Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive
All Theses and Dissertations
1964
The Contribution of Medical Women During the
First Fifty Years in Utah
Keith Calvin Terry
Brigham Young University - Provo
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd
Part of the History Commons, Mormon Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Terry, Keith Calvin, "The Contribution of Medical Women During the First Fifty Years in Utah" (1964). All Theses and Dissertations.
Paper 5167.
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations by an
authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected].
09
401
cal
I1
404
1I
ION
lon
tre contribution
THE
OF MEDICAL WOMEN DURING THE
FIRST FIFTY YEARS IN
A
UTAH
thesis
presented to the
department of history
university
brigham young
I1
in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
master of
arts
by
keith calvin terry
july
1964
this thesis
by
keith calvin terry is
i s accepted in
form by the department of
1
history brigham
young
its
present
university as satis-
ayi
fyi ng the thesis requirement for the degree of master of arts
fying
i
i
i
D
ze
fet
V
Uadvbry
advery
member
adv
ry comm
i t fe e
committee
col
coi
membersadvisory
advisory committee
atee
ttee
M
Members
jchairman
typed by carolyn
P
lloyd
ii
lepac
lepartn
leparte
major repac
lepartn
PREFACE
throughout the
territorial period
arts than
engaged in the medical
was in
the
women
this high percentage of
women
part due to the field of medicine in which they specialized
two bajor
iajor medical
fields
closely aligned with the
because of the
many
men
of utah there were more
were
obstetrics
home and
the female
obstetrical practice of early utah medical
distinguished themselves in the field
to the several communities
all
and
women were known
women
offered a vital service
of the early medical
un
undegreed
degreed as compared to the standards of the united
undecreed
the
both were
and gynecology
women
states
popularly as midwives or lady doctors
were
most of
what they
dl
didd was basically no different than thousands of other american midwives during the same period of time
but
utals
atalss
midwives and lady
doctors were motivated by a religious dedication that elevated the
practice to
a
religious calling
rise to schools of
by
midwifery where
ice gave
this along with their service
serviece
ladies could train for the profession
eighteen seventies utah had established several schools to train
the eighteenseventies
ladies in obstetrics
the medical field began to broaden
receiving a call from the
mormon
among
utahs ladies
leader brigham young several
Phila delp ia to study medicine
philadelph
traveled east to philadelphia
philadelp
holding degrees from an
after
women
their return
accredited college schools of obstetrics and
upon
nursing branched out until by 1900 there were scores of trained midwives throughout the
state
th e contribution of these dedicated utah
the
this thesis points out che
lil
lii
iii
medical
women and
points
up
their attitudes
and
training in the field
of medicine
credit
and
sincere appreciation is due several persons
the background and service of these medical
gs
carteros
carters
Carter compilations stimulated the writer to
go
women
in kate
B
deeply into the sub-
biography
lo graphy of most of these ladies
her works in detailing the bi
ject
has beer
beel a great aid
dr eugene campbell has encouraged
a
writing this subject into
his assistance throughout the study is appreciated
thesis
to
my
my
wife ann her encouragement and hours of reading the
draft are sincerely appreciated
IV
first
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
i
iii
PREFACE
1
chapter
1I
11
II
ili
111
III
IV
V
MEDICAL
EDICAL WOMEN IN WORLD HISTORY AND THE UTAH TERRITORY
1I
eagly
5
NRLY UTAH MEDICAL PRACTICES
EI
EARLY
EARLY UTAH MIDWIVES
13
UTAHS MIDWIVES
THE DUTIES PERFORMED BY UTAHOS
20
WOMEN INVOLVED
IN THE MEDICAL
MOVEMENT
IN UTAH
32
1847
1875
18471875
VI
VII
VIII
IX
WOMEN
WITHOUT
DOCTORS
WOMEN DOCTORS
WITH AN
MD
MD
M D
39
DEGREES
45
DEGREE
CERTIFIED MIDWIVES AND NURSES
60
UTAWS MEDICAL WOMEN ON THE SOCIETY
THE EFFECT OF UTAHS
OF UTAH
68
conclusions
75
bibliography
77
APPENDIX
83
A
home
homeremedies
remedies
used by early utah
women
and midwives
B
A
list
of
utahs
midwives to statehood
v
doctors
CHAPTER 1I
MEDICAL WOMEN IN WORLD HISTORY AND THE UTAH TERRITORY
for most medical
in the
it
home
women
1
of medicine began
in history the practice
seemed more
the maternal habit to ease the pains of
families and neighbors in distress
agnodice
nodice a
in ancient athens Ag
greek lady eager to expand her medical knowledge disguised herself as
a man and studied surgery and
era herophilus
hemophilus
Her ophilus
mid
wifery
midwifery
the hebrews
ed doctor of that
noted
obstetrics under the not
record that women practiced the art of
but there is a certain amount of both fact and fancy con-
nected with accounts of medical
ment mentions how
men
women and
ancient lands
the old testa-
the hebrew midwives outwitted pharaoh and saved the
children of israe17
israel alive
2
the assumption 1Iiss that those midwives
1
had received
training at the medical school in the temple of sais in
lower egypt
a school where gynecology and
women
obstetrics
were taught by
3
however
women
were not notable in the
history of medicine
except for royalty or outstanding persons in peculiar situations
regardless of medical contribution and service rendered as a rule the
names of women were not recorded
trotula of salerno
trotola
trotulaof
assisted in medical teaching along with several other
ahenry
lhenry
henry
doubleday
E
1958
a lady who
women
sigerist the great doctors garden city
pp
ap
during the
new
25
75
2575
20 king james ve
vension
version
015
115
01520
11520
arsion
rsion
3kate
skate
kace
kate campbell hurd mead A history of women in medicine
66
ap 64
6466
193 pp
connecticut haddam press 1938
exodus
york
10
Hadd
haddam
ams
amt
2
dark ages was one of the exceptions to the rule
teacher of her time
4
she was a noted
for the most part the history of
i
women 1Iin
n
med-
is silent down to the middle of the nineteenth century by the
second half of the nineteenth century women practitioners were just beginicine
ning to be recognized on a somewhat equal level with male physicians
america reluctantly produced the
blackwell
who
had come from
first
woman
bristol england
tempts to enter several colleges of medicine
doctor elizabeth
and made numerous
at-
to one of her applications
you cannot
for admittance to study one professor frankly replied
expect us to furnish you with a stick to break our heads with
determined in her
efforts elizabeth received the consent of the medical
students and faculty of the medical department of the geneva university
at
new york
to enter the school
studying along side her male colleagues
she was recorded as the
first
woman
first
woman
doctor to receive her degree was lydia
the
american
folger fowler
to gain a medical degree in 1849
6
she graduated from the rochester eclectic medical col-
lege in rochester
new
york
lydia fowler
a member of the same
family as benjamin frankiln
Fran
frankiin
franklin
klint was appointed to the
staff at the college
from which she received her degree where she soon
after gained
fessorship
fessor ship
a pro-
7
that year
1850
witnessed the beginning of the quaker founded
41bide
bid
5elizabeth
aelizabeth
ellzabeth
eilzabeth
elizabeth blackwell pioneer
dutton 1895 p 49
work
for
women
new york
E
P
61bid31
p 61
bid pe
esther
esther
millan
co
pohl Llovejoy
1957
pp
ap
women
12
14
1214
doctors of the world
new
york mac
3
womans medical college of pennsylvania
first
one of
states
all similar institutions
the outstanding medical colleges for
struggle to permit the
ence
was
the
it is
todays
today
women
in the united
philadelphia is proud of this landmark in emancipation of
it
into the medical field
women
this
chartered accredited female medical school in the united states
and became the vanguard of
still
at philadelphia
and
woman
was america
that led the world in the
the right to assert herself with intellig-
authority in the ancient fight against disease and pain
as
medicine
it
was
practiced
has
by women
its roots in
the iso-
lated regions of the expanding nation in the mid
midnineteenth
nineteenth century
sections of the country following
most
striking
ancient pattern
human
race
their
female midwives stood
moral ground in the
babies against the encroachment of male doctors
hundreds was the era of
woman
in obstetrics
authority of the times declared
natural
it
iiss an
1
man
insult to the female
art of delivering
eighteen
mideighteen
the mid
one outspoken women
midwifery
is unscriptural
and un-
mind
mindt an outrage on female
deli-
fv8
0
far to the
in the rocky mountains the pioneers felt that
west
1I
midwifery was the practice of
women
to the arid valleys of the utah
skilled inn the occupation of midwifery and general
these few women developed a program of training for
region
came women
nursing
from
future midwives
who
i
1
were to
settle
themselves throughout almost every
8sarah
ssarah
sarah J hale biography of distinguished
and
in earlier
the practice of midwifery
women was
cacy
As
women were
the one area of medicine that challenged the wit and strength
times
of
at the infirmities of the
back
an
in
brothers
1876
p
585
women
new
york
harper
4
colony in the mormon empire
after
a
quarter of a century of colonizing utah had produced
but no trained
many midwives
code of conduct
doctors
due to the
strict
moral
male doctors were seldom called in to attend to female
diseases and childbirth
women
doctors
woman
came from
thus
the
women
mormon
doctors were needed
A
plea for
this brought forth
church leaders
felt it their
the first group
a small group of young women 1Iinn the eighteenseventies
eighteen seventies who
1
C
duty to travel east to obtain degrees in medicine
attended womans medical college of pennsylvania where they studied and
graduated
w
wifery
i
upon the
return of these
new women
doctors schools of mid-
territory the newly
series of classes in obstetrics that
gained rapid acceptance throughout the
educated
women
doctors opened
caused a change in habits of midwifery and medicine in utah
this is the history of those noble
women who came
2
into the terc
terr
terri-
tory struggling to relieve the burden of poor medical service
is
an account of how well or how poorly they conducted the
wifery
down
from the
first
this
art of
year the pioneers entered the region in
mid-
1847
to 1896 when statehood was achieved though there were male physi-
cians in the field of medicine utah depended on
study of their contribution
its
women
this is
a
II
CHAPTER 11
EARLY UTAH MEDICAL PRACTICES
first
the
wifery
many
medical
of utah practiced the profession of mid-
years before they settled in the desolate valleys of utah
they were aiding the
was given
women
ills
to the trek west
rolling prairies of the
sions discovered
herbs and drugs
1
of the
As
in nauvoo before any thought
the early immigrants started across the
iowa country
new remedies
by
mormons
several
womens
women
such as mother ses-
for curing without the aid of tried
the time the
mormons were
clearing the ground and
erecting log and adobe houses the midwife bustled about caring for the
sick
2
first
the
decade
3
1 ants
poi
nts up the fact that
points
in the valley pow
wives proved to be on hand for more than delivering babies
mid-
though
they were generally the only assistance available while the mother gave
birth to
a
child they were also more than a nurse to comfort the
they proved to be the doctors and in
many
ill
cases surgeons of the region
there were few doctors of medicine of the orthodox practitioner
type
those
men
that did enter the valleys in the first decade were
aljournal
ljournal
journal of patty
MS
sessions
LDS church historians
bartlett
office salt lake city utah
21t is almost impossible to separate the religious life from the
secular life of the early pioneers of utah and since few if any
accounts of early midwives or medical women other than those belonging
to the mormon church can be found it is the intention of the author
to point up the position of mormon midwives and medical women as they
functioned in the society however wherever accounts show of women
other than mormon involved in medicine in utah this will be mentioned
31847 18570
3184718570
318471857
1857
6
not accepted as a necessary means of gaining
the people ridiculed
a
title referring
4
drugs
them and gave them the
relief for the infirmed
title
of poison doctors
to those accredited practitioners
even brigham young
administered
along with his counselor willard richards
both leaders 1in the heirarchy
heir archy of the mormon church
the shiftless poison doctor of orthodox medicine
paper the deseret news
who
the following
article
belittled publicly
in the
mormon news-
appeared in 1852
182
two physicians have removed
andd lawyers of deseret
doctors an
to one of our most distant settlements and gone to farming
three more have taken to traveling and exploring the country
three have gone to california to dig gold or for some other purpose and one has gone to distilling and we are beginning to get
some alcohol which is desirable for gentlemens shoe blacking
hatt erts water proofing chemical analysis washing the bodies of
hatters
the sick that they be made well when such there be those
physicians who remain have very little practice and will soon
have hesss
less
lesss
we hope
there
however
was a
class of titled male doctors of high standing
in the pioneer community receiving the sanction of the leaders of the
church the
churchthe
Thom
thomsonian
sonan
this
or botanical doctors
practiced medicine while
utile providing for his
own
willard richards
trade other than medicine
Thom
sonan
thomsonian
doctor
family in an acceptable
was
thomsonian
sonan
the foremost Thom
in the region and practiced the herb medicine with praise from most
people
the
title thomsoni
Thom
lan came from
thomsonian
soniwan
thomsonii
a new englander who was born
wilderness area he spent
in
much
the
name
new hampshire
1
in
of dr samuel thomson
raised in a
17691
1769
of his childhood wandering in the woods
4poison
polson doctors refers to those few professional
poison
of degree
men
attained status those men were accredited practitioners the title
stems from their method of giving drugs of a foreign narcotic nature
most of these orthodox doctors were
and also the practice of surgery
confined to surgery in early utah
deseret
grobert
robert
news
salt lake city
september 18
divett medicine and the
51
january
medical library
ociation
ocia
ocla
tion
association
sociation
librae
librar
T
mormons
cormons
Mor mons
3
1963
1852
p
3
bulletin of the
6
7
one day he discovered a
first
plant with singular branches and pods
experience with this plant he said
1I
had the
of his
curiosity to
pick some of the pods and chew them the taste and operation produced
was so remarkable
boys to chew
it
merely by way of sport
plant lobelia
became
in
name became anathema to
it
to see them vomit
that
first patent
80
7
this
the foundation
ney
on his system of medicine
net his
medici
medicines
violated one of medicine
his system instead of freely sharing
his agents sold his
new
book
guide to health or botanic
family physician along with a licenseto
license to practice medicine
20.00
2000
for 2000
his teachings ultimately fathered botanic medicine
Thomson
thomsonians
the Thomso
nans
thomsonans
ians
lans
flourished in nauvoo and later in
9
because of the
leaders of the
strict
mormon
mormon
settlements
rance to almost every utterance of the
adhe
adherance
adherence
church
either public or private the general
membership allowed only a Thom
thomsonian
lan doctor or midwife
thomsonii
thomsoni
soniwan
rooms
and
1
he had
method
most cherished ethics in patenting
thomson and
afterwards used to induce
he often had trouble with orthodox doctors
acquired his
1813 he
1I
thomsons emetic sic herb
of his medical system
when
it
that 1I never forgot
into their sick
the midwives soon learned from the thomsonian doctors and
were considered thomsonian midwives
many
in the eyes of the community this
qualified such a midwife to practice that form of medicine
there
tlers that
hostile attitude that prevailed among the utah set2 t virtually impossible for the degree status physicians
it
was an
made
to penetrate the average
mormon home
the
mode had been
tradition but certainly the leadership of the
771bid
ibid
81bid
91bi
ld
bid
mormon
set
by
church helped
8
to perpetuate the unfriendly feeling toward professional doctors
orthodox doctors
settled in utah
who
who
were members of the church
did not devote their full time to the medical profession
into political affairs or scholastic endeavors
members of
the
within a decade the
U
11
gentile doctors
who were
utah
this
those
were not
who
was not always
the case
sent to utah and brought with
it
12
gentile12
the orthodox doctor gentile
patients
gave
at times fearful of
settlers
this
however
army was
S
10
they entered
generally left the territory after strug-
mormon church
gling for a period of time
those
doctors or midwives
mormon
followed two basic procedures in caring for
their
faith or spiritual healing which was always first and foremost
Thom sonan medical doctor or the most qualified midwife
the
andor a thomsonian
sick
first
faith healing held a prominent position in the doctrines
of the church the practice of spiritual healing by laying on of hands
method
religious function whereby a
was common
the laying on of hands
male member
or members holding the higher priesthood would place
their
was
hands on the infirmed and
in
to perform this function
received wide acclaim
1oblanche
bianche
blanche
E
torical quarterly
ll
lldeseret
Deseret
eseret
aseret
rose
X
news
12
12gentiles
gentiles
such in
this thesis
13
13brigham
brigham young
1871
155
by
down a
some
1 3
13
cases
this
blessing from
women
of the church were permitted
method of administering to the sick
the members of the church and also
18
mormon
the act
god
the head with several drops of
early utah medical practice
year 1942 14
16
1416
sept
in
call
by anno
annointing
inting
generally accompanied
consecrated olive oil
was a
52
18
1852
p
by
the
utah state his-
3
usage persons not of the church
building up zion
used as
journal of di
s courses XIII
discourses
9
9
journals and publications of the period
for
millennial
in the Mil
millenial
lenial star
start a
example
don
can be found the following
they record miraculous healings
mormon magazine
published in lon-
articles
several cases of
titles
of
ngs by the power of god
healings
miraculous beall
heall
i
power of god
cholera
the healing of Cho
leras
lerat
the blind restored
leprosy
14
and others
healed
consumption healed by the
president brigham
young
stated in the salt lake tabernacle july
24
1853
here to testify to the hundreds of instances of men
women and children being healed by the power of god through the
laying on of hands and many 1I have seen raised from the gates of
death and brought back from the verge of eternity and some whose
15
spirits had actually left their bodies returned again
0
1I am
&
even though brigham young preached
tical
when
it
doctors
to the doctore
doctor
he was also prac-
to the need for a specialist in surgery and setting
came
of broken bones
faith healing
he
1I
instructed the people in what his opinion
ne
think them necessary
cestary
1
was as
in case of broken bone
16
or where skillful mechanical or surgical aid is necessary
youngts brother who made the paradoxical statebut it was brigham youngs
look at
ment as to what medical aid one should accept
there is
a
class of people here that
fess
ional doctors
fessional
of that class
17
he
let
do
not believe in sustaining pro-
the people in the tabernacle
15
15brigham
young
brigham youngs
bid
aseret
XII
17
17deseret
Deseret
eseret news
there were
Mil
Hea lingo millennial
lenial
millenial
five cases of miraculous healing
14benjaml
browns
brown
benjaminn browng
XV
september 24
16
16bid
ibid
know he was
then he proceeded by saying that even though he
claimed to be of the class of nonbelievers in doctors
star
this thing
1853
636
634
634636
journal of discourses
discourses
142
jan
20
1858 PO
p 367
1858t
op
91
cit
1I 240
Is
10
those of the opposite class iinn the community
i
first
the very
18R
1
possible
19Q7
1
them
is to call upon a doctor as quick as
asked the interesting question which of these
then he
and answered
he pointed out
surgeon
his question with
that in different cases
neither of
he would
call in a
felt
but assuming he understood the nature of the disease he
h
he
well enough qualified to cure the ailment through treatment and of
was
course
by
the aid of god
he pronounced
the general body of the
duty
it
are sick
motion they make
classes are right
two
when they
who
came
to knowing
mormons pronounced
settlers
only the main body of
who was a
the
qualified physician
and
this led to
same method
their
rule to follow
had no formal
understood the nature of the illness
sometimes
this his duty
just whether
many
when
he
interesting
and
pathetic incidents in childbirth throughout the settlements
that recurred for decades
not
until the turn of the century did
some
forms of primitive cures vanish
one noted author
dr ralph
T
richards in his
book of medicine
1871 in utah as the premedical
pre medical period
18471871
defines the period from 1847
he divides
this period into
great salt lake city
latter area
there
21
and in the
was not a
two
geographic areas
the colonies
and
the majority of settlers were outside the
vast area of colonies
single graduate of
college in the entire area
22
a
dr
richards states
regular or allopathic medical
he has
medical
premedical
reference to the pre
18ibid
islbid
191bid
19lbid
20ralph
opalph
oralph
richards of medicine hospitals
lake city university of utah press 1953 p 113
21ibid
ibid
221bid
22ibid
T
and doctors
salt
20
11
period
however he does mention
that there were botanical or
aonian
sonian physicians in some of the colonies
this
may
thomp
not be accurate
itoney
for a dr john riggs is listed as the itonly
only doctor south of salt lake
23
city for many years
but richards
richardso study does point up the alarmrichards1
1
territory there were no trained
physicians of recognized degree status this lack contributed more
ing fact that in most areas of utah
than anything else to the
rise of
midwives who were
at best the medicine practiced
by
often lady doctors
these stout hearted midwives or
lady doctors was inferior to the US standards of most of the period
1880
from 1847
18471880
at the time of the migration to utah the world
however
was menaced with epidemic
diphtheria
dip
diptheria
theria
and
influenza
diseases cholera typhus and yellow fever
made
periodic invasions with disastrous ef
malaria typhoid fever and tuberculosis were prevalent at all
fects
facts
times
and the
source of
diarrhoeal diseases of infancy were generally a major
all the killer diseases
only smallpox was under control
through the discovered immunization by vaccination
but the fear of
its benefits and smallpox
24
Thu
thumoral
humoral
decades
the shu
moral
morai theory
vaccination kept the people from reaping
toll
took a heavy
the ancients was
blood
of
life for
still
r f
many
accepted
the
and yellow and black
phlegm
the body was in a state of health
treatment
disease appeared
normal balance
23emma
emma
and
huff
N
story utah county
hi scory
his
24
24joseph
joseph
R
when
when
the humors were in balance
the balance was disturbed
directed toward
this
was done by
ed
memories
XXIII
a
restoration of the
bleeding the patient purging
e
that live
liv utah
daughters of utah pioneers
morrell
historical Qquarterly
arterixt
was
fluids
humors were the body
bile
county centennial
1947
medicine of the pioneer period
year 1955
of
128
p
101
utah
12
inducing vomiting and flushing the bowel with enemas
Thomson
Thomso
thomsonians
thomsonans
nans
ians
lans
ie
emeticst
emeticsst and warmed the blood with
emetic
used mild herbs
to the settler the fear of bleeding the standard
cayenne pepper
method of
the cultists
treating
most diseases
administering heat cold or
slightly less
no method
confidence and
many
intense but the fear of purging
was
some form
of remedies was only
of treatment used by orthodox doctors inspired
felt that
they were safer without such treatment
but looking back upon the practice of medicine along the
frontier
one must keep in mind
valley of the great salt lake
was
this
association
was organized
ment toward
medl
medicine
cinet
better medi
that the year the saints
it
mormon
into the
came
the year that the american medical
was
the start of a national
would
still
move-
be over a decade from
that
point before pasteur discovered anaerobic bacteria the great element
in paving the
this
way
for
lister
wonderful discovery opened the body of man to surgery never thought
all these discoveries
possible before this time
while the world and the
ever they experimented
saved
to introduce antiseptic surgery in 1867
and they
called
women
were taking place
of pioneer utah at times blundered
trying medically to save those that could
down a
how-
be
blessing from god on those that appeared
beyond human aid
in early utah
ments to
fill
that
it fell
primarily the lot of the
much needed
women
in the settle-
position as experimental as
it
was
and
they were eager to be up and about their service helping the sick and
confined
aware of the antipathy that had grown up against the poison
doctors the midwives grew confident in their
and they perpetuated
their school for decades
own
school of medicine
CHAPTER
lii
111
III
EARLY UTAH MIDWIVES
first settlers
the
came down
into salt lake valley in
1847 when
first
brigham young led the vanguard in midsummer of
that year
group was comprised of men and several women
also the mississippi
saints
first
came
and a detachment of mormon
group
and by september of 1847 two
into the valley
the grand old
to lorenzo
harriet
battalion
dame
of
young
dow youngs
gave
two days
mormon
men came
large
wagon
midwifery
patty bartlett sessions went
birth to the first anglo
boy born
my
in the salt lake valley
it
hands should be the
was
spoken
the only
to handle the
even in the
it
have come more than one thousand miles to do
woman among
the
those early settlers
women who
since
skilled as
by
virtue of experience
city
it
was
was not
a midwife
settled in the valley that first year
several qualified midwives
A
who was
more
me
patty sessions rightly deserved the honor but she
among
cep
ceptance
tance
said to
first
soni
son in the place of rest for the saints
born
firstborn
first
2
trains of families
wife harriet page and attended her while
than five months ago that
1I
shortly after the
after the arrival of the latter train
patty sessions fondly wrote in her journal
of god
the
were
and church ac-
kked
aked to the rocky mountains
trekked
decade before the mormons tre
I1
ithe
the first anglo child born in the valley was young elizabeth
steel the daughter of john and catherine campbell steel on august
1847
kate B carter heart throbs of the west salt lake city
daughters of the utah pioneers 1948
patcy
paddy
spatty
2patty
op cit
journal
patty sessions Jour
nals
nais
nalt 22
IX
pp
ap
221
220
220221
9
14
certain
mons
women had
been set apart
jr this
joseph smith
3
first
the
by
gave a midwife
leader of the
status
mor
and purpose as well
as a feeling that she was a servant of god
throughout the journey west
women were
giving birth to children
and midwives were
called on to help deliver the children in the
wagon box
in the valley the
first
most
tent
baby born was probably born in a
of the mormons spent the
first
year living in tents and
it
was under
these conditions that midwives such as patty sessions were called to
help with the sick and deliver babies
in november patty explains the conditions under which she labored
the wind blew the tent down and tore it to pieces 1I was
or to go to si
sent foc
stec brown it snowed 1I staid all
ffor
ster
sister
put sister brinkerhoff
night
holf to bed with a son born 8
Brinker
brinkerholf
of
saturday 6 put sister huffaker to bed with
clock am
oclock
a
to
bed
son born
thomas
with
half after 12 am then put
bornhalf
sister
pat
p4t
ff
I1
0
I1
daughter born
1
oclock pm
0
in a land that had to be subdued
on the mormon
frontier as
was
necessary and highly desired
a bumper crop
many
0
first
she
always on
call
true in other regions of america were
thus
the
first
year in the valley yielded
did not reach maturity but judging from the
come
would leave her
shelter
this
was
births that
calling for the midwife
the husband would
giving birth night or day
women were
children
by sweat and many hands
record of births there were no other kind except normal
rugged year
and
and
attend to the mother
considered a womans job
taught in the society to feel that a
man
in the
ryset
3yset
set apart
the leaders of the mormon church laid their hands
on the head of the called person and according to religious order
blessed the woman to the task of being a midwife this was a common
11callings
practice in the mormon religion for a variety of callings
missionaries special offices etc
11
spatty
4patty
patty sessions journal
a
op
22
cit
ie
15
bedchamber attending to female conditions and
trend of thinking preserved
ments
itself
man
to
many have
visit the
settle-
ills
they considered
openly saidg
sald quite as offensive as for the strange
said
saida
1115
well1115
young womans
womas bedchamber when she was weli
weil
well
few cases of impending
into the
this
as well as wives were against the medical practice
husbands
be as
to beg
was immoral
throughout the early utah
of allowing male doctors to attend to female
it
ills
bedroom by a
disaster
a
skillful physician
in a
has been rushed
sensible midwife thereby averting a tragedy
but due to such religious opposition to male doctors the midwife
system of medicine continued from time of settlement down through to
the turn of the century and several decades beyond that time in the
outlying areas
thus the communities supported their midwives with
reverence and devotion and attributed to them a certain authority and a
capacity for mercy
it
would be impossible to
cite all the hundreds of
midwives
that
entered utah or were raised in utah in the whole complex of pioneer
settlements
settlementss for
tant to
some were
be known by such a
sporadic in their service others reluc-
still
title
others pursued the practice
with drive and dedication and can be found
the counties of utah
all the
it is
many who worked so
listed in the histories of
not the purpose here to name biographically
diligently in the profession but rather
to discuss a cross section of a few of these
among
the midwives of early utah there were a number with more
than average ability
out of
distinctly to the practice
5
5cecil
ccecil
J alter
cecii
cecil jo
year 1942
women
49
this
number
the following contributed
and stand out as women worthy of note
addenda
quarter
utah state historical quarterly
X
16
patty bartlett sessions
patty sessions
Sessionsp of
one
brigham young would
whom
pep up
whom some
visit
experienced midwife in the
salt lake valley
ing her habits of midwifery and
midwife
most of those
mondays
monday
born 4 am
12
at
babison
babilon
lewis Ba
bison
put susan
21
7
am
69
she
left
a diary explain-
forms of drugs and remedies
common
as well as good sense
patty recorded the births of
6
tonic or tea to
when he needed a
for a decade patty sessions reigned as the most
his energy
show ignorance
made was
mention has already been mades
from
july
that
1849 to december 1851
babies at which she had assisted as
births were recorded in her journal as such
put john chased wife to bed with a daughter
the saw mill tuesday 13 put clarissa wife of
11 am
wednesday
to bed with a son born ilk
wife of job sidwell to bed with a son born 1 h
0
1
patty sessions labored most of her professional career in salt lake
city until 1872 then she in her declining years moved to bountiful
where she helped with her own family
a midwife beyond
zina
D
H
little
active
work as
8
yo
young
an active
spokesman
that time
but did
woman
all her
life
zina young gave great service as
for the midwives being one herself
a
probably no midwife
excelled in other pursuits that tended to compliment the profession
she was one of the plural wives of brigham young
as did zina young
and the one wife who cared
wives
for the
ills
and confinements of the other
she apprenticed as a young lady in the east under her mothers
patcy
spatty
6patty
op cit
journal 92
patty sessions journals
71bid
7lbid
east
hast
of antelope island
pioneers 1948
p
288
davis county utah
daughters of utah
17
guidance
ment
by
the time she had settled into the lion house the apart-
building in which brigham young housed his several wives
young was well accepted by the family and
wife
A
friends as
zina
a competent mid-
close friend of hers emmeline wells had this to say concern-
ing zina as a midwife
in the sickroom she was a ministering angel having always
something to suggest that would be soothing and restful she was
a natural nurse and she invariably inspired confidence in many
cases one of the most successful remedies 9
apart from the fact that zina young
as a public servant religiously and
tions to medicine
she
tried to
politically
improve the health
as well as medical doctors
relief society the
womens
As one
facilities of salt
more
auxiliary organization of the LDS
neq
nes particularly
latest developments in medicine
medici
ery
midwifery
to the art of midwif
midkif
josephine catherine chatterly
late in the
wood
woman who
cal ledI
called
cai
by
the bishop to become a midwife
common
lady doctor having gained status by trying to
wells
zina
was
wood
did not
D
H
young
training in
she was among the unskilled
but highly experienced having an abundance of
B
it
even then she consented only because she
midwifery was not available to josephine
9emmeline
hemmeline
emmeline
440
1902
44
1902t
when
excelled above average
midwife rys
scene of midwifery
ryt josephine
begin to practice until 1883
had been
women
wood
in southeastern utah the
josephine
mid-
of the leaders in the female
to accept the
was a
skilled
she on a number of occasions was instrumental in getting
church
came
abilities
great contribu-
were
lake city and bring about an awareness of the need for
wives
her
was a midwife
sense
she
sick
relief the
chesick
thesick
improvement
vement
IMro
era
V
1901-
18
and
attend to the mothers
in her
first
years of practice she was so
frightened while attending a childbirth where she
that she
demanded
was the midwife
the bishop stand beside her
she was known to the people of bluff as aunt jody
them to her through her medical
man back
and endeared
at one time she nursed
service
to health when hi
hiss face was cut open and
a young
full of gangrene
10
she lived and served the people of the region in southeastern utah
as the only medical person for twenty
twentyfive
five years
area
11
the people of that
felt a great loss at the death of aunt jody
all of the above mentioned women were lacking in technical skill
however whatever they lacked they made up
common
sense
for to a great extent in
they each possessed a sympathy and devotion which made
them seem as though they were angels of mercy to persons they attended
in a diary of the times is written this anonymous
poem
dedicated to
midwives
she calls no hour of night or day her own
through heat and cold she goes her rounds alone
here to bring some mortal into being
there to ease some soul that must be fleeing
she listens earnestly to tales of grief
forgets herself that she may give relief
to bodies suffering or tortured minds
in service to all men her pleasure finds
may god forever bless her with his grace
for now shes gone 0 who will take her place
12
dwi
dwl
awl fe obste
lobste
midwife
there were those ready to take the place of the ml
yet a certain simple homey attitude that cast
tricians
tric ians ultimately yeti
boclaire
1oclaire
noall
claire
ciaire
quarter
quarterly X year 1942
W
mormon midwives 2 1
134
utah state historical
llibid
bid
1883
levi
leal
mimeographed
savage
12levi
age
levl mathew sav
copy
family history journal
brigham young
university
march 28
p
57
1876-
19
an aura about these
average
home
ladies
was always
present
their duties in the
helped to give them this special reputation
CHAPTER IV
THE DUTIES PERFORMED BY UTAHS
UTAS MIDWIVES
what were the special
themselves to the people
duties of midwives
in the valley of
and how did they endear
salt lake
give comfort and aid to sick and diseased and in
formed surgery
yet
their chief efforts
skills
and
cases even perwere with the
if serious illness required the attention
mothers delivering babies
of a skilled thomsonian
some
midwives did
men such
as dr willard richards or dr
priddy
ed in to perform the medical task
but the mormons were
called
call
cail
cali
president brigham young urged the members to seta colonizing people
tle throughout the great basin which area covered hundreds of miles
meeks were
this policy pursued with typical dedication generated
it is
hundreds of miles from any skilled doctors
frontier conditions that
one sees how
early
and welfare was the
vital
divided her from any experienced practitioners
all fields of medicine
letters of the
and
isolated
mormon communities
under this primitive
a
health
wilderness that
the midwife plunged into
bold in her profession
journals
settlements
and fundamental to the
off in
mormon midwife
many
one only needs read the
time to see the sincere reverence the small
held for these noble ladies of meager
formal medical training
smaller communities
smailer
andsmaller
in northern utah ogden and logan and
community had
its
asee
1see
isee appendix
noted
B
women
of medicine
1
each
in central utah from provo
for communities and midwives
21
f
doctor2
south to nephi for a number of years only one orthodox doctora
docdor
doctor was
available for
wives
settlements each of which had
its
several mid-
were accepted as doctors and performed as such to the best
who
of their
a number of
abilities
further south the settlements
even more reliance was placed upon the midwife
of mercy
few had received some type of
A
were
scattered
and
these were called angels
professional training either
in the east or in europe but the vast majority were mothers and ladies
professional medical attention
had no
who
helpful
courageous
out of necessity
gentle
without a lesson in nursing assumed the medical
womens
women
3
na
n3
care of the community
they assumed
this responsibility not only
ney
neq but also because
because they had some talent for medicine
medici
leaders
for
a
n
calling
them to become midwives
down
of
it
made
their religious
god
will
that is they felt that it was gods
whom
in the southeastern corner of utah at bluff josephine
was made
de in chapter three was one of the many inexmention aasma
wasma
perienced
perien ced midwives called
by a bishop
called her to officiate
when he
as the midwife of the community she declined saying
cucumber
and 1I
dont
know how
babies are born
easily bishop nielson promised her
still
another lady
burns ransay
who had
a
4
1
I
am
green as a
not one to give up
blessing
blessingthis
this persuaded aunt
the call
and she accepted
jody
wood
who was
inexperienced in midwifery was elizabeth
called
been
by brigham young and
set apart to
f
ydr
2dr
dr
john riggs practiced in provo in 1851 and was the only orthoemma N huff edg
ed
dox doctor south of salt lake city
memories that
edt19477
live utah county utah daughters of utah pioneers 1947 p 101
3hyrum
thyrum
hyrum
utah
A
campbell
ed
the historical society
aall
4noall
oall
0og
cit
p
133
providence and her Ppeople providence
1949
p
30
22
be a nurse
midwife
and doctor
how
intensely she followed this occu-
pation can be seen in the following statement
with confidence faith and the will to do she successfully
operated amputated set broken bones and cured common ailments
of that period she delivered over three hundred and fifty babes
115
w
losing a case
without
i
ithout
inexperienced as they were milton hunter affirms that
pioneer citizens of utah rendering the greatest medical
the
06
0
midwl
midwives
midel ves
of suffering
service were
by
the families they
served they were called endearing terms such as grandma davies
p
anna
ann48
aunt polly anno
ann0 as
ity
if
life
for
example
eighteen
eighteensixties
sixties they feared the
summer
how
to save a
7
or
they were relatives of everyone in the commun-
they saw a great deal of suffering
to know
the
their great task was to try to offer relief in times
their main work was obstetrics in and out of hundreds
these ladies became so well loved
of homes
among
felt quite helpless
in utah
utahs dixie during the
and some
complaint n
was always the lurking fear of disease that killed
was the summer complaint that took off the
babies
it is difficult to know how many succumbed to dysentery
was said
so prevalent during those first summers in dixie
by old timers that there were years when more new
born babies
newborn
there
children
first it
it
died than lived
9
it is
that
no wonder
some began
to theorize that
5kate B carters
skate
heri
berl
beri
carter our pioneer heritage
yli
11
utah pioneers 1959 YII
II 102
tii
fruit
salt lake city
was harmful
daughters of
3
6milton
amilton
mllton
hunters ed
beneath ben lomonds peaks weber county
milton R hunter
utah daughters of utah pioneers 1944 p 343
7lydia
alydia
lydia walker forsgren ed
p
ND
NDs
history of
162
marter
carter our pioneer heritage
herl tages
heri
news
box
9karl
akarl
kaci
kacl
karl andrew larsen 1I
press 1961 p 139
was
op
cits
aits
cit
VI
elder Ccounty NP
456
called to dixie salt lake city
deseret
23
to
little
10
children
obstetrical practice
As
the main duty of the midwife was to attend
has been mentioned
to the mother at childbirth
out numbered
this service far outnumbered
single task the midwife performed in her profession
or
respond to the call of a husband
mothers family at
some
other
any hour under good or poor
any
other
the midwife
member
would
of the expectant
conditions
Green haigh her biographers record
in the case of sarah heald greenhalgh
that
after
on many an occasion
cooking a good meal for her large family
she would hear a knock at the door
she would be gone
for a
week
11
in answer to the knock
sometimes
one of the reasons the average midwife
would spend days away from her home was the length of the confinement
period thought to be necessary for a new mother
spent ten days in bed before being allowed to
generally the mother
move about
12
if there
wece
were
were no
older children or a female adult relative to care for the
mother
midwife would perform a nursing function for those
then the mi
she would care for the household tasks
days of confinement
clothes tend to the family
may
or
may
not have been paid in cash
10
comans
Wo
salt lake city
womans
mans exponent
linoal
llnoal
noal op
OE cit
300
3.00
300
1
13
although this
as a rule the fee was paid in
may 15
1873
185
123
124
123124
p
12
ified
walk
wash
for this service the
and cook the meals
average charge during the years 1847
1880 was
18471880
this traditional concept of ten days of convalescence was
II today mothers are encouraged to stand
after world war 11
rth to a child
about just hours after giving bi
birth
13
13hunter
hunter op
22
cit
new
p
343
modand
24
floury
flour or some other item called
produce
kind
114
attending mothers in child birth according to journals and diaries
routine for the most part
was
lady doctor
on the
was
that
made
the case of hulda smith
stockholm
the job complex and strenuous
who was
a
strain
such
attended by a degreed midwife from
in her journal mrs smith neglects to record the
sweden
ts
doctors
doctor
lady
at times complications placed
when mrs
name
underwent a trying ordeal
smith was in labor with her child
whe
she recorded the incident with painful
detail
lingering labor and 1I fully believe
belleve it was one
beneve
midwifi
calling for instrumental assistance which she the midwife
midwife
understood but at that time our people were so prejudiced against
doctors that even she being a woman was under far greater
1I
had hard
when she found my case a difficult one she
restraint
tried the old methods of accomplishing the delivery when all
else failed she caused me to be lifted from the bed and placed
in a very trying and unusual position and finally the strain on
the bones became so great that they gave way the baby burst
through with a rush the pelvic bones were broken in two places
yes 1I
ad worked wonders
she thought the changed position bad
15
said but it nearly killed me
it
nearly killed a number of
that were devised
women who
some
by experimenting midwives
had the expectant mother lean over a
up
in bed inn position to give birth to the
was
incorporated the oftenspoken
often spoken phrase
was
of the midwives
chair others would be propped
i
1I
valley of death
underwent the various methods
not far from the truth
new
she
child
is
whatever method
going down into the
there were cases of
deaths
among
the midwives patty sessions records two rather shocking
14huff
p
cita
huff oei
cit
92 cit2
loi
1010
101
lole
loie
smiths
the journal of hulda smith
heart throbs of the west salt lake city daughters
15hulda
shulda cordella
lhulda
cordelia thurston smith
pioneer of 1847
1946
46
of utah pioneers 11
viig
VII
vii3 206
vil
25
deaths that
may
patient of susannah richards
was
a midwife
attending the mother the
arm
of the child protruded from the cervix
susannah called in patty sessions and
and could not be put back
examining the casey
case
cases patty
shearer
later years one was the
in salt lake city while she
well have been avoided in
in turn sent for another midwife sister
the three tried to
they had sent for the
remedy the problem
the protruding
doctor but he was unable to attend the case
it
ted normal delivery and the ladies realized
struc
structed
arm ob-
had to be put back
they were not successful in their attempts and the child died
felt
pressure on the left side of her
a strong
also succumbed
body and
the mother
in great pain she
the doctor arrived about the time of the deaths
with the aid of the midwives removed the child from the mother
child had broken through the uterine wall and
inal
cavity
the infant
after
was
was
and
the
laying in the abdom-
mother
buried in the arms of the mo
ther
16
midwives doctoring children
generally however few mothers died in childbirth according to
the diaries and histories that were kept
successful in saving the mothers
was
Regret
ably
regrettably
regretably
the area of most concern
the death of the child after a successful birth
the death rate
this
the midwives were quite
among
children in the
can be seen in the journals of
julina
first
two
years was alarming
lambson smith when she
lambsen
laments the deaths in her family
husbands
husband ts second
er husbandts
in 1869 a daughter was born to sarah her
polygamy 7 but our heavenly father saw fit to leave her
wife in polygamy
with us for only a few days when my second baby was only eight
months old the angel of death again visited us this time
bearing away my first born our little chatterbox
chatter box the delight
16
16sessions
0
sessions 22
cit
p
109
108
108109
26
17
home
of our
still
who
another midwife was helpless in her
family
own
lucy flake
witnessed a number of deaths in her rounds as a midwife lost four
of her children before they reached maturity
tells of losing
she
one
of her infant sons
george
was still sick sometimes better and then worse
little
1I did all 1
I could with medicine and faith
for a long time
1I did not blow the candle out at night
1I went out 1Iin
n some
brush to pray and asked my father in heaven to take him from
his suffering 1I felt 1I could not endure it longer the prayer
was simple but from my heart
1I w
a
him
went
to
he
few
t
breathed
19
wio
away
so
passed
times then
sweetly hio
0
the greatest killers of children
it
diseases
were
diarrheal
titles in death certificate
lt
teething1
teething diarrhea and convulsions
1
canker and diarrhea
dysentery
frontier
was recorded under many
such terms as
nomenclature
on the
most of these were caused by
probably the most dangerous
or second year
dr
tl
yt
at
and ninflammation
inflammation of the bowels n
infectious food and water
milk was
the children generally died in the
ralph richards explained the
first
symptoms
child affected with the disease may be restless and
eexcited in the beginning but as the fluid loss progresses the
patient takes on a peculiar ashen pallor the eyes are sunken
nes and later coma supervene at any time during the
listlessness
listlessnes
attack convulsions may occur fever is usually moderate but
may be very high during the terminal stages
in fatal cases the
aste away for
child seems just to waste
fyd
fy6 several days though death
may come within twenty
twentyfour
four hours
A
listless
other diseases that caused the deaths of small children were
dip
diphtheria
diptheria
theria and flu epidemics
typhoid fevec
fever
17noal
noal
op
cl t
cit
p
but the major
killer
was
139
llucy
hannah white flake autobiography and diary of lucy flake
brigham young university library
copied by BYU
aq
1q
19
19richards
richards op
92 cit
p
140
27
diarrhea
20
the midwife
she
community
many
felt
times was intimately affected by a death in the
some
es
responsibility for these loss
losses
and yet
she was a party to praising mothers for having no contact with an
one can
orthodox physician
21
of which zina
he sisters in ogden
the
their sick themselves
held to-
D
young
H
utahs
one of
during this meeting several
foremost midwives was vice president
expre
expressed
ased
ssed
ladies espre
women
in the minutes of a meeting of the cooperative
ward doctors as evidenced
retrenchment association
detect the feeling these
attend to
and evanston
and do not employ doctors
dis
which jis
JLs
is
praise-
1122
922
122
worthy
these minutes also indicate a desire to help each other further
knowledge of medicine and a tendency to over simplify the causes
their
one
of disease
a
sick
room
by colds
toddy
sister
woman
declared to the group
when
entering
all fevers are brought
brandy
and
yellow
castor
cuce
cure
foc
fever
oil
for
is
the best purefor
curefor
they should be self possessed
on
23
the issue of doctors came up again in the same meeting
the ladies regretted that there was so
ironically she regretted
prevalent
much
that sending for
sickness
one of
among them
and
a doctor had become so
24
124
this condition of prejudice
201bid1
ibid
21
21see
see
p
toward the physician carried
20
page 34
22
comans
Wo
womans
womants
mans
exponent 11
II
231bid
ibid
24
241
241bido
bido
bide
ibid
p
27
july
16
1873
26
itself
28
down
to the turn of the century in
utah
2
25
some
comman
eta
communities
oti
isolated commun
iti es of
but in the more progressive areas
a movement began
in the major communities
in the late 1870s that caused the average adult to
concede the advantage in accepting the male orthodox physician
of
utahs
some
most promising young me
n were receiving degrees in medicine
men
26A
midwives as undertakers
modesty prevailed even in laying out the dead in early utah as
in other areas of the west
ives
w
wives
i
in cases of infants or
often did the necessary preparation for burial
women
the mid
27
if there was ice available the body was packed about with bottles
filled with ice if not then the services were speeded up because
of decomposition
made from available lumber and
homemade
caskets were home
lined with black cloth
funerals were simple in the
mormon
society
they were held under the direction of the local ward bishop with the
relief society called in to help the family with
meals and cleaning
jane simon one of the leading midwives of bountiful had
fine linen she had brought
there
from wales and
always used for laying out the dead
was one
90
28
some
sheet she
29
midwife as druggist
almost every family had a garden plot with herbs growing in
edy
courage
G
25aird
merkley
monuments
ed
to
beaver county utah
aird
eds
92
ap 91
daughters of utah pioneers 1948 pp
9192
26
26brigham
brigham
youngs nephew seymour young was one there were
provo
and ogden as well as smaller communities
from
others
salt lake
27
27carter
carter
28
28bid
ibid
bid
0
heart throbs of the west 92
cit
pp
ap
338
339
338339
29east
east of antelope island op ci
citt
p
287
VI
316&
316
29
it
30
the average mother
remedies of the times
quite well acquainted with the standard
was
and how to mix them
but there was something special about the home
homeconcocted
concocted
potions of the midwives
doctors as priddy
were
pills
and
learned their recipes from such Thom
sonan
thomsonian
thomsonan
who
31
meeks
in every region there were remedies that
it
peculiar to that area
would be
difficult to list standard
herbs and drugs and expected results because each medical person main-
tained his
own
medicinal ald
aid
ai d
theory that a certain herb or drug would give the desired
32
when a
certain cure
herbs that generally would
fit
tringent
trin gent or a bitter
consulted
was
was
desired a
list
of specific
the need of a stimulant or an as-
the early midwives tried preventative medicine in the form of herbs
and
roots to keep the system flowing
roost
most maladies
they hoped that moost
could be cured by a good strong enema that would supposedly flush out
the disease
33
certainly there
was a degree of
success enjoyed by the
their administration of herbs as medicine today there is
a school of health food enthusiasts that has shown some positive results
beliar for a possible case
lobelia
in keeping regularity but to administer lo
midwives in
of pneumonia was as
futile
as the record indicates in the case of
sarepta marie spence
certainly this is
one of the most
berkley ar
kerkley
2r cit
30 Merkley
p
tragic cases of
an
early midwife
90
31
31priddy
priddy meeks was
an in southern
soni
sonan
thomsonian
the most well known Thom
thomsonan
thomsonii
thomsoni
eth in lobelia an herb medicine that to him could
eal
fai
eaith
utah his great eai
faith
cure any illness gained wide acceptance in his time
32 see
appendix
33
33priddy
priddy meeks
p 73
BYU 1 1937
A
p
83
journal of priddy
meeks
1882
1879
18791882
copied by
30
who wrung
her heart in despair for lack of medical understanding
heywoods
martha spence heywood
measles
small son and daughter had contracted the
she bathed her children in saleratus water and gave them
regular doses of sage tea and saffron tea
had a canker
in the mouth that
the daughter sarepta marie
was causing some
difficulty
neigh-
A
bor observed sarepta marie complaining of stomach pains and advised the
mother to keep bathing and rubbing the child
thought
improved
this
had turned inward
however the
she did
little girls
for the measles he
in the meantime the
condition worsened
when
breathing became obstructed the mother sent to a neighbor for
belia
boy
her
some
lo-
the distressed mother wrote
on wednesday the 12th of march 1I first gave her the lobelia
in doses of tincture it was several hours in her system without
did
operating 1I gave her rhubarb to work
off which she didy
dido
and passed some phlegm and at this time 1I discovered the hard
phlegm stuck to her mouth and was more convinced that the difficulty
lay in her chest she again took a turn for the better after this
again revived she
first administered lobelia and my spirit
seemed easier thursday night when 1I went to bed and being very much
exhausted 1I fell into a heavy slumber and woke up by her calling
me
when 1I had come to myself 1I found her in very great distress
with her breathing 1I had some onions and 1I put them under her
mrs bigler assisted me in putting her
arms and oiled her well
feet in water it was two oclock when she came in and we bathed
but until
her feet which seemed to ease her breathing a
daylight she appeared to be dying between six and seven she revived again which comforted me much As 1I had had a night of keen
anguish my hopes revived much during the day although she was
quite feeble and low louisa barber watched that night and encou raged my hope which continued
couraged
the next night when 1I had
again to weep over her as dying she was so restless and suffer1I could give her a reguing 1I determined that if she lived t
knowing that she could not live
lar lobelia emetic 1I would try
1
gave
w
1
ng
phlegm
removed
twelve
having
about
I
her
havi
the
without
oclock
ithout
the emetic which operated well in her system but about four
o1clock she had the appearance of dying and 1I again gave her up
was wrung with anguish but again she reoh my poor hear how
vived and called mamma which word once more made me crazy with
she was really bad and the only thing to
joy which continued
desire or hope for was to have her father come in time to see her once
again he did arrive on thursday 18th about six oclock in the
evening she had been dying all day and the night before and when
it
little
it
it
till
till
till
lii
lil
ill
31
he came she stretched her little arms to him and called him papa
papal
1I
papa
on papas
and all that night would call to sit
lap she died next
morning about eight oclock be
being
ing se
sensible to the last breath she
1I washed
could draw and ceased to breathe and the bad smell ceased
body myself on my lap and dressed her in her own clothes
her
the last sewing 1I did for her was to make her a pair of shoes of
neible
nsible
1
little
white cloth
women
334
4
were forced to learn about the nature of medicine
needed proper schooling
sarepta manles
mariels
manies
maries
ill patients
there were too
many
deaths similar to
granted the midwives did save
thing as infection caused
and as simple a
had
some
of their seriously
administration of drugs
by improper
hygiene and
san-
eighteen seventies the basic conditions of midwivery
midwifery
but by the eighteenseventies
if any for half a century most of the methods
little iff
the ill and delivering children were traditional things
altered very
used in curing
they had learned from their mothers or grandmothers
been adequate in the
decade some of the
A
new
little
but how much more successful would they have been had they
understood more fully the principles of anatomy
itation
midwives
school of
light of
what they knew
finest discoveries
obstetrics
until
these would have
1860
were coming to
but in that
light
and general hygiene was imperative
there had to
medical discoveries were springing up
As
be some
central
iced form of instruction so the average midwife could learn the
ized
lives depended on this
was
eighteenseventies
seventies that just such discussions
it vas in the early eighteen
caught on among such leaders as brigham young zina young and eliza
latest
R
and
snow
improved methods in medical science
the medical
themedical
at times
34
34carter
carter
amusing
movement
in utah had
moved
through some
stages
our pioneer heritage
her
11
II
op
cit
72
73
7273
bitter
CHAPTER V
WOMEN INVOLVED
IN THE MEDICAL
MOVEMENT
IN UTAH
1847
1875
18471875
the medical movements in utah were closely aligned with church
it
doctrine
the influence of certain
was
women
primarily zina
young that softened the attitude of brigham young toward a
H
hyoungq
more
positive study in accredited medicine but long before brigham
youngs attitude toward medical training had shifted there were
interesting changes in medical practice in utah
D
some
in most of these
movements women were as involved as were men
ill
health
was a very
real thing with all of the early settlers
of utah and was always a topic of conversation in meetings conferences
and
willard richards one of brigham youngs couns-
private groups
elors
in the heirarchy
heir archy of the church
was a
as the medical advisor for the church
rived one of his
first
health in salt lake in
botanical doctor and spoke
once the mormon leader had ar-
medical functions was to begin a council of
1848 and
willard
the recorded minutes read
richards had a medical conference in his
wagon
in the afternoon sim-
ilar meeting had been held during the past three or four weeks
this council
was
attended by church leaders midwives doctors of
the botanical school and anyone else
it
ments
endured for a decade
at
who
wished to learn of herb
one time a
gentile
treat-
who was
aljournal
ljournal
journal history
Hist oryl february 21 1849 A compilation of LDS church
history recorded daily at the LDS historians office private library
1
33
visiting inthe
in the territory attended
afterward called
it
one of the councils of
a female dorcus
of wretched fanaticism
f
2
all the
she further described
the lowest class of ignorance
whatever good
first
council of health was one of the
and
society where they talked over
she relegated
various aches and pains and cures
health
it
lt
it
members to
as a meeting
1I
did or did not do the
attempts at an organized health
program
first
the
organized study in obstetrics came in 1855
in june of
news
in the deseret
sit
it
PSS
he wrote
makes mention of
1855
has been intimated to
newsy
news
news1
bounced through the
nounced
the opening of
was
news
newst
neast
france did earlier mention that
dr
may 1
for the midwifery class
other class likewise
1855 and
when
that 1I ought to have
class
on midwifery
&
an
c 13
it
would be held
the fee
10.00
1000 with the privilege of attending the
was
4
my
this class
in an advertisement in the deseret
the class
held on
me
dr france
france
either the charge for dr frances
lectures
was
too exorbitant or the instruction met with disapproval by the public
for there is
our
journals
ournals
nais or diaries recorded
nals
the
first
two decades
provincial attitudes
G
the records remain silent concerning any
theories
and
settlement maintained
p
continuation of succeeding classes in
a
in midwifery and nursing
more organized courses
1856
newss nor have any
neass
in the deseret news
school of midwifery
for almost
2ab
2b
it
no more mention of
its
harris the
own
among
this
was
the midwives each
news
june
mormons
6
little
school of thinking in the practice
at
home
new
york
dix
&
edwards
1890
189
deseret
the era of
1855
p
13
acarter
cita
VII
4carter
0
carter heart throbs of the west 22
vil
cit
viit
cit3 niit
2230
223
34
the next step toward the organized study of obstetrics
health
movement
in physiology
classes were organized
by
was a
the church
sanctioned co
cooperative
operative retrenchment association to instruct the ladies
in the study of the function and nature of the body
weekly to promote the study in the salt lake area
bi
biweekly
being in detail
wellbeing
studied the field of physical well
classes in physiology
to mrs sarah kimball
was
held july
25
1872
to encourage the
woments
foments exponent
notice appeared in the women
5J
women
the CRA met
the ladies
the
first
of these
the classes were directed
to attend
the following
6
promised to
the organization of physiological class
be
of much valuable information and consequent good
results for our ladies there is scarcely any perhaps no
other branch of education which can be made practically and
individually useful especially to women as the study of
and
neglected
physiology yet it has heretofore been sadly
7
even ridiculed by many unthinking people
an
enthusiastic notice appeared
two months
later
the physiological class organized some weeks ago
on tuesdays and thursdays
meet
ladies interested in the
very
advantageous
to
connect
study of physiology will fidd
it
fi9d
fiad
0
with
themselves
this class
and even
later
the physiological class under the supervision of mrs sarah
E kimball is progressing finely
books appropriate for students
commencing the study of physiology have been ordered and remary
E
cook
may
by
to
miss
be
eved
and
application
obtained
ived
ceived
cel
cei
9
at the schoolroom the social hall
bomes
5woments
exponent
womes gwo
gMo
nent
1I
august
1
1872 p
187211
37
aa
6aA bi
bimonthly
monthly news magazine published by the relief society of
the church it contained information and news on a national inter
national scope as well as local utah
7womens
bomes
womes exponent
81bidj
bid
p
66
91bideg
9lbid p
93
a
cit
p
37
35
the meetings in physiology continued until march
sarah kimball made the greatest effort to get the
value of adopting this branch of biology to the
ever the CRA grew weary of the subject
mrs
1873
women
to see the
evidently
home
because the course
how-
title
beginning in march was changed to ladies educational association
there is
no more mention
in the fall of 1872
of physiology
utahs
10
most cultured lady
snow
eliza
medical practice
R
behind
initiated another movement toward improved
all dynamic movements stands a strong personality and eliza R snow as
head of the female relief society of the church an organization of
ladies designed to help the needy had the ability to inspire people
especially the
a
talk in the
women
ogden
study medicine
to action
fall
during that
snow
mrs
tabernacle that pointed out the need for
principle points of this talk
became
delivered
women
to
the standard cry
for the next three decades in her talk she referred
to president brigham youngs desire that the female relief society draft
of prominent
women
female students to study medicine
she said
cias sical education and
classical
he wants a good many to get a clas
then get a degree of medicine so far as getting the degree is
concernedo
concerned
neds there would be no advantage but in connection with
degre the female practitioner stands on the same grounds a
the degree
man does
here she states one of the complex reasons for obtaining a degree
that is it
cause
it
not so
was sought
placed the
woman on
much
because of value of
that these
1oibid
ibid
11
1womens
woments
foments
p
same women were speaking
it
out on
157
exponent
emo
Eno nent
but be-
equal footing with the male doctor and
thus be recognized as equal in knowledge and ability
remembered
title
september 15
1873
11
II
p
63
must be
woman
ferage
sufferage
suf
36
and to have women MD
snow goes on with
s would be a wedge
in a professional door
her plea hoping to gain a commitment from the
mrs
women
assembled
are there heres
here
sisters who have ambition enough
and who realize the necess
c ne
ty of it 5being
being a student of medi
medl
necessity
medicine
for zions sake to take up this study there are some who are
naturally inclined to be nurses and such ones would do well to
study medicine if they are inclined to do so if they cannot
annot
meet their own expenses we have the means of doing so 12 those
who go through chi
chis
thi
thiss course should be young women we 13have in
but
salt lake city a mrs barker who proposes to teach
now
any
V
branches you need to study before going to the
l- you need to study
expense of being boarded abroad to study 14
15
anatomy
and other kindred branches
physiology
there are
mrs
many
snow did
not see outstanding results from this remarkable
plea at least not for a decade
request that
however
two women
came from brigham young through mrs
snow
16
womens
medical college of philadelphia
ted from
part of her speech concerning nursing that
asked for
did
it
had immediate
fulfill
the
both graduawas
the
results
latter
she
to go into the field of midwifery
women
then another class of women is wanted more advanced in age
who are natural nurses and would be willing to study obstetrics
macy
mary
dr marya
barker7 is going to give a series of lectures
barkers
this lady br
marr barkejr7
mary7
for their
this
17
gene
genefit
benefit
fit
lars
12mrs
lmrs
snow may not have foreseen how much financial assistance
f fi
of women students had dl
diffiproject would require for a number ofwomen
culty financing their schooling even with the assistance of the female
was a characteristic of the leaderships of the
relief society etwas
itwas
it
church during this era to not count the cost
13see
see p 41
dr barker was proposing to teach classes in midwifery and nursing in general this was to be a preparatory course
oce
ore the young women were to go east
bee
before
14she
ashe
lshe must have had in mind the eastern seaboard of the united
states and not europe none of those who studied medicine outside of
the territory in this era traveled to europe
15 womens
exponent
op
ci
citt
p 63
11
111
II
III po
lit
16dr
pratt penrose and dr ellis
dr romania prattpenrose
17woments
11
womens exponent op ccit
113
it
II 63
R
shipp
37
she continued in her talk and asked
that these
women
register for
classes which were to be held in salt lake city in her talk she noted
that it was the hope of president young that at least one woman from
every settlement would
come
in to take the course offered
that from eight to twelve ladies
them
be
rys
midwife cys
ryt
trained in midwifery
eastern
men
that
we
can have our own
practitioners
this
it reflects
as well as the mormon
women
so
was
and
department
it
then in
the ladies should
why
the attitude expressed by
women
her reason for the training
practitioners instead of having gentle
in ancient time
and why should
registered
had already
her closing remarks she gave one of the reasons
she informed
we know
that
officiated in
women
now
not be so nowf18
not only in ogden did mrs snow make her feeling known on this
issue
provo that same month president smoot
but also at a meeting in prove
the stake president mentioned that he met sister
E
snow
R
in salt
lake city canvassing for students in view of opening a school of
medicine and surgery for instruction of females
this
time
it
school did open and
when
was
Q
1119
M
1
the most successful up to that
the school began in the spring of 1874 there were about
thirty in the course
and dr
mary barker was the
instructor
20
of the students came from the energetic soliciting of mrs snow
least
who
one student came as
begged her to do so
the direct results of mrs zina
when
D
all
not
at
young
21
the prospective student mrs rachel
181bido
islbid
191bid
ibid
20
20carteri
Carteri
carter
p
58
ci
0
citt
heart throbs of the west 22
XI
173
young
young
H
21zina
D
brigham
herself at this time
wife
of
zina
a midwife and leader in the female relief society of the church
38
woolly simmons
declined mrs young assured her that the ward relief
society would pay for the lectures
1I
borrowed the money as 1I did not
public in that manner
she insisted so 1I consented
like to
be under
but
obligation to the
22
mrs
upon completing the course
simmons began to
practice as
a
midwife and made a considerable amount of money in the following years
the next schools of midwifery were not conducted until dr romania
pratt returned
from the
east with her degree
most advanced schooling in the
that era introduced the
art of midwifery in utah
it
was during
that period of time that utah began to regard the contribution of
women in medi
medl
medicine
cine with the same respect that they were given in the
east
22
carter loj
lol
22 cit
XI
173
CHAPTER
WOMEN
WITHOUT M
MDD
DOCTORS
before the advent of skilled
an
VI
women
DEGREES
doctors
held a degree from
who
accredited american medical institution there
came
group of women who were recognized as medical doctors
degree or
and
if
1I
they held a degree
its validity
it
into utah
a
but lacked a
was from a european
institution
questionable in medical circles of the times
was
period was roughly from
1860
to
these
1877
women
this
performed a much
needed function in the communities where they resided and were among
the
first
to convince
female diseases and
women
of the need for uniform instruction in
obstetrics
during this time there was no consistent
system for the study of medicine and
mattert
mattec
matter had studied under
that mattery
he or she was considered
certainly if
a lady
or a
man
for
a competent physician or physicians then
qualified to enter the ranks of the medical
profession
there
the
ti
titie
title
etie
were several such women
n
surgeon
and
physician
on the following pages
doctors
the most well
practicing medicine 1Iinn utah with
1
these
women
who
will be listed
were forerunners to actual degree
degreestatus
status
known among
these several
women was
ellen brooke
ferguson
non
degree
nondegree
status doctors
ellen brooke ferguson
no
record has been found to substantiate the traditional view
40
of the daughters of utah pioneers that ellen brooke ferguson was a cerled medical practitioner or that
bifi
tified
tifioed
jo
recognized medical institution
in
MD
however
her husband was a doctor
18501s this
profession in london in the 1850
and she had studied the
seemed to give
she had ever graduated from a
ellen ferguson the
freedom to advertise
herself as
an
granted a great deal of experience coupled with formal
1878
learning did qualify her to a greater degree than the
midwife
common
she apparently went about her practice
but she was not degreed
with no opposition and in the advertisement she did give herself the
physician and surgeon
title
911
111
she further explained in her
special attention given to obstetrics and diseases of children
eions
tions
also diseases of the throat and lungs
in the fall of
2
ellen ferguson devoted her full time to
1880
chinical
nical study of obstetrics gynecology
further chi
clinical
new
solicita
solicits
york
and minor surgery
spending two winters at this observation
salt lake city qualified
by
in
she
tuc ned to
tur
returned
sheretur
shere
the standards of the board of directors
of the deseret hospital to be appointed to the position of house phy
asician
sician and surgeon of the hospital
3
n
A
fighter for
womens
rights
mrs
ferguson involved herself politically to the extent that her prac-
tice
became secondary
she ultimately traveled east as a widow and
mother of four and was presumed to have died in new york
lW
lwomans
loomans
womans
omans
exponent
op
cit
VII
VIII
vil
vlis
8
21bid
bibid
2ibid
3
snow
op
92
4
4woman
woman S
cit
exponent
p
47
46
470
4647
46470
op
ccit
it
II
111
I 11
56
41
mary
barker
A
probably the next most popular non
degree doctor was mary barker
nondegree
she ran a weekly ad
that read
mary
mdt
barker MD
md2
A
old constitution building main street
office hours
office opposite
1I
10
am to
3
4
tn
pm
5
supposedly she had graduated from an eastern school of medicine
if this
first
lady physician holding a degree from an american
among
did hold classes in obstetrics
julina smith
and edna
little
church
but
was
then mary barker was utahts
utats
utahs
stats
claim were to be substantiated
L
smith
all
iff office
H
young
wives of prominent leaders of the
how
extensive her practice
quite possible she tutored in the
which was the
practice of other
she may have been so involved in
however
D
she
hours are any indication apparently mrs barker at-
tended to other functions as well
field of arts
her students were zina
could be found to indicate
1
institution
women
eza
during this eera
ra
60
obstetrics that her office
hours were limited
00
carpenter
caw
entel
Cau enten
mrs
one doctor
first
name
who
is
little
kno wri
known
wil
wll
office is
lady doctor
carpenter
not even her
edg
advert ize her profession as is
eds but she did advertize
advertise
remember
is remembered
indicated in the following ad
whose
was mrs
who
mrs
the townsend house
carpenter physician and surgeon
room no
ltt
50 att
1
7
claimed to be a physician and surgeon
have been a loosely applied
title
she was another
yet this
may
of the times
551bid
ibid
6mrs
mrs
ellen
B
bo
ferguson MD in addition to medicine
ing elocution and music
7womans
womans exponent
op
elg
nti eeg
229
Enone
cit
11
II
56
taught draw-
42
netta anna
A
cardon
F
convert to the
mormon
giong dr
religion
ceil
cell
reli
geneva
graduated from geneva hospital
netta cardon
switzerland
church in 1854 and was a graduate at that time
dr cardon held
is not
nevertheless
known
had
she joined the
what type of degree
it is
the opinion of
milton hunter that she graduated as physician and surgeon
after her baptism dr cardon
settled in ogden with her
told by president brigham
immigrated to utah where
this
of as a midwife
status
dr
she set
she apparently did
broken bones and did some surgery nevertheless
8
she was
that she should use her medical knowledge
in helping the sick without pay
Q
shortly
before she
newly acquired american husband
young
earlier
she was commonly thought
cardon died in 1907 never having acquired the
due one who was a physician and surgeon
in
a
region that needed
professionals so desperately
sophie ruesch mathis
sophie ruesch mathiss
methis
mathis
was
first
also of swiss origin
young lady and
known
known
she did join the
mormon
part of the cotton mission
who
doctor of washington county
sophie mathis studied in germany as a
later in naples italy
she was among the mormons
among
jittle
bittle
little
the
the year she graduated is un-
church in switzerland and by 1861
traveled south of salt lake to
begun during
that year
the swiss people in washington county
she
dr
become
mathis worked
like dr cardon
considered a midwife rather than a physician and surgeon
there
was a
great deal of thomsonian theory in dixie during this period and
certainly
some
hunter
of
op
92
dr
cit
mathis
pp
ap
knowledge could have been
345 346
345346
was
utilized
43
yet in several areas of medical theory
may have been
just as well
mathis did not practice extensively because
that dr
she was of the school of
mathis1
mathise
mathis services were in
her
it
blood
less
life hardly exercising
letting
for one thing
through the years
demand and she
dr
latter part of
9
at all
spent the
her knowledge of medicine
emeline grover rich
the wife of a general authority of the
C
rich
offered in
in northern utah
1873 by
if
she attended the course
the female relief society
no
that
record has been
ne rich did feel a need to expand her
hov
however
evero emeil
emeli
emell
emeline
1881t how
in 1881
i
found
field
ledge in the
10
1881
medicine
first
year the college opened
the following year mrs rich graduated with a degree in
rich joined the faculty as professor of obstetrics
mrs
it is doubtful if
it was defunct by
mrs
rich ever taught
the fall of 1882
dr rich returned to her
caring for the sick
of the time
who had
it
home
would be
same academic
light as theirs
knowledgeable
knowledg
knowledgable
able midwife
a course for the college because
11
having improved her technique for
unfair to the qualified
women
richs training
at best dr rich
and
practice in the
was a
highly trained
her services to the mothers and young people
op cit
acarter
VI 398
9carter
carter our pioneer heritage 22
1orobert
robert T devitt the medical college of utah at morgan
bulletin of the medical library association NP january 1960
4
ady
edy
alibi
bide
lda
bida
llibi
ld9
p
6
doctors
attended larger more recognized institutions of
the east to classify mrs emeline
XLVIII
know-
the morgan medical college at morgan
of medicine
utah was opening and she enrolled the
in
charles
young
Gr
brigham
by
groverrich
had
apart
been
emeline grover
set
rich
in
overRich
1864 to be a midwife
was
mormon churchy
church
ft
44
of northern utah were great
12
lives
these
the
despite her limited training she did save
4
ills
women were
involved in helping to save lives and to cure
of the time and the knowledge they possessed was valuable
they were not accepted for the most part by the male degreed physi-
cians of the period but then neither were the few
degrees from the east
women
doctors on the
1
13
same
the world of utah
level as
men
it
was
women who had
not ready to accept
was more
than simply the
field of medicine women were not recognized professionally in most
fields regardless of the prejudices that held women back the medical
women
mentioned in
this chapter
had not
attained the excellence that
would
have qualified them for equal standing with many of the
th e male physicians
of the era
a
there remained a void at this time in the medical profession
void that only qualified women physicians could fill waiting in the
wings were a handful of women readying themselves for the
moment
thus far in contribution of
12
12carters
Carters
carter
our pioneer heritage
her
women
op
22
to medicine
cit
VI
4200
420
finest
CHAPTER
VII
WOMEN DOCTORS WITH AN
from the heart rending semi
crude
semicrude
dawning of a new
era
among
the
women
MD
DEGREE
practice of midwives
involved in medicine
pivotal point rightly belongs in the hands of the
brigham young
during the
mormon
came
the
the
leader
cautious and at times bitter toward orthodox doctors
first
in
two decades 1in
I
edp
edv
latter years detected
detect
the great basin brigham young in his
along with the world
a new phase
he had not been blind
remarkable authentic discoveries in medicine
to the value of
known
and some
cures but because of the lack of scientific un-
standing of the human body he refused to endorse the practice of
derstanding
der
blood
letting
after the
and heavy intake of drugs
As a
matter of fact a year
utah region while most were
into the utahregion
mormons came
still
fort in salt lake valley brigham young asked
dr willard richards and his wife hannah an english nurse to teach
some basic forms of caring for the sick and to see that some women were
ed in the walled
housed
hous
trained in this field
obviously his mind was not closed to the suf-
fering th
at spread from
that
home
however
new
it
to
home and
left
many
in agony and death
took years to bring the average person to an acceptance of
discoveries and theories in medicine
A
new
era in medicine
new
neo
of studying medicine
medici
women
was
ingv
starting
start ingy
women were
seriously thinking
elizabeth blackwell had opened the doors for
philadelphia ts womens medical college
doctors and in a few years philadelphiats
offered enrollment to the
women
of the world
in 1873 from the pulpit
46
brigham young cried out
the time has
come
for
doctors in these valleys of the mountains
women
to
come
forth as
M
from the membership of the church came two women who heard
their
women
set
first
ail
ali
out to gain a medical degree at the most logical placethe
place the womens
medical college at philadelphia the first to travel east was romania
pratt and second ellis R shipp behind them came all the others
prophets plea
who
and
call
desired to heed the cali
all
these
will be listed in the following pages
pratt penrose
bunnell pratt penrose
romania bunnell
romania
words and eager to go
county
east
ats
romanias
indiana Romani
she had her mind made up
first
mormon
moved west
her parents were
church and romania knew no other religion
by
this union
when
jr
president young
of
who
had died
in salt lake city
in a vanguard trip to the california gold fields
pratt
members
romanias family
1855 minus her father
to salt lake city in 18551
romania married parley PPO
born in wayne
memories were of the several mormon
settlements rather than her birth place
the
president youngs
was caught up by
2
band
2and
and had six sons and one daughter
made
his plea for
women
doctors
they
romania convinced her husband that she should study medicine
sold their house and romania sacrificed her inherited piano that her
mother had shipped across the plains in a wagon
H
A
dentist
dr
W
groves also advanced some money to encourage romania to go east
to study
Q
3
leaving her five sons with her
4 she
mother
left salt
brigham young 92
0
XVIII p 21
cit XVII
pratt the mormon apostle of that era
2this
athis
his was the son of parley P pratty
366
3carterj
VI
carter our pioneer Hheritage
cic
vis
erita&e3 op cita
cit
cit3
gromania
4romania
romania
pratt lost
both in infancy
one son and one daughter
daughterboth
47
lake city to study medicine in
new
york city
she pursued her studies
for a year then returned to salt lake city without sufficient funds
to continue her schooling at this time brigham young advised her to
return to the east
he made the necessary arrangements
and gain a degree
for financial aid and this time she traveled to the womens medical col-
after four years of study
lege at philadelphia
and
internship
and by
eight years old she received her doctor of medicine
thirtyeight
that time thirty
degree in 1877
she practiced medicine for two years in
salt lake city then tra-
lzed in eye and ear infirmary
laed
speciale
specialized
veled east once again where she special3
special
3
along with otolaryngology she took courses in hydropathy
certain diseases
by water
back again
treatment
the cure of
in salt lake city for
romania had neglected her home and family so
stayt
a more permanent stay
year marriage to parley
twentyyear
severely that her twenty
pratt jr
P
was
dis-
solved in divorce
A woman
of
professionally
was soon
with
ability dr pratt set
about to establish herself
with her specialization in eye and ear infirmary
considered the authority in the state and patients
their maladies
successful cataract operation in the territory
A
medical authority among
committee
headed by zina
D
H
women
to her
came
she has been credited with performing the
she
first
5
romania was approached by a
young
to conduct classes in
o-
bstetrical science and with dedication dr pratt opened a series of
lectures
these were
first
of the deseret hospital
held in her
home
then after the opening
the classes were held there
with the professional standing that dr
acarter
5carter
heritage
carter our pioneer hec
her
op
cit
pratt penrose she married
VI
368
48
president penrose had attained the female relief society asked her
to serve on the staff as a surgeon at the newly organized deseret
hospital which she did intermittently for the decade the hospital
remained open
after the turn of the century
association she
male
was on many of
practitioners
6
and having joined the
the
the dr grove LDS hospital
when
listings as
same medical
pratt penrose
dr
it
was a
state medical
were the
consulting physician at
was completed
in
1904
ratt
P
dr pratt
five years
thirtyfive
retired from practice in 1912 after thirty
of service
A
physician of eye surgery dr pratt penrose in her waning
3
years ironically became blind and remained so until her death november
9 1932
91
7
ell
eil is reynolds
renolds
eills
ellis
shipp
dr ralph
problem medical
edical
R
shipp
training
utahs
of her time
richards said
T
8Q
did more toward solving this
wome7
and aid among the mormon vomej
womer than dr
grand old lady
there
no one
was no
ellis
woman
outstandingwoman
unquestionably the outstanding
professional pretentiousness about dr
i
until
from the day she was encouraged to seek a medical degree
shipp
shlipp
shi
she died in 1939 she was a dedicated
warm
person and above
all
a loving
mother
in one of her
later writings
she recorded the
trial
and sacr
sacrifice
ifice
ilice
she endured to go east to philadelphia and study
it
was
in the
summer
of 1873 that 1I was
6membership
membership card of dr
romania
7deseret
1932
pratt penrose
utah state medical association building 1895
lchards
richards
lchards
hiichards
news
nov
10
op
cit
p
p
233
234
233234
1
a
rose op
first
on
cit
spo
spoken
ken to on the
file at the
p
29
49
subject of studying medicine by Ssister
stec
ster E R snow there was
much being said upon the subject about
bout this time president
young favored the idea
in fact itt originated with him to have
some of our sisters obtain a medi
medl
medical
al education when the subject was broached to me as being one to step out in this direction 1I thought it would be what 1I would love and delight in if
ere but the thought of leaving
hene
this knowledge could be obtained here
home and loved onas
on6s
ones overwhelmed mme and swept from me aven
even
6ven the possibility
sibl lity of making the attempt
sibi
at nineteen 1I married and fortunately for me my husband
was a man of superior intelligence and education
it was he who
urged and encouraged
onward and explained many a problem to my
understanding and assisted me in surmounting many a difficulty
As 1I retrospect
seems to me a strange class of circumstances that finally determined my going to attend womens medical college
colleg of philadelphia and 1I feel that it was only through
me
it
the divine interposition of providence that 1I was enabled ever to
bring myself to pass through the ordeal and it might have been
that had 1I fully realized the magnitude of the undertaking 1I would
i
1
have shrunk from it
however upon the morning of november 10 1875 the parting
words were spoken and oh the agony of that parting can never be
ough years have elapsed 1I canknown save by experience
experiencel even tthough
not think upon it with composure
for dr shipp this
have
felt
was
sacrifice surely abraham could
the supreme sacrificesurely
no more sorrowful when asked
shipp writes as she
is
to offer up his son for dr
bouncing along on the
train
swiftly along in the car 1I thought my heart would
oh how long it seems before 1I can see my
break this corning
morning
childrers
childrerj again two years and
treasures her husband and small childrerj
a half
endure this painful separaoh for power do 1I pray to end7ure
tion and to gain the knowledge for which 1I have sacrificed so much
never will 1I forget this morning
nor the sadness upon the faces
morningnor
bye
goodbye
of my loved ones as 1I bade them good
the parting is too painto
ful to dwell upon my heart aches so sadly 1I must endeavor
10
divert my thoughts or 1I fear my strength will fail me
moving
her strength did not
of loneliness but
studies
how much
eil
ell is
ellis
she was
work was
gelli
11 iss shipp musser
shipp
1oibid9
ibid
she suffered many weeping nights
after her arrival at school she plunged into her
up at 400 am each morning and she mentioned
really hard
M
fail her
required to gain
so
little
knowledge
he early autobiography and diary of dr
the
pp
ap v vl
ND
vill
vii
brigham young university library NP
pa
p 142
p9
1
50
at first ellis shipp roomed with her friend and fellow
romania pratt but due to a conflict of time schedules
suggested that mrs shipp move to other lodgings
a
rift
this
this
between the two future prominent women of utah
much
mormon
mrs
dr
pratt
seems to be
she
states
in her journal
take up quarters in my own little room tonight it is
very cozy and comfortable and 1I think 1I shall enjoy it very
much
to be in a palace where
whore my
truly much better than
11
presence was not agreeable
1I
dr shipp interrupted her studies after one school year to return
to salt lake city there to spend a glorious
summer
with her family
her agonies were renewed when she returned for her final eighteen
month
stay at school
this time
dr
shipp entered school pregnant
her accounts of dissecting under her maternal condition demonstrate
during the spring semester she gave birth
further her zeal to succeed
financial conditions were never favorable but
to a daughter
money
did continue to arrive from
graduation
on march 14
ellis
and dr
came
shipp stepped up to receive her degree
to her great surprise and delight the
1878
she graduated her husband milford shipp
of until he had completed
an
study
it
s
ellis
elli
passed
the
same
salt lake bar
12
establishingherself
wasted no time establishing
herself in
office in the old constitutional building in the heart of
her advertisement read
diseases of
women
13
w
p
152
121
121bido
izlbicl
bido
p
2369
236
13 womens
exponent
town
special attention given to obstetrics and
in the city there were a number of competent
i
11
11ibid
ibid
season
an undertaking she was unaware
as an attorney and counselor at law
home from
finally this longed for
and
home
somehow
op
cit
111
III
8
51
male physicians to handle most of the major surgery
practitioners she devoted her efforts
women
so
like her fellow
more to the women and
children of the city
apparently dr shipp did well in her practice because a year
later
she opened her
conducted these
oting more
ifery
w
wifery
efery
i
first
medical class to teach
first classes in
her
her classes in mid-
at the request of the
and nursing soon became more extensive
relief society
she traveled up and down the
1
1
she
influential in prom-
nd was
home and
progressive techniques of midwifery
obstetrics
14
territory of utah
in
efery her influence was
her efforts to teach correct methods ofmidwi
of midwifery
felt inn all
i
the major settlements
1I
for students
turn train
who
she was a fountainhead of knowledge
graduated from her classes in salt lake city would in
or three local ladies in their respective communities
cwb
twb
for one reason or another were unable to travel to salt lake city
directly trained
almost
uates
rt16
500 w
who
ellis
midwives from
fron
frol dr
this staggering
number
shipps
shipp
classes
of omission
number
active
her philosophy of training and her
cation for her dynamic efforts
was
1
15
indicates the quantity of grad-
shipps
received qualified instruction during dr shipp
years as a medical doctor
justifi-
society through ignorance and sins
is responsible for half of the infant mortality as well
as for many deaths and
disabilities of
mothers
17
in her routine practice of medicine and particularly obstetrics
14see
alsee
lsee classes in
isee
15
15musser
musser
op
22
16
16peseret
16deseret
Deseret news
171bid
ibid
I1
teachings
ings
teaching
ingi
obstetrical teach
cit
feb
iv
p
1
1939 p
19399
who
3
p
52
dr shipp would offer the following service in the city
her standard compensation
receiving
her services included prenatal care of the
delivery of the child and ten visits after the birth
mother
she would bathe mother and infant
the bed and sometimes cook
make
a bowl of gruel
if
the mothers appetite failed
thing she could
do
for the comfort
in fact
and well being of her
twenty
twentyfive
five dollars when
the price
when
it
was convenient
she did any-
patient
18
in addition to classes in obstetrics office hours and attending
the sick in their
ital
staff
homes
shipp was a member of the deseret hosp-
dr
this project took
some
of her busy hours and she tried
along with the other members of the organization
organi zatior4 to make
1
ful operation
however
it
did close
its
doors ten years
it
a success-
after
com-
mencing
statewide service left such
sixty years of territorial
territorialstatewide
an
indelible
field of female medicine that utah honored dr shipp by
her death january 31
electing her to the utah hall of fame before merdeath
herdeath
mark on the
19
1939
dr margaret curtis shipp roberts
A
sister
20
to dr ell
is
eli
ellis
eilis
eills
eil
ell is to complete her degree at
ellis
packed up and journied
jour nied east
dr margaret roberts waited for
shipp
R
medical college
womens
women
then she
21
roberts2l
roberts was back in utah
in 1882 dr robertsel
to lend her support and knowledge to the growing school of utah
18
ourr
18carters
Carters ou
carter
pioneer heritage
heritag
19
19deseret
news
Deseret nems
nens
nent february
1
1939
E
p
cit
vit 372
vib
3
20
20aA
shippts husband
shipits
plural wife of ellis
eil is shipp1s
ell
21dr
dr margaret curtis shipp became the wife of
of the officials of the LDS church
B
H
roberts one
53
doctors
shipp pays great respect to her
dr
autobiography
it
was maggie who looked
while ellis
el ils was at the college
the
ll
lasister
llsister
sister maggie in her
shippts
shipps children
after ell
is shippos
eli
ellis
cared a great deal for
two women
each other
dr
roberts centered her practice in salt lake county with
the
withthe
disadvantage of more travel and the advantage of less competition
first
she helped to organize the
relief society of the
of the
school of nursing under the direction
this
church
other schools of midwifery in that
some women
left this institution
however
this school started
with a degree to practice midwifery
in
1902
22
1916
for a number of years
long duration
dr roberts taught courses in the school
her
and the account
accountandicated
indicated
mune
muneration
ration
its
the most successful due to
was undoubtedly
lasted until
which
school was similar to the
first class
consisted of
100
students
tst
studen
that she performed this service without re-
throughout her years as a physician dr roberts did not
neglect her role as the mother of nine children
23
martha hughes cannon
she was both a
politician
and a surgeon
her talents lent them-
dr martha cannon returned to
selves well to the time of statehood
utah 2inn 1882 after graduating from the womans medical college in 1880
1
and staying on in
philadelphia to receive
two more
oratory which aided her throughout her career
dr
degrees
9
24
one in
cannon
ca
annon
nnon practiced
general medicine for a year then accepted the draft to become
22
22carter
carter our pioneer heritage
her
ber
op
cit
cid
VI
374
231bidt
ibid
24
24bachelor
bachelor
of science university of pennsylvania and bachelor
of oratory national school
54
hospitalo
hospital
Hos pitalo
second resident physician of the struggling deseret hospitals
because of
difficulty with the united states
angus
cannon
marriage
married
macri
dr
marri aget
abes
abet
225
government over plural
mann cannon
director of the deseret
hospital in secrecy and went into voluntary exile in england
had immigrated from wales as a young lady
to the west
on
public health
martha was elected to the upper house of the
back in utah in 1896
newly
established state legislature
first
woman
state senator
owing to the
fact that
defeated her
own husband
ticket
a
women
it is said that
this
her victory
a time of woman
could not vote
by
sufferage
suf ferage
the irony of fate she
running for the same office on the republican
for her boldness in run
he never forgave her
par
ora
260
with energy
victory for public health in utah
was a
set about to establish
and determination she
in
gave her the honor of being the
singular honor in
ning against him and defeating him
a
but her desire was to return
during her stay in europe she visited a number of hospitals
od information
collected
collect
and
martha
a
state
board of health
227
a
board
of
a
coupled
plea
state
for
she
legislature
the
before
bill
health with sanitation rules that would quarantine animal diseases
during her term of office she helped to set up an appropriation for
a
hospital for the deaf
dumb and
blind at ogden utah
00
28
this
was
her great contribution to the medical society of the state and she lead
in the field of
in medicine
women
citt
op
rose 2k
25roset
aitt
cit
ak cic
p
by
creating legislation that would
30
26
261bid
ibid
27
27deseret
deseret news
28 ibid
281bid
383
po
p 3830
july
1
1932
p
1
55
aid the state and give knowledge of hygiene on a uniform base
basi
basiss throughout the
state
As so many
support for
of the other
woman
ferage
sufferage
suf
As an
with william jennings bryan
was a speaker
her
women
in medicine did martha lent her
able speaker she toured the west
she attended conventions in the east and
at the worlds fair in chicago
latter years in southern california
dr cannon spent most of
where she worked
pedic department of graves clinic until her death july
in the ortho1932 29
11
bar
elvira stevens barney
in her middle age and traveled
raveled east to study medicine
amount of money
one years of
at fifty
fiftyone
dr
barney was
obstetrics
an honor
A
dr
was
at that
tory
the oldest to study medicine in the terri
territory
tecci
age she received her degree in 1883
return she offered her services to the relief society to teach
on her
belle
but
she saved a sizeable
having a special desire to one day study medicine
time
life
barney was a school teacher for most of her adult
dr
anatomy
ee appeared to be more
degree
her degr
and physiology
than as a profession for she did not have an active practice
gemmell
belle
A
gemmell was
not a member of the
the only doctor during the era of this work
and gained a degree
foremost physicians
to brigham young
who
dr gemmell was the daughter
dr
W
F
anderson
who was
faith
she
left the territory
of one of utahs
attending physician
she was sent east by her family to study medicine
at the university of michigan medical school
29
29deseret
deseret news
mormon
1932
july 11
ils
lit
30
heritage
30carters
her
Carters
carter our pioneer hec
p
and obtained
1
0
cic
cit
1
VI
vis 389
her degree
30
56
institution in
from the same
after graduation dr
topeka kansas
1884
gemmell
and pendleton
practiced for several years in
oregon
however she returned to her
family in salt lake city where she assisted her father with his prac-
tice because
he was in
ill
health
dr gemmell married a mining engineer
robert
gemmell who be-
C
came
general manager of utah copper company that operated binghams
Bing hans
open
pits
dr gemmell became a member of the american medical association
also the american medical womens association and the association of
university
while she was practicing she was appointed salt
women
lake county physician and
was a member
of the staff at st marks
hospital in salt lake city
Gemmells
gemmelle
gemmell
ts
death dr gemmells
before her deaths
meils
melis
philanthropic societies
civic nature than
lived to be
a
name was
her service as a female doctor was more of a
part of the obstetrical
97 and was
attached to several
movement
of the time
the last of utahs original pioneer
doctors at the time of her death november
18
women
1
31
1960
caroline mills
A
early
young lady from prove 2 utah
women
doctors
her
caroline mills
was one
home town newspaper announced
of the
the news of
ro
story
following
stoc
stor
storro
her graduation in the
hon frank mills receiver of
caroline mills wife of honi
the land office returned home this week from iowa state
been graduated with distinction
university where she had just
32
in the medical department
dr
31
31peseret
31deseret
Deseret news
november 19
1960
provo
32the
even
evening
dispatch
utah
the
i ned
p
4bB
4
may 881 1895
p
4
she
57
dr mills had received her encouragement to study medicine from
romania
pratt
and did complete probably the most advanced course of
all the female physicians who did no graduate study
shortly after returning to provo the mills decided to move to evanston
study
among
wyoming
utah
later
here she established a practice
in the northern part of the state
of being the
first
doctor in that area
she moved to randolph
here she had the distinction
A
tribute paid to her indicates
all that she could for the
although her office was in randolph she
that she kept abreast of the times
betterment of the community
and did
town
laketown
called to all the neighboring towns such as garden city Lake
was
woodruff
fossil
and any
others that needed her services
33
dr mills
i
returned to evanston and there continued her practice until her death
isabella lambert
isabella
from the
was one
of the few midwives to ever
salt lake in
in logan utah
a
call
the transition
practice of midwifery to medical study in the east
receive a degree as a fully qualified
wifery in
make
by
the
then
1876
MD
left
and to
at first she studied
mid-
with her husband for settlement
here she served as a recognized midwife working under
new
president of the church wilford woodruff
isabella left her midwifery
and spent years of study
later
lowa
at lowas
iova
lova
iowas school
of medicine where she received her degree in 1893
back in logan
name
at the age of
67
dr lambert
professionally traveled throughout the
lauded with the saintly
33
33mldred
mildred
Mldred
midred
pioneers 1962
title
a
34
and was
cache valley
of an angel of mercy in times of
hatch thomson ed
p
she used her maiden
172
34the
logano
logan utah
3the
athe area around logans
rich memories daughters of utah
58
illness
w 35
dr lambert long a midwife continued to practice her
herb remedies bringing
down
disfavor from fellow practitioners
of the modern school of drugs
she
before her death at salt lake city
who were
retired
from medicine a decade
may 17
1916
emily atkins
A
cultured young lady emily atkins grew up in tooele
thoele
wealthy
utah with a desire to study medicine
pratt
who
she studied under dr
as that was the only recourse
encouraged emily to go east
she graduated from an eastern
of the times
nephis
upon nephi
utahs
utah
romania
institution
and decided
as the best area to practice her profession
here
she met the demands of society and performed her professional duty
eager stylishly
young
in a buggy accident in
dressed
1889
woman
at the
dr atkins
age of
thirty
doctor of the period to die in her youth
woman
met a
tragic
A
30
deatht36
death30
deach
death
she was the only
37
mary emma greene van schoonhoven
Schoon
schoonhovan
hovan
A
arbors
graduate of the university of ann arbory
arbor michigan dr van
most people
hovan
Schoon
schoonhoven
schoonhovan
salt lake city
ip
38
called her
vap
van
vae
dr
if her funeral notice in
set
1907
up her
is
any
Schoo hovan
her association with fine people dr van schoohovan
performed a great service in her community
abut
tbut
but
should
all those
who
indication of
was well known and
one mention of her was
love her place a rose on her grave she will
provo
provog
35herald
journal
frovog
utah
herald
may 20
36
36carter
carter
a
our pioneer heritage
Herit
herlt aget op
cit
37 ibid
371bid
38
38deseret
deseret news
practice in
march 20
1907
p
5
1916
VI
p
3919
391
4
59
sleep in a paradise
39
n39
of flowers
she died march 19
with the coming of new doctors and skilled
women
the modern progressive medical methods of the time
attained
by
this small
1907
utah placed with
the excellence
group of lady physicians contributed to the
high standards in the state
these
women were
type of medicine possible in the homes
the twentieth century and there
eager to have the finest
this attitude prevailed into
40
gained momentum
391bido
ibid
40this
dr ellis shipp in the magthis is evidenced by the writings of dris
azine salt lake sanitarian and by the legislation brought forth when dr
ecame
natoro
senatore
became a state se
senator
martha cannon bbecame
CHAPTER
VIII
CERTIFIEP MIDWIVES
A
AND NURSES
cry for trained midwives had gone up from the
utah before
women
women
doctors traveled east for schooling
classes in the territory in
i
1873 produced a number
leaders in
organized
of midwives
but
those classes were discontinued after a year when dr romania pratt
penrose utah
utahs first lady physician returned from advanced studies in
she was drafted by zina
medicine
female
pratt
relief society to
began in 187
2
D
H
young
conduct classes in
who
represented the
obstetrics
which dr
she had advertised
advertized the courses and instructed
her students to buy two books on medicine at a total cost for books of
1200
12.00
1200
the books used were
Pue
puerperal
necal
neral
six
fever
by fordyce
school began to
filter
midwives up to
that time
eli is
ell
ellis
dr
barker
3
after the course got
weeks
when
system of midwifery
by leishman and
midwif
midkif
back to
underway the graduates from the
their settlements as the best qualified
shipp returned from the east
after completing her
studies in medicine she also began classes in midwifery in
indicated in the following advertisement
rose
irose
op
cit
p
mrs
ellis
R
1879 as
is
shipp
29
2the
athe
discrepancy concerning the exact year
the author has found some discrepency
rose op
dr pratt penrose returned from graduate studies
92 cit t p
29 give 1879 noall 92
0
ci
citt p 137 gives 1878 the author has
selected 1878 because noall was citing a diary
3noallj
aall
oall
op
22
cit
p
13
137
61
physician and surgeon has opened her medical class at her residence
i
in 13th ward
women ft
special attention given to obstetrics and diseases of
.44
dr shipp had delivered a series of lectures on obstetrics in
1876 when she had been
vacationing
inc from school prior to her final
vacation
eighteen months of study
although that
summer she had had
only a
years
yeas
ager to have her
experience at a medical college the public had been eeager
impart any knowledge she had acquired
er
latec
later
lat
practice
back home to
in the territory and holding a degree to prove her capabilities dr
ellis
shipp began the most extensive series of courses of any physician
in the history of utah
tribute to her states
one
she will ever be remembered for the courses in nursing and
which
ich she organized and conducted for so many years
obstetrics wh
hundreds of women went out from her classes to take to all cor-
ners of utah and some of the adjoining states instructions in the
andd home nursing
only a bold mathebasic principles of obstetrics an
infants1 lives
matician would attempt to compute the number of infants
which were saved and mothers who were kept from the infections at
5
thac
th
at time so commonly associated with childbirth
that
1
the records of dr shipps courses
assumed
do
not mention
that she did charge for her tutorage
if
dr
money
it is
penroses
pratt penrose
charges were any indication of what the average price was
then dr
6
most of
30.00 a term
shippos
3000
shippts
shipp courses probably cost the student 3000
the courses taught
shipp had enrollments of students from out-
by dr
side the salt lake area
adly
undoubtedly
dly
undoubte
this undoubted
physicians of any sort in
some
was due
to the lack of
of the smaller communities
the local
I1
relief society leaders in the
4womens
omes exponent
arose
5rose
rose op
cit
6woments
omes exponent
0
22
p
many
small communities throughout the
cite
cit
VIII 8800
cit
VIII 194
31
a
op
62
territory
either
call
would
one of the
a
fellow
member
practicing midwives i
to enroll at
who was
salt lake city
untrained but exper-
ienced would be selected to advance her knowledge or possibly a
young
untrained
case
those
woman was
women who
selected to begin her career
whichever the
attended the classes in obstetrics required par-
tial or total financial assistance and this was often given by the local
1I ety
society
bentele
in the communities there was a ready cig
cli
entele when the
clientele
relief soc
graduate returned with her certificate of graduation
new
I1
medicine was taking on a different complexion throughout the
tory
and
in the united states as a whole for that matter
of sanitation were coming into use
that utahs people
icine and
were
striving to
all the
stamp out
new methods
improved methods
indicate
traditional ideas of med-
establish the most advanced forms of medical science
in the old settlements of isolated regions
concepts persisted
many
of the thetraditional
traditional
especially concerning midwifery
practicing midwifery for decades certainly she
been
terri-
if
a woman had
was more
exper-
ienced than the young graduate which was to be expected but by 1893
the
territorial
for approval
and put
medical board had introduced
territorial legislature
laws to regulate the practice of medicine were passed
into effect
by
the authorities
section XII reads
I1
persons
sons practicing obstetrics in the territory shall
all per
within three months after the passage of this act apply to the
board of examiners medical for a certificate and after passing
shali
shait
shalt
shall be entitled to the same upon paying
a proper examination shail
prosum
of ten dollars
to the treasurer of said board the
vided that all persons who shall furnish to said board satisfac-
tory evidence by affidavits and otherwise of having practiced
obstetrics previous to the passage of this act shall receive a
license 7 without examination upon the payment of a fee of one
dollar
7territorial
territorial
records
n
record of medical board december
24
63
names
of
women from
after the
month
effect
law went into
have to pass any
made
every region of the
territory
listed the
true the older midwives did not
sort of examination but the
utahs
the program more effective
were
new ones
midwives
did and this
rapidly advanced to
graduates of obstetrical schools
sisters
sist erst sister
to salt lake city in
two
west
scalan
later
who
holy cross and
M
first catholic
bishop of
in turn had been acting on the request of the miners
in the region
utah had
come
bartholmew came
at the request of the reverend lawrence
1875
became the
sister
ma
M
salt lake
he
and smaller workers
into the mining operations at this time
salt lake was the central location of the industry thus
thust these
two sisters took upon themselves the task of establishing a hospital
th
4th
with a twelve bed capacity this first hospital was located at 4ath
east and 15th south street and later when the sisters vacated it it
and
became the
these
deseret hospital
two
sisters
were not physicians
trained
semitrained
rather they were semi
nurses with more kindness and devotion to comforting the
technical ability
alien
allen
ailen fowler
and drs
service gratis
year by
their hospital
8Q
D
da
d3
and
J
the original
M
two
was
staffed
the
benedict
sisters
by
ill
ili
iii
111
than
three doctors dr
latter
gave
two itgave
were joined the following
sisters M alcantara and martina
at that time the catholic population of salt lake city
and
ogden together numbered not more than ninety souls
the little
brick church with its cross of wood which father scanlan had
erected was the only catholic church in a region of 85000
1915
1892 october 441 1915t
1892october
society ar
archieves
archiever
chieves
p
ll
8deseret
deseret
11
ild D
iid
lid
news and
p
56
5 6
telegram
their
located at the utah state historical
salt lake city
november 449 1960
64
square miles to eyes that had left the faith and culture pf
of
indiana the9 situation in the great salt lake valley did not look
encouraging 7
the small quarters in the converted barn soon
larger accommodations
accomodations
became
urgent
became cramped and
in the crowded conditions of the
hospital which housed the sisters as well as
the patients
asthe
gli
were frequently obliged to sleep on thefloor1110
the floor
by 1881 an
entire ten acre city block
was purchased
east of main street a relatively unpopulated area of
the property
was purchased
salt lakes st marys
and a number of fund
st
ruction
struction
finest
on the
was
at that time
town
for 600050 which had to be borrowed from
academy
with the aid of the catholic population
hospital that soon grew to
sister
ten blocks
raising projects the sisters were able to begin con-
most up
to date
uptodate
in 1894
the sisters
become one of
salt lakes
structures
holy cross one of the original two founders
M
through
throughintercession
intercession
recalled to indiana to the mother house
by
bishop scanlan she was allowed to stay for one more year before her
she was replaced by another sisters
sister
departure
sister
M
lidwina
eager to be of help during the smallpox epidemic of 1900
at the
request of governor wells to bishop scanlan the sisters of the holy
I1
cross hospital gave their services
when
sister
philips
M
deline
Ga
and gadeline
aadeline
an example of
this service
were interned in the
was
city pest
rouse
house
housea nursing the patients suffering from the dreadful disease
housef
for
two months
one
misters
other notable accomplishment of these early sisters
gour
oud
our
concep
conception
lon
ion
provinces notre
1941
p
loibid
olbid
olbia
llibid9
bid
p
23
21
dame
indiana
was
the
saint marys of the immaculate
65
holy cross school
chool of nursing begun in 1901
train
it
young women
the school
was
started to
for service in the hospital but through the years
developed into one of the main schools of nursing in utah
throughout the period of this study no
organization had received a degree from
medical training
trainingt but
their contribution
to the saving of lives in utah
an
woman
of the above mentioned
accredited institution of
nevertheless significant
was
one thing must be said
efforts of those first sisters they
came to
establish
for the noble
a
hospital and
this they did admirably well
the ladies of the LDS relief society also made a noble effort
to establish a hospital in salt lake city this was known as the
deseret hospital the greatest force behind this endeavor was eliza R
i
snow who
for
many
years had envisioned the great medical work that
could be accomplished by the ladies of the church
dime
cime
time
tainly the vision of ocher
other
othic
othir ladies of the times
feritig
fergg of
ferhg
ferng
when
from
its
humanity
was to
alieviate
alleviate the suf
alleviate
1112
12
the catholic
sisters
old establishment to
io a
obtained consent from the
feht the vacated building
reht
some church
dreams and cerdreamt
her dream
first
wanted to move
new oney
one
ones
the
their holy cross hospital
relief society leaders
presidency of the
mormon
church to
with a great deal of encouragement from
leaders the relief society organized a board of directors
titled the organization deseret hospital association miss eliza
R
snow was made first president of the board of directors which coni
two
theetwo
thetwo
sisted
leaders of the church as well as th
thetfo
sl sted of the prominent women leaders
leading female doctors dr pratt penrose and dr ellis R shipp
and
snowy
an
snows
snow
R
snow
12eiiza
R
immortal salt lake city
eliza
eliza
eilza
ellza
morgans sr foundation 1957
p 46
nicholas G morgan
66
eliza
miss
snow was not unmindful of
the task before her
the position as head of the association she said
1
when
offered
I accepted with the
greatest reluctancereluctance
reluctances
reluctance reluctance that approached nearly to obstinacy
1I
at
saw
13
once we were grasping a mammoth
however
realizing
the dire need for a hospital she thrust her efforts into the project
when
the hospital was fully staffed there were nurses clinical
assistants
who
and
visiting
and
resident physicians to care for the patients
began to patronize the establishment
the board hoped to organize the services so that the hospital
could offer the people in inoutlying
outlying regions of the church the benefits
of the hospital
facilities
the stake presidents of the relief society
t
were made members of the honorary committee
weremade
each one representing the
I1
interests in their respective localities
apparently
ith
w
1
wich
wlch
with
its
by 1884
1
14
the renovated barn of the original hospital
twelve bed capacity was inadequate
looking about
the boprd
board
considered the adobe structure that had originally housed the university
this old university builddapa
capacity
city so it was
fifty bed capa
of deseret which had been recently vacated
thie hospital the space for a
ing offered thle
the
selected
hosp 1Iital
the main function of the hospital
itai
to
had io
tion
stress that it
16
was obstetrical
0 bstetrical5
the hospital
benevolent and not a charitable
was a
institu-
people of the Cchurch
hurch were shocked to think they had to pay
13 ibi
ibid&0
ibl
141bid
bibid
libid
15
15richards
richards
0r
a2r
16
16deseret
Deseret news
cit
p
2339
233
august 15
15s 1883 p 473
67
goo
600
6.00
600 a week and up
to the hospital
fered better
women and
A
for complete care
the
werk
wece admitted
were
few surgical cases weck
rooms were small and
facilities for surgery
the st marks hospital of-
the services were primarily for
children
p ort of the hospital
report
re
hospi tai
tal
was made
0
in pamphlet form in
the hospital had failed for lack of finances
1893
it states that
after
between
eleven and
an&twelve
twelve hundred persons were treated at the hospital over a
period often
of ten years
dollars
from
also the hospital had from six to seven thousand
a year expenditure
expendituresss which was
relief
so
society
lety
almost covered by donations
youngg womens
young men and youn
moment
homens mutual improvement
association the primary association mines
17
and
fees paid by patients
one outstanding contribution made by the hospital wag
was the
of obstetrics and training of nurses
n 19
that
june
was opened
there had been other schools of this type begun earlier
I
after the hospital
became an
1887
the relief
by
1
society but this
school
long
established institution that operated iong
had become defunct
the report on the
1887
class
clas
ciass
and
indicated that about thirty students had received certificates yand
hqve
ave
have
hve gone to
tions
posidistant parts of the country to fulfill important po
si
w
one
possible reason for the failure of the hospital
sufficient obstetrical cases to patronize the hospital
babies was a
home
affair that
such for decades
remained sueh
was a lack of
having
after the turn
of the century
l7jt
it is interesting to note that the
mining industry supported
in part almost every hospital in utah in the
1900
t
18
18worlds
worlds fair leaflet
office salt lake city
191bid
ibid
1893
on
file at LDS
church
historians
9918
1118
tt
CHAPTER IX
THE EFFECT OF UTAHS MEDICAL WOMEN ON THE
SOCIETY OF UTAH
not for decades were the utah midwives replaced by obstetricians
and general
practitioners
practitionerst
were
who
qualified
by the
increasingly
rigorous standards of the american medical association
at the turn
of the century in most of the minor communities ofutah
of utah qertified
certified mid-
delivering
wives were belive
cing
ring the
delive
t e majority of infants born
if
anything the
standards
standardS met by qualified midwives tended to maintain this nineteenth
century profession rather than destroy
it
at least until the old
mid-
began to retire or die off and then these were gradually replaced
wivesbegan
wives
obstetricians
obstetric ians
by physicians and
according to the estimate of a
utahs state
years on
licensed midwives
lee
who
served for a number of
registration utahs highest peak of
1893 to 1906
during this period there
board of
was from
registered midwives but
were 467
mr
from 1906 to 1927
there were
207
initially registered
ppracticing
racticing obstetrics
year 1932 was the last year in which midwives were
and
there are presently six registered midwives
in utah
it
1
has only been in recent years that
field has
been in existence
J
1
TTB
11
II
obstetrics as a medical
the earliest obstetrical specialist in
n
ilujt
L
leugene
eugene woody
wood MD
stocy of the practice of obstetrics
story
eubene
history
the M
at
1t an unpublished paper
delivered before the utah society of
in utah
obstetricians
and gynecologists
in
1962
p
10
the
69
utah
who
confined his work to obstetrics and gynecology was william
hunter mdo
MD
ado
in the medical records of the LDS hospital his name
appears frequently when doctor hunter later moved to los angeles
doctor mervyn
sanders took over his practice in a private clinic
S
obstetrics
and gynecology as a
specialized field is relatively
in america
and gynecblogy
gynecology
the american board of obstetrics andgynec6logy
existence in
1930 and
the
first
came
examination was given in 1931
20
new
into
the
first
doctor in the state of utah to take the examination offered by the board
was
doctor vernon Lle ward of ogden
men
in the state of utah
medical directory
fining their
work
male doctors
3
there were
60
board
boardcertified
certified
33
according to the 1961 rocky mountain
physicians in the state of utah con
to obstetrics and gynecology and of this
when one remembers
to
sadto
sabto
it is sad
however
to date utah has
the
t he efforts
utahs early
made by
1
note that the pendulum has
swung
the other
60
all are
iitors
gors
women doc
doctors
despite
way
their contribution to medicine in the early history of the state
no longer play a major
women
eid
role in the ffield
i eld
1
y
the author has found after interviewing young mothers that todays
todas
young mother
prefers a male obstetrician
there 1Ils
is
little
evidence to
reasori for this change in attitude other than the breakdemonstrate the reason
down
stilted
of
female modesty of the nineteenth century on the part of
in the twentieth
women
but the change
chane has become
total
and
todays
mother feels a sense of security in having a male doctor attending her
delivery
A
great
deai of the confidence afforded male obstetricians is
deal
greatdetl
21bidot
iblq p
ible
17
31bid
18
p
70
1 ed
inly justif
certainly
justified
ceita
austif
i
by
utahs
remarkable record in reducing
fetal death
to the lowest in the nation as is indicated by the american medical
association
news
at present lowest infant death rates are occurring in the
west north central and new england states utah the state with
the best recprd
rec9rd
births in
recard had only 20 deaths per 1000 live
livebirths
evec
1961 the lowest eer
ever
ver recorded for any state
eed
fqjf
fhe level of survival attained in utah had been achieved
if the
throughout the country last year foundation director george
tat4
some 271000
27000 more
bugbee observed
one must bear
in
mind
mouid have lived
would
infants mould
that todays obstetrician in utah has
modern
modem
bankst
banks antibiotics and rapid transportation to make the
hospitals blood banksy
practice much more efficient than at the time of patty sessions zina
young
ellis
dr
shipp or any other of a number of the noble dedicated
pioneers in the field
much
credit
must go to the enlightened
alth
and with
lth
strived anda
commendable achievemezit
achievemeilt
to the levei
level that
it
ladies of medicine
who
to upgrade medicine in utah
has now reached in the nation
the medical
ntribution
tribution of the average midwife in an area isolated from skilled
1
can only be estimated
sysicians
given these
women by
after reading
friends in retrospect
and tabu
tabulating
latin 9 the
tabulation
tabulatin
coph-
credits
eulogies were paid these
noble ladies from one end of the state to the other
whole communities
have been known to mourn at the death of a midwife as
if
a member of the family
53
with continuous experience from day to day
year in and year out handling obstetrics
infirmities
many
of these
women
ali
ail
cic
cit
dit9
92 dita
p
136
and curing
they could observe the
and advise with a degree of
4american
american medical association news
5oall
coall
all
setting bones
how best
learned from experimentation howbest
howbert
to cope with particular medical problems
effects of their remedies
she had been
chicago
authority based
october
15
1962
pe
p
1
71
on
past experience what course to follow in prescribing a cure
alones
this reason alone
many we
wece
were
re
successful
on occasions
occasionso many midwives were
realized their limitations
for
of the time
much
helpless and surely must have
they were limited whenever skills were
which they
required in
inwhich
them
thei had not been trained and at times the most ele-
mentary knowledge was lacking
wherever they
tried to handle
guch
duch
such cases
themselves instead of calling in a trained physician then a certain
amount of
biame must be placed upon
professional blame
it
pen but communities approved of
certainly not
by a group
that
was
and the
them
this did
hap-
ladies were never censored
grateful for all their successes
A
degree of ignorance did prevail in utah that can be traced to faith
healing and semi
complete reliance on authority in the church
semicomplete
no
question that
there is
miracles did happen and countless cases of near
many
me other source beyond scientific comprehension
some
deaths were saved by so
but the fact
after
still
1885 and
and maimed
moving
in
remains that lives could have been saved especially
some
ad the people taken their sick
cases earlier had
to a qualified physician
the relatively simple cases of re-
the appendix could easily have been treated
by a
ysician but many people died with the appendix abscessed
the help of doctors
licensed
ph-
having refused
6
the over
all medical pattern
overall
wa
wass
favorable toward the midwives
they wanted to incorporate better methods of saving lives into their
wece
ilmicited
liml
limited
wereliml
ited
practices yet they were
as botanic medicine
by modesty
traditional medical practice
in the bedroom at childbirth and
by
prejudice against the orthodox physicians
midwife in the settlement was a morale
gri
richards
1chards
ichards
op
cit
p
17
such
by
the very presence of the
factor that cheered the people
72
and gave them courage and
faith in time of illness this morale is hard
iff
if not impossible to clincially
clincia lly evaluate charm dignity and a general
feeling of goodwill
this reason if
was
part of the personality of these ladies
and
for
other they were a constant aid to the people they
no
attended
the female doctors that returned from the east holding degrees in
medicine were the link between early midwives and the more qualified midwives
they were the dynamic force that helped to open medical doors
throughout the state
that better
they had the ability to convince the mothers
more advanced
practices had to
be incorporated
into the lives
ese physicians had the support of the leading
these
th
of the people
of the territory
and
their
combined
efforts broke
down
women
the walls of
medical isolationism
the major personality involved in this process
ellis
chap terss
mention has been made of her in several chapters
terso
was dr
shipp
sumling studious
unassuming
but in her unas
ingo advising
toward Instruct
instructing
in the territory and
women
chan
writing than
th an did the other medical
woman
in the state
physicians were not accepted as readily as were the
of the more prominent male physicians had
their position as
unquestionably
in the field of medicine in utah
certainly they did not have the background
men
some
women
and
more
indefatigable manner she di
did
dedmore
didmore
dmore
still later
she was the most outstanding
the utah
and
and experience
by
the very nature of
wives and mothers of large families
energies were limited
the male doctors did bring
that
their time
them
and
into consulta-
tion at times but undoubtedly had these doctors been males their
s
services would have been in greater demand regardless of this
thl limitathi
tion their influence with their
was as
great
if
own
sex and with the small children
not greater and more extensive
than was that of the
73
male doctor
pratts
dr
contribution in otolaryngology as the
first specialist
in the region ranks along side that of any male physician of the times
dr martha cannons indefatigable efforts in the first state legisla-
ture offered an outstanding contribution
it
probably peculiar to
was
the times but nevertheless her actions upgraded the standard of health
in the state
the combined efforts of these
women
in part the medical enlightenment of the times
have
lost lives
most of
and numerous
the
women
by
in the
without them utah would
trained nurses and midwives
physicians carried their services into the
twentieth century and in
that age
some
areas
made a
substantial contribution to
century they witnessed the
new
helped to forge ahead
fruits of their labor
seeing a new age of enlightened young ladies and young
men
trained
as professional doctors and nurses
utahs first
medical
women
inspired this professional plea to the
young career seeker
first
into the wide field of
independent usefulness made by women in this territory was made
by sisters into the profession of doctors
and in this especial
one of the
departures
made
have not only demonstrated their eminent fitness
can be made a most
for that work but they have proved that 1Ift
it
profitable field financially in which to graze for comfort and
1I have no need to name any of our sisters who have
even wealth
so nobly made a success of this profession for you are all
i
w engaging our
now
w1
acquainted wa
with
th them and their works what is no
attention is the way our ambitious girl 7 shall proceed if she
has decided to make a doctoroff
doctor
of herself
doctorof
doctorof
sphere our
women
L
the ambitious did proceed and there must have been young
men moved
toward the profession of medicine by witnessing the female physicians
in action
amary
7mary
mary howe
1894
18949
V
77
77a
the medical profession
ll
11
the
young womans
comans journal
journals
74
among
the
women
of utah of the nineteenth century the midwives and
later women doctors were esteemed highly by the citizens of the territory
later the state in the field of professional status these women were an
ensign to the hopeful young
woman
forage
sufforage
ferage
womens sufferage
suf
the fight for womens
and
dedication that has
little
they played a significant role in
theirs
was a
stirring
parallel in the west
saga of service
conclusions
an impression
of utah concerning
odi
periodicals
pecl
odicals
cals
cais
exists in the pedi
peri
women
T
women
doctors that practiced in utah
richards apparently is the single exception
per
ical pec
period
lod
iod
he
calls the med-
pre
of utah history from 1847 to 1875 the itpre
medical period
premedical
iture
whi
ch throws some
which
accredited
writings
doctors that does not give an accurate picture
as to the number or type of
ralph
and general
women
on tlie
lle
tlee
light
fact that utah
was void
of qualified
in most writings there is no clear cut line
doctors
between the school trained midwife and the accredited lady physl
phyll
physician
clan
cian
this is not true
important fact is ev
evident
ident in light of current
utah had no accredited lady physicians at that time
an
with male doctors
writings that
still
designates eight or ten
women
as accredited physi-
cians
significant than whether or not medical
more
is the
it
impact they had on the com
commuril
murli
muril
murllities
communities
aties
would be a
later the
held a degree
in a social history of utah
serious error to overlook the influence the midwives and
women
doctors had on the social structure of the society
every
and out of nearly
nearlyevery
andout
ahdout
carriers
women
home
and morale boosters
evidence of medical aid
in a region these
in the society
women
were the news
they were a tangible
the average pioneer would
no doubt
recoil at
reading a social history of utah were there no mention made of medical
women
this
work has
described religious and social customs connected
th medicine and explained
w
with
I1
some
of the thinking behind the local
in
76
medical practices
the society as a whole tended to have greater confi-
dence iii
in the medical women than in orthodox male physicians
fered the medical
women a
position of popular superiority in medical
thinking and enough of them had the courage to
this led some women to
to lack of qualified training
medical position
due
the
work
make
made
women
it
the most of their
make poor medical judgments
in chronological order has illustrated the rise and
it
decline of the female medical practice in utah
those
this of-
were dedicated for the most
a paying
profession
it
service that has left an over
all
overall
was
part
has shown that
alsot
aiso they collectively
also
pointed out that they did a medical
good impression with some alarming
exceptions
in short to write the history of utah without including a chapter
or part of one
ones
onet devoted to interpreting and chronicling the activities
of the medical
women would be
unjust
and lacking
I1
in scholarship
bibliography
primary sources
A
manuscript materials
I1
faike
falke lucy hannah white
copied by and on
file
autobiography and diary of lucy flake
at brigham young university provo utah
journal history february 21 1849 A compilation of LDS church
I
D
1
S
y
L
an
stocy
story
hi
dai
dal
I
history recorded daily
dally
daliy at the LDS hi
f 1 ce
stoni
office
storl
stori s of
historians
1
private 1library
bracy
1
priddy
meeks
on
journal of priddy meeks 1879
1882
18791882
copied by and
provo
young
brigham
utah
at
fflie
university
lie
lle
ile
file
2
ellis shipp ed the early autobiography and diary of
young
brigham
NP ND
shipp
university np9
ellis
musser
savage levi mathew
story journal march
hi stocy
family history
1
28
dr
1786 1883
17861883
young
brigham
university
at
file
patcy
patty bartlett journal of patty sessions on file at the
sessions
Sessionst pattybartlett
LDS church historians office salt lake city utah
mimeographed copy on
territorial records records of medical board december 24
1892 october 4 1915
1892october
located
located at the utah state historical
society Ar
archieves
archiever
chieves salt lake city utah
L
paint NP ND
handbill advertising wolcotts pain paint
wolcott R le
utah
11
wood
nood
eugene MP
MD
the history of practice of obstetrics in utah
an unpublished paper delivered before the utah society of obste
lobste
tricians
tric ians and gynecologists in 1962 dean of medicine university
of utah has this paper in his files
worlds fair leaflet
salt lake city
1893
on
file at LDS
church
ts office
historians
Historian
newspapers
american medical association news
chicago
october
15
1962
1962
1952
19521962
this newspaper owned
a great deal of information pertinent
by
to the subject of medicine and has been used throughout the thesis
deseret
salt Llake
ake city utah
the LDS church contains
news
1I
78
provo
prove
heraldjournal
provol utah
rec
aidjournal
hec
Journal
aid
ald
her
herald
may 20
the evening dispatch provo utah
0
alter cecil J
utah state historical quarterly
addenda
1942
1942e
star
brown
the gift of healing a divine dispensation
J
D
1960
november 19
periodicals
ARTICLES AND
blacker
1916
april
XLI
1879
14
benjamin
five cases of miraculous healing
XV
september 24 1853
brown
T
george
cannon
july
Mil
millennial
lenial
millenial
health
D
Q
star
wal
EdI
edl
lal thoughts
editors
editorial
toci
torl
toriwai
editori
1869
18690
31
year
X
n Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
april 1 1849
juvenille
Ju
venille instructor
star
XI
IV
morgant
the medical college of utah at morgan
bulletin of
the medical library association XLVIII NP january 1960
divett robert
T
bulletin of the medical
cormons
Mormons
medicine and the mormons
divett robert T
library association XLI january 1963
gant J
flanigan
Flani
fiani
march
god
H
april
power
healing
of
secret
the
june
may
in temporal affairs
hafen leroy editor
colorado
denver
health
ili
commandments
111
III
I1
1851
star
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
the medical profession
1I
year 1894
morrell
joseph
star
the young womans journal vol
3
XXIII
claire
X
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
W
year 1942o
1942
19420
stac
star XIII april
start
mormon mi
midwives
ldwivest
utah
1955
R
medicine of the pioneer period
morrell joseph RO
year
1955
XXII
history
quarter
quarterly
cal
cai
historical
historl
noall
XLIII
utacht
medicine of the pioneer period in utah
utaht
R
quarterly
historical guarte
news from utacht
utah
utaht
1881
1949
19481949
state historical society 1948
from the dixie doctor ff salt lake sanitarian
17 18810
1881
january 17t
howe
4
posse
books
posse2 brand book
westerners
denver possea
the
the healing of the sick
mary
april
XLIII
1890
november
Hear
hearknett
knett
scar
star XIII
start
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
utah state
1851
utah state historical quarterly
5
79
ralph
richards in memori
demori selected writings byy the staff of the
summer
no
3
sumer
1954
hospital
latterday
saint
circular
latter day
du
11
Mem
memorium
memoriam
umo ll
amo
orlum
orium
1
T
utah medical history some reminiscences calibelle A
fornia and western medicine XXXVI january 1932
rose blanche E
early utah medical practice utah state historical
quarterly X year 1942
remmells
112
remmeli
remmell
Remme
lis
shippy
shipp
salt lake sanitarian 1I april 1888
oly
school
II
obstetric and nurse Scho
oll salt lake sanitarian 11
wiy
ely
119
olive 01
oii
oli
oil
R
E
shipp maggie
may
squires
1889
A
women
W
1888
18880
salt lake sanitarian
as physicians
the council of health
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
star
XIV
september 18
the faith which heals
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
star
LIX
june
turner
lii
111
III
Is medical practice a failure
L
S
december 2 1890
wells emmeline
women
B
zina
Mil
millennial
millenial
lenial
doctors
D
H
star
youngs
young
1
XXXII
17
2
1I
november
1852
1897
salt lake sanitarian
improvement
december 15
era
V
3
1902
1901
19011902
1869
exponent
exponent2 IVI
woments
womes
foments exponents
I VI A number of quotes have been taken from this
weekly periodical published by the LD
bi
biweekly
LDSS church female relief
society the periodical began publication in 1871 and continued
to the turn of the century it contains articles and news of local
national and international
inter national interest
2
BOOKS
behl
biography of augustus
stus
1948
edwards brothers 2 inc
william
H
old testament
eliza
snow
G
young
R
morgan
C
behle MD
salt lake city
king james version
eliza R snow
sr foundation
i
ortal
ft IMM
immortal
1957
salt lake city
Nic
nicholas
bolas
holas
the twelve apostles and others
watt
journal of discourses reported by G D wa
tt liverpool F
photo lithographic reprint of exact original
richards 1955
edition lithographed by gardner printing and litho co 1956
26 vols
brigham 2
his
two Coun
counsellors
sellors
2
D
80
secondary sources
B
barton richard
illinois
religious doctrine and medical practice
charles C thomas nd
pioneer work for
elizabeth
blackwell
springfield
new york
women
P
E
dutton
1895
bradshaw hazel
under dixie sun
ed
daughters of utah pioneers
at
the historical
campbell
hyrum
carter kate
society
of utah pioneers
providence
provi
odence utah
ldence
1949
our pioneer her
heritage
itage
ilage
ed
B
1950
providence and her people
edd
ed
A
washington county utah
salt lake city
vois
six vols
1959
daughters
0
I1
carter ka
kate
te
B
carter kate
B
history
treasures of pioneers hist
ed
daughters of utah pioneers 1956
vols
salt lake city
act
he
art throbs of the west
heart
eedd
of utah pioneers
eleven vols
1950
dalton lu
elia
eila
ella adams ed history of
luelia
lueila
luella
mother town NP ND
daughters
I1
carowan the
iron county mission and parowan
davis county utah
east of antelope island
salt lake city
ah pioneers
daughters of ut
utah
1948
forsgren lydia walker
guthrie do
douglas
ugias
cott 1946
A
history of
ed
countz
elder county
box
ry of medicine
history
his
philadelphia
NP
J
county
golden nuggets of pioneer da
dayss A history of garfield count
utah daughters of utah pioneers of garfield county
hale sarah J biography of distinguished
and brothers 1876
hayward
salt
n
lippl
lippi
lippin-
panguitch
harper
dr david clare budge a pioneer of western medicine
waii is 1941
wail
wall
city stevens and wallis
lake cit
ira
N
at home with
herris
3
1852
18523
fornia
travel from missouri to california
li
lafornia
lifornia
mrs
edwards
B
the
G
utah pioneers
no
emma N
mormons
some incidents of
new york
dix and
1856
history of thoele
tooele Ccounty
huff
new york
women
B
ND
ed
1961 0
salt lake city
memories
utah county utah
tooele
thoele county daughters of
that live utah county centennial history
daughters of utah pioneers
1947
81
county
peak A history of weber cou
beneath ben lomonds peaks
daughters of utah pioneers 1944
weber county utah
1 ton R
mi
milton
hunter
1900
1824
18241900
1
james
george
W
company
1922
valleys
utah the land of blossoming vail
vall
21
karl
kari
larsen andrew kafi
katl
larsen andrew karl
deseret
news
1I
called to dixie
was
the red hills of
press 1957
cammi
committee
atee
ttee
lehi centennial commi
41
1940
194041
NP
salt lake city
november
1950
18501950
lehi centennial history 1850
ed
19500
1950
1
lovejoy
love joy esther pohl
cmillan
mead
page
boston
women
doctors of the world
new
york
ma-
1957
medl
medicine
kate campbell hurd A history off women in Medi
medicines
medicinet
cinel
cinet from the
C
ventury
century
entury
g
1
beg
beginning
he
of
nineteenth
to
I
the
nnin
the
anin
t
times
earliest
haddam press 1938
haddam connecticut
courage 0
monuments to cour
ed
merkley aird G
daught
ers of utah pioneers 1948
daughters
you
R
and
joseph
health
utah
morrell
of utah press 1953
beaver county utah
salt lake city
university
mortimer william james ed how beautiful upon the mountains
county utah
daughters of utah pioneers 1963
noall
wasatch
1 t of willard Rc
portrait
hards
richards
claire intimate disciple a portra
press
1957
utah
of
city
university
lake
our provinces
notre dame
conception 1941
Indi
anav
anae
indiana
sai
sal
saitt
salt
saint marys of the immaculate
peterson marie rose and mary M pearson eds echoes of yesterday
Coun tylo
summit county centennial history
daughters
tyli utah
summit county
9
of utah pioneers 1947
richards ralph T
deseret book
hos p itals
of medicine
medicines hospitals
atals and doctors
company
1956
sigerist
gerista
si
geristf henry
E
the great doctors
sigerist
E
A
1
henry
iversity press
singer charles and
anne
history of medicine
new
doubleday
york
oxford
1958
un-
1961
ashworth underwood A short history
of medicine
histon
new york
oxford university press 1962
2nd ed
snow
new york
salt lake city
ed
E
rainbow views wayne county
pioneers 1953
utah
daughters of utah
82
mildred hatch ed
thomason
1962
warrum
S
eso
ese
rich memories
memori
demori
1
daughters of utah pioneers
utah since statehood historical
J clarke publishing co 1919
noble
ed
salt lake city
APPENDIX A
HOME
REMEDIES USED BY EARLY UTAH WOMEN DOCTORS AND MIDWIVES
the following
the
list
list
of remedies were
common on
of remedies is not complete for there were hundreds of medical
cures and drugs that were thought to be of value
a cross
the utah frontier
section of the
many he
the author has listed
has found in journals and books about
midwives
asafetida bags
place bag about childs neck during the winter months
to keep away diseases
this would cause a terrible
odor in hopes of frightening the disease away
in the
beaked throughsmall school rooms of the period the odor reaked
out the building
spring tonic
sulphur and molasses
colic
catnip tea
canker remedy
tame sage raspberry leaves blackberry
steep together
togethertame
borax and alum add barberry
leaves scorch a littleborax
little
golden seal cream of tartar then put all these ingredients together and thicken with honey
this was
bables with summer coadministered for sore throat babies
mplaint and used in spring as blood purifier
typhoid fever
slipperyelm
slippery elm poultices
tea
fever in general
raspberry leaves tansy and yarrow teas
were valuable astringents
astringents
blood
purifiers
and
elm
eim and flax
seed
slipperyelm
slippery
flaxseed
peppermint
parsley wild grape
root yarrow dandelion juniper berry marshmallow
cherry bark saffron and quaking aspen bark teas
and
relief for
soothing and relaxing effects
seed
dropsy
Wat
waterdock
erdock
hollyhock root
asafetida and root teas
to ease bruises sprains and swollen joints
catnip spearmint poppytobacco
wild sage and
camphor gum
teeth preserver
parched corn
on
es with skins
vegetables
vegetabl
dried fruits and vegetably
84
pepperm
wild rose root raspberry leaves wild peppera
peppermint
nt
camo
camomite
camorite
mite teas also
aiso a raw potato in the pocket was a
good preventive
dysentery
i
bacon or lard and pepper poultices
congestions
throat congestion
pneumonia
won
oon
on
ion
onion
poultices for the chest
caster oil
inflammation
inflamation of the bowels
laxatives
powders
baby powder
burns
soda
sterilizer
wood
ashes
hot packs
mumps
marshmallow
op
menstruation
tansy tea
cancer
wood
ground hop
carrot seed
powder
to bring out eruptions use saffron
measles chicken pox scarlet fever
tea
yellow jaundice or sluggish liver
and made
into
a
tea
dandelion roots gathered in the autumn
digitalis or foxglove
pains and gas
oil of peppermint
tape
pumpkin seeds
chillblains
pills
sorrel poultice
increase flow of urine
worms
ppf
af 292
garlic
garli c
garil
garlic
0
cit
tea
kidneys or bladder
of the kidney
worms
heart
pills
white oat tea
east of antelope island
brights disease
cough
burnt flour
to drive out measles
to help relieve
for
turpentine
rhubard
rhubart root and grafenberg
0p
irritation
bronch i t i s
bronchitis
and
and onion syrup
use equal parts mutton tallow camphor olive oil and
brandy
85
bleeding nose
turpentine
county
osto
estolyof
history
hi
of tooele
thoele co
ryof
op
cit
pp
ap
171
172
171172.
171172
hops and whickey
chickey made into a poultice
earache and toothache
mustard tea
vomiting
gathered breasts
bran and olive oil
celery
rheumatism
for blood
Kinni
kinnikinnick
kinick
kinnikinick
heart ailment
0p
lily
of the valley
intestinal flu
black pepper tea
kidney trouble
yellow dock root
chapped hands
mutton tallow melted and add carbolic acid cool and
form into a cake to be rubbed on hands and face
white liniment
one egg
fill
ce
turpentine
turpentice
tur
turpent3
pendice
pentice
memories
that live
the shell once with vinegar once with
op
cit
pp
ap
418
417
417418.
417418
bitter
stimulant
golden seal
barberry bark
mountain grape
black pepper
ginger
roar
hoarhound
hoac
hoar hound
tea
hops
gum
coffee
catnip
horseradish
myrrh
quaking asp
cayenne pepper
gento
gentt
astringent
Astrin
barberry bark
raspberry
chokecherry
dumach
sumach
journal of priddy meeks
op
ci
cit
it
p
217.
217
APPENDIX
A
LIST
B
UTAITS MIDWIVES TO STATEHOOD
OF UTAHS
northern utah
jane finch argyle
elizabeth porter
bount i ful
bountiful
fui
waddoups
jane simon
ruth
carter cornia
C
margaret
bowman
niforth
harriet Ste
steniforth
staniforth
sarah
A
crockett
Cent
erville
centerville
bountiful
bountiful
Cent
centerville
erville
davis county
davis county
ellen pincock bennett
layton
ann
am
bountiful
sinclair scott marshall
catherine aurelia hinman knowlton
ngton
agton
carmi
farmington
farmi
kate
Cent
centerville
erville
M
chase
eliza belle jones
boun
bountiful
t iful
ifal
margaret duncan
Cent
erville
centerville
martha ann lewis bingham
Ri
rivendale
riverdale
mrs
colvin
eden
mrs
eggleton
eden
mary
billot romrell
mary heathman smith
harrisville
Hunts
huntsville
vilie delivered david
blackwood
mod
wod russell
helen Black
weber county
hannah P
child elmer
verdale
weber county
jane pavard
weber county
mary ann blanch gibson
ogden
elizabeth ivins phillips williams
ogden
0
mckay
87
polly
chapman bybee hammand
ogden
hannah blanch pidcock
ogden
polly barker child
weber county
phoebe campbell
weber county
mary ann wallace
weber county
sarah ann berrett
weber county
kit blodgett
weber county
salena hathaway
weber county
mrs
levi
mrs
A
weber county
H
01
oxsen
sen
olsen
weber county
sarah dunlap
weber county
mrs
weber county
G
A
thomas
cinthia fife
weber county
minerva hickman
weber county
annie
E
blaylock
weber county
polly
E
barker
weber county
betsy hendry
weber county
adeline belnap
weber county
mrs
love
W
mrs
E
E
weber
eber county
moyes
weber county
ada wiles
mrs
S
A
weber county
bennett
weber county
gec
rec
elizabeth moffet frae
froerer
fraerer
lydia rose beckstead
weber county
emily white drake
weber county
mary woodcock nebeker
rich county
gal lager
GaI
gallager
iager
ellen bridget gailager
richmond
weber county
88
frances farr mills
harriet lambert
da
morgan county
harrisville
bell
annie bryceson laker
bear lake valley
louisa obray gibbs
paradise
man
fuhriman
elizabeth fluckiger fuhri
1
livinia
ann wall tabot
providence
Kays
kaysvl
kaysel
waysville
kaysville
lie
ville
lle
salt lake valley
patty bartlett sessions
elizabeth farmer butterfield
helen alcy tanner maxfield
zina
D
young
H
elizabeth clark handley
ann catherine hedvigrassmussen
hedvig rassmussen hansen
marinda
alien
allen
ailen
margery
lisk
bateman
spence
nap
belnap
bei
adaline knight bel
ann
king lewis
M
jane meredith bedlow simon
betty platt blake
margreth clark call
sarah
A
crockett layton
western utah
mary ann weston maughan
thoele
tooele
mary meiklejohn
too el e
tooele
thoele
jeannette
thoele
tooele
M
delamare
sadie nickleson edler
edier
grantsville
Grants ville
89
potter huggins
hilda anderson erickson
st johns
grantsville
Grants ville
elizabeth wells lee
too
tooele
thoele
ele
eie
lydia
lydia delamare
tooele
thoele
hannah
naomi
nay
gil left
gillett
chappell gli
lett
iett
and ibapah
tooele
thoele
eastern utah
ellen clegg
heber
christina carlile giles
heber
johanna Cl
christine
iristine handberg nicol
heber
christina
howie
lindsay muir
heber valley
matilda smuin slaugh
vernal
sarah marinda merrill slagle
park city
mary ann col
coi left wamsley
collett
ashley valley
catherine cameron southam
vernal
wealthy sheffer
duchesne county
utah valley
mary
tyndale baxter ferguson
spanish fork
martha jane coleman southwick
lehi
eunice pease quimby stewart
pay son
payson
emma
lucas robinson
Spring
springville
ville
elizabeth hudson brough
lehi
marian mitchell hand
utah county
ann beesley skinner rawlings
provo
hannah toppin
provo
clark
mrs
vaughan
provo
mrs
bent johnson
provo
90
ann elizabeth clark
pleasant grove
sophie culmer
pl
pleasant
easant
basant grove
pratt
mary ann
pleasant grove
harriet johnson
american fork
zabeth
eilzabeth
elizabeth
eil
eli
american fork
cummi
engham
cummingham
ngham
hannah walker
american fork
hannah wilde
american fork
alice steele
american fork
lucy cox
lehi
ann morris creer
spanish fork
susanne richards
ri
chadds
chards
spanish fork
mrs
simmons
spanish fork
mrs
archibald
spanish fork
southern utah
ellen
derville
Or
orderville
meeks hoyt
paulina phelps lyman
mary
jane mccleve
padowan
derville
Or
orderville
meeks
florence virginia dutson nielson
fillmore
josephine catherine chatterly
ann green dutson cari
carling
caci
carl ing
bluff
wood
filmore
jan johnston black
sanpete county
elizabeth burns ramsay
sanpete county
mary ann
cheshire ramsay
richfield
dinah davis
gunlock
elizabeth vaughan
gunlock
sarah marinda thompson black
Or
orderville
derville
91
mary ann grayson
mary ann
roper
dorrity gay
mi nard
millard
hard county
richfield
susanna goldthrope
Gold thrope heaps
goldthro0e
kane county
anna hess milne
st george
encora
ancora woodcock batty
washington county
dorothy reese williams
beaver county
mary ann hunt
st george
nielsen
caroline baker rogers hardy
martha longfellow
mary
foster hardy
alice barker shurtz
st george
st george
escalante
sarah ann arterbury church
st george
hannah brandon shakespeare
panguitch
anna
mi nard
millard
hard county
cutler galloway
regula benz
st george
st george
leonora cannon gardner
pine valley
patience foster whipple
pine valley
eliza anderson barton
pa
parowan
carowan
rowan
lodica abilena marsh
ephraim
alice parker isom
washington county
jenkerson
matilda je
nkerson
akerson stolworthy
garfield county
ellen eyer banks
parowan
carowan
harriet buckley higham
mary ursula staheli oberhansli
beaver county
manti
mary hailey
halley
hal
ral ley
rai
washington county
aalholm kleinman
elizabeth malholm
stocks
lorentza kristine nielsen larsen
christine skelsgaard peterson monroe
mount
pleasant
hard
nard
mi
millard
county
92
anna louise steck
beaver
maria sorensen schow
Pan
panquitch
quitch
catherine smith crosland young rawlinson
mi
millard
levee Te
rissia judd terry
nerissia
terissia
washington county
margaret ellen black rowley
castle dale
sarah elizabeth ashworth sears
gunni son
gunnison
hard
nard
county
THE
contribution
OF MEDICAL WOMEN DURING THE
FIRST FIFTY YEARS IN
an
UTAH
abstract of
A
thesis
presented to the
departm
department
departs ent of history
brigham young
university
in partial fulfillment
I1
of the requirements for the degree
master of arts
by
keith calvin terry
july
1964
ABSTRACT
I1
when
and
the
settlers
mormon
later there
came
moved west to
with them a group of
the rocky mountains in 1847
women known
practice of obstetrics as midwives or lady doctors
moved
into the
many
the only medical person within
of the
practiced
two hundred
result of isolated settlements
mormon
wece
were
in some areas they yere
fere
majority of midwives
miles
and a
call from the leaders
little
more
distinct than that
throughout the rest of america
church midwifery became a
by ghe
he
the
the settlers
regions of the territory of utah these midwives
took on an increased medical responsibility
As a
As
for their medical
began
mi
with a religious motivation and a desire to serve most midwives
to be known as
lady doctors
today at times
in the records todey
it is
little
difficult to distinguish between an early utah midwife who had
if any formal education and a degree attained female doctor
midwive was that of
maln
the mmain
lein medical service offered by these midwives
iain
obstetrics and gynecology in all of the larger settlements and most
of the smaller ones midwives went about delivering infants
decades
territorial utah
allowed midwives to begin practicing without
requiring any legal approval
new methods
for three
however
eighteen seventies
the late eighteenseventies
by
in medical training and scientific discoveries reached the
capital
atai
etal
capi
ital of utah and the government and church began to be more
medl cine in general
medicine
of midwifery and medi
it
received back several native daughters
who
was
critical
at this time that utah
had gone
east and gained an
accredited degree in medicine
eighteen eighties utah experienced
in the eighteeneighties
midwives who received
a
rapid rise in trained
their schooling under the instruction of the
2
new female
physicians
by 1893 laws were passed
to be
came
in the territory which required ladies
certified to practice midwifery
with the coming of new laws
greater emphasis on skill in the field of obstetrics
movement made
it
this
new
possible for utah to have a high percentage of midwives
with certificates that in turn promoted the ancient practice decades
after eastern regions of the united states had turned the field over to
general practitioners
the greatest single contribution of these medical ladies was found
in the morale of the small communities isolated as they were from medical
people had great confidence in
aid other than the lady doctors
these ladies
times they
oft timmes
shunned the counsel of
qualified physicians
to adhere to the advice of a relatively unqualified midwife
remedy would be
with
offered
edwith
offeredwith
offer
opposite was true
upon these
ladies
some
A
home
healing effect but more often the
3
the faith and trust that the communities heaped
was
reciprocated
by
the midwives in a whole hearted
service to the communities
the group of female physicians
east did
home
more to
who had
received a degree in the
bring about medical improvements to the average utah
than any single group at that time
through
their instructions
ladies
to midwives and ladles
ladle organizations they brought about more enladie
lightened concepts of curing and caring for the family
those medical ladies be they midwife or lady physician hold a
position of respect and admiration in the histories of utahs communities
this abstract
by
keith calvin terry is accepted in its present
I1
form by the department of
history brigham
young
university as satis-
fying the abstract requirement for the degree of master of arts
7
96
bdate
diatee
P
j2l
chafi rman
aman
chall
chati
y
jal
L
cummi
cbmmi
sory
advisory
committed
advi
adai
tte
chf7rman
member
member
advisory committee
fe
cm&irmaft
major departmfent