to the chosen topic. relevant to the chosen
Reflects
some topic. Mostly copied
research work done. from outside source.
Employs complex structure
& speech. Conveys thoughts
meaningfully
and
systematically.
Conveys
thoughts Is ambiguous and vague.
meaningfully
and
systematically.
Sometimes
uses
complex
structure
and speech.
Analytical skill Interprets accurately & Interprets accurately Does
not
interpret,
appropriately
in
new and in new contexts simply explains.
contexts.
Draw
well sometimes.
supported
conclusion,
integrates ideas or develop
solutions that are clear &
coherent.
Participation in Participates fully; fully Participates
fully. Needs much persuasion
Group
gives
relevant
facts; Listens to others; from
teachers
to
Discussion
Courteous and listens to Gives relevant facts; participate; Gets agitated
others; Attempts to get Gets
disturbed when
stopped
in
others to participate; Does /withdraws
when between.
not
monopolize
the criticized
proceedings.
Logical
Has
strong
reasoning Reasons out his Finds it difficult to
reasoning
ability: is capable of solving arguments well can reason out. Needs strong
complex
or
abstract make
inferences teacher support to apply
problems has ability to needs clues to apply knowledge to a new
make inferences integrates knowledge to new concept?
knowledge and applies to situations.
new situations.
Team work
Is sociable team oriented Is
sociable Collaborates occasionally
collaborative,
enjoys sometimes prefers to prefers
to
work
working towards a shared work independently independently
goal.
Creative
Demonstrates a wide range Some hesitation in Some hesitation Meaning
expression
of creativity, versatility and expression meaning not always clear.
imagination, highlights the is clear always.
essence, puts ideas in proper
context.
46
CBSE – i
CLASS-X- HISTORY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT-I
Originality
THE WORLD AFTER THEWORLD WAR- II
Uses his ideas, gives his
own view points and relates
it to contemporary time’s
depth in thinking.
With
support Cannot relate to new
teachers uses his situation without support
view points and from teachers.
relates it to new
situation.
REFERENCES:


























http://library.advanced.org/11046
http://www.funfront.net/hist/europe/coldwar.htm
http://www.guidetorussia.com/russia-afghanistan.asp
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/CubanMissile crisis
http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects
http://Icweb2.gov/frd/cs/soviet union/su appnc.html
http://www.history.com/topics/formation-ofnato-and-warsaw-pact
http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/nato
http://www.historylearningsite
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/teacher/berlin.htm
http://www.almc.army.army.mil/ALOG/issues/SepOct05/Berlinairlift.html
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/ps2.htmfor domino theory
The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume3,pp.712
http://www.socialistalternative.org/literature/vietnam/app2.html
http://morallowground.com
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1736.html
http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5599-3.cfm
http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfk/jfk-in-history
http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/coldwar/a/originscoldwar.htm
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/churchill-iron.html
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nato.htm
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/trudoc.htm
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html
http:// tiorichy.glogster.com/cover-page
http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/111/week_ten.html
47