19 The Crescent, PO Box 1262,
Invercargill 9840, NEW ZEALAND
Telephone: 03 218 2546
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Email: [email protected]
Web: www.bonischenvironmental.co.nz
Aquaculture zoning in the Southland region
Phase 1: Satellite view of where and what
type of aquaculture may be possible
Report prepared by Bonisch Environmental for Environmental Southland
Report prepared by:
John Engel,
Manager, Bonisch Environmental
Reviewed by:
Kylie Galbraith,
Senior Resource Planner, Environment Southland
Date:
22 November 2013
Enabling sustainable use of natural resources
Bonisch Consultants Limited trading as Bonisch Environmental
Freephone: 0800 802 546
Contents
1. Summary of information from interviews
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
2. Satellite view summary
2.1 How the Southland coastal marine was broken into broad areas for reporting purposes
2.2 Marine farming possibilities in the sounds adjacent to Fiordland
2.3 Marine farming possibilities along the South Coast between Port Craig to Waiparau Head
inshore areas, generally described as the coastal marine area within 2 km of mean high
water springs
2.4 Marine farming possibilities in Stewart Island enclosed waters and embayments.
2.5 Marine farming possibilities in open coastal waters from Awarua Point to Waiparau, out
to 12 NM
3. Conclusions
3.1 Species
3.2 Locations
4. Parties involved with scoping exercise
4.1 Parties interviewed
4.2 Parties not interviewed to date
4.3 Parties invited to be part of scoping exercise but no response received to date
1.
Summary of Information from Interviews
These notes are to accompany the attached tables in Section 2 of this report. They
summarise the findings from the meetings and interviews with marine farmers,
regulators, Iwi and other stakeholders.
1.1
Industry Perspective
Only two areas of development for the immediate future were identified during the
interviews with marine farmers and Aquaculture New Zealand. These are:
1.
making finfish farming, in particular, salmon more sustainable and being able
to better remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of that type of farming; and
2.
establishing commercial production of Bluff Dredge Oysters.
Longer term, the industry as a whole would like to develop more space and increase
national production, but most of the operators currently farming in Big Glory Bay at
Stewart Island are unlikely to initiate that expansion. As a larger corporate, Sanford
Bluff have a wider, national perspective but locally are primarily focussing on salmon
and greenshell mussels, while trialling the Bluff Dredge Oyster. At least one operator
indicated that he would farm blue mussels, scallops and/or rock lobster if the market
was there at a suitable price, and the know-how was available to farm the species,
particularly the latter two.
Nationally, some work has been carried out on alternative species, but the current
focus has come back to the “big three”, i.e. mussels, salmon and pacific oysters.
Pacific oysters are not present in the Southland region, however, the Bluff Dredge
Oysters does occur naturally. There is a desire to keep the local variety of dredge
oysters pure and distinct from other species so all marine farmers want to ensure
Pacific oysters are not introduced to this region. Current focus therefore for the
Southland region are the “big three”, i.e. mussels, salmon and Bluff Dredge Oysters.
In regards to where to farm, in the short term (0 – 5 years), no operator appears to
be looking seriously at any area other than Big Glory Bay and Paterson Inlet at
Stewart Island, with Bluff Harbour as a support area for producing Bluff Dredge
Oyster spat. Other areas are, at best, a medium term (10 – 15 years) prospect.
While areas such as Lords River and Port Adventure at Stewart Island were identified
by some as potential areas for development, others who had fished in these areas
believed that there were few, if any, areas that would be sufficiently sheltered from
severe easterly or south easterly storms. While such storms were uncommon
(possibly 10-15 year return period), they had the capability to wipe out long line or
cage farming operations.
To a large extent, the industry is market driven, i.e. it will only turn to new species if
firstly, existing products are limited in terms of further development, and secondly,
there is a market for a new product at the right price. If necessary, the farming
techniques for new species can be developed but it would depend on investment.
3
1.2
Cultural Perspective
Apart from traditional food gathering areas, particularly those designated a mataitai
reserve, Iwi had few concerns about marine farming as an activity. The matter of
Kaitiakitanga is an issue in any use of natural resources, and it is noted that statutory
acknowledgements include the Fiordland and the Foveaux Strait/Rakiura coastal
areas.
There are two mataitai reserves in the Southland coastal marine area, one in
Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, and the other along the southern part of Oreti Beach
for a distance of approximately 20 km and out to 1 km offshore.
Iwi also have an interest as a potential investor in marine farming and are able to
take up an option on 20% of any new area authorised for marine farming. Because
there has not been any increase in marine farming space since this provision was
enacted, the situation has not arisen but it is possible that Iwi will invest in marine
farming in the future.
1.3
Regulatory Perspective
In the Regional Coastal Plan for Southland 2013 (RCP), marine farming is currently
prohibited in the internal waters of both Fiordland and most of Stewart Island
(except Big Glory Bay and the Salmon Farming Refuge Zone), Awarua Bay east of the
Tiwai causeway, and marine reserves. In all other areas, marine farming is a
discretionary activity, with the exception of the Bluff Port Zone where it is a noncomplying activity.
Changing the status of marine farming in the prohibited areas may raise significant
resource management and conservation issues, regardless of what is being farmed.
The staff from the Department of Conservation indicated that they have particular
concerns about marine farming in the internal waters of Fiordland and Paterson
Inlet, and general concerns about marine farming adjacent to national parks.
Within the RCP, there are a number of particularly sensitive ecological features,
referred to as “china shops”, that have been identified as worthy of stronger
protection. There are also 10 marine reserves, the location of which are generally
separate to the china shops, although there is some overlap.
In regard to the undue adverse effects (UAE) test carried out by the Ministry of
Primary Industry (MPI), MPI staff were not aware of any significant issues in this
region. In any particular case, its consideration would be in relation to the effect of
marine farming on commercial, recreational and customary fishing. There are a
limited number of areas that may need to be avoided, e.g. the Bluff Dredge Oyster
beds, but these were reasonably well known and not believed to be areas of interest
to marine farmers.
The Fiordland Marine Guardians have had very little discussion on marine farming in
the Fiordland Marine Area (as defined in the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua)
Marine Management Act 2005), the area over which the group provides advice and
4
makes recommendations to management agencies and Ministers who exercise
functions in the area, and has no formal policy on the subject. However, individuals
are believed to have an open mind on marine farming in Fiordland, but believe that
if it ever were to occur in this area, it would have a very high threshold to cross in
terms of potential adverse effects. Although some suggestion was made about areas
that may be suitable, the Guardians, at this time, neither support nor oppose marine
farming in Fiordland.
1.4
Economic Perspective
There have been a number of reports about the economic benefits of marine
farming. The potential for aquaculture to outperform agriculture on a per hectare
basis has been well documented but the industry in New Zealand is severely limited
by a lack of space, primarily due to regulatory constraints. Most of the suitable areas
are sheltered waters or embayments on New Zealand’s coastline, and those
locations are often in areas adjacent to national parks and reserves, or in marine
reserves.
Salmon, mussels and pacific oysters are all exported but the high value product is
salmon – on a dollars per hectare basis, it is over 35 times higher than its closest
rival, kiwifruit, which is followed by mussels then Pacific oysters. Salmon is over 200
times better performing than dairy farming. Because farming Bluff Dredge Oysters is
just beginning, there is no comparable data for this type of marine farming.
Developers wish to differentiate Bluff Dredge Oysters from other oyster species but
it is too soon to know if that difference will result in a premium price.
Other countries of similar or smaller size produce far more salmon than New Zealand
due to greater areas being farmed, but overseas, it is Atlantic salmon that is farmed,
as opposed to the King (Chinook) salmon that is farmed here. Some economic
analysis of the salmon industry here has pointed to significant risks in the New
Zealand context (see Investment opportunities in the New Zealand Salmon industry
– Coriolis, May 2012). The risks include the size of the New Zealand industry,
competition with the larger Atlantic salmon industry, the introduction of a disease
into the New Zealand species, and regulatory and environmental constraints.
The economic benefits of marine farming for Southland, including farming of the
lower value products like mussels, are significant but seriously limited by suitable
areas. While this satellite view has identified some areas that may be suitable for
development, there seem to be few, if any, that are free of any limitations – the
closest would be offshore farming. The most significant constraint is the location of
the areas adjacent to conservation areas, followed by exposure to heavy seas and
wave action. Even using technology and different types of farming that get below
the effects of water movement at offshore locations, the ability to service the sites
can be restricted.
5
2.
Satellite view summary
2.1
How the Southland coastal marine was broken into broad areas for reporting purposes
The region has been broken into four broad areas for the satellite view, to provide a
satellite view summary for each area. The broad areas used for this satellite view are
as follows:




Fiordland fiords
South Coast between Port Craig to Waiparau Head inshore areas, generally
described as the coastal marine area within 2 km of mean high water springs
Stewart Island enclosed waters and embayments
Open coastal waters from Awarua Point to Waiparau, out to 12 NM
The satellite view summary tables for each of the broad areas (which follow in
Sections 2.2 - 2.5) accompany the notes in Section 1 of this report. The tables
summarise the findings from the meetings and interviews with marine farmers,
regulators, Iwi and other stakeholders.
6
Figure 1: Broad areas used for satellite view of marine farming possibilities
7
Figure 2: Fiordland areas used for satellite view of marine farming possibilities (shaded
deep blue colour)
8
Figure 3: South Coast between Port Craig to Waiparau Head inshore areas used for
satellite view of marine farming possibilities (shaded green colour)
9
Figure 4: Stewart Island areas used for satellite view of marine farming possibilities
(shaded red colour)
10
Figure 5: Open coastal water areas used for satellite view of marine farming possibilities
(shaded deep blue colour)
11
2.2
Marine farming possibilities in the sounds adjacent to Fiordland
Indication of potential
locations
It seems that many of the
fiords are suited to most
forms of marine farming but
the
sensitivity
of
the
environment and logistical
issues have meant that the
area has not been seriously
considered by any person.
The locations identified have
open vistas, which may
reduce the visual impact and
have some scope for
consideration.
Potential areas identified for
investigation:


Preservation
Inlet
(excluding Long Sound as
is a marine reserve)
Chalky Inlet
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
Little interest expressed. While
there are undoubtedly areas that
would be physically suited to
various types of marine farming,
the distance and the sensitivity of
the environment mean that more
certainty would be required before
industry members would consider
investing in this area.
Customary/heritage sites, most of
which are on land or the foreshore,
and traditional food gathering
areas, are the matters of most
concern to Iwi.
Matters of
Kaitiakitanga are relevant to the
use and development of resources
in all areas.
Currently, under the Regional
Coastal Plan, marine farming is a
prohibited activity within the
fiords. Only DOC expressed total
opposition to marine farming in
the coastal environment adjacent
to Fiordland. Others did not
express opposition but noted that
there would be a very high
threshold to cross to be even
considered in this area, which
includes 10 marine reserves.
Operating and managing a farm in
this location would be more
expensive than other areas.
Viability would therefore be
marginal or negative. Only a very
low impact, high value product
would be considered. It would also
only be considered if other areas
were not available.
Because of its remoteness, there
seem to be few culturally sensitive
areas on the Fiordland shoreline.
The main regulatory issues in this
area are resource management
and conservation rather than
fisheries, although there are
commercial fisherman that utilise
these areas for shelter, berthage
and storage.
Long Sound was suggested by
Venture Southland staff from a
desk top review of a topographical
map. Its designation as a marine
reserve was overlooked.
The fiords are used for other
commercial
activities,
in
particularly tourism activities such
as scenic day trips, charters, and
visits by cruise ships.
Preservation/Chalky Inlet were
suggested as the only areas
worthy of consideration because
of their wide expanses of water,
unlike other parts of Fiordland
that are narrow and confined.
The seascape is such that the
visual impact of marine farming
may be less significant in these
areas.
Other conservation issues are the
12
Indication of potential
locations
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
presence of :
 “china shops”, i.e. areas of
significant habitat and marine
ecology that are particularly
sensitive to development; and
 marine mammals, particularly
bottlenose dolphins that are
known to be resident in and
around
Milford
Sound,
Doubtful Sound and Dusky
Sound.
13
2.3
Marine farming possibilities along the South Coast between Port Craig to Waiparau Head inshore areas, generally described as the coastal
marine area within 2 km of mean high water springs
Indication of potential
locations
Potential areas identified for
investigation:




Te Wae Wae Bay in the
vicinity of Port Craig
Riverton, off shore from
Howells
Point
to
Taramea Bay
Bluff Harbour
Waikawa Harbour.
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
Apart from Bluff Harbour, only
some passing interest in these
areas. Any marine farming activity
would need to be the type that
would be able to cope with
exposure to heavy seas that would
inevitably occur from time to time.
Marine farmers are open to other
possibilities, such as enhancement
of some species in this area, e.g.
surf clams, gooey duck, paua,
crayfish.
As for the Fiordland area, the main
concern is around customary sites,
most of which are on land or the
foreshore, and traditional food
gathering areas are of most
concern to Iwi. The food gathering
areas are mostly on the foreshore
(e.g. toheroa on the southern half
of Oreti Beach) and in estuarine
areas (New River Estuary and
Jacobs River Estuary).
Currently, under the Regional
Coastal Plan, marine farming is a
discretionary activity in most of
these areas except for Awarua
Bay (prohibited) and Bluff Port
Zone (non-complying).
The area along the south coast is
generally accessible but limited by
sea conditions. There are few, if
any, areas that are suitable for the
types of marine farming that are
currently practiced but there may
be opportunities for different types
and methods.
Bluff Harbour is only marginally
suited to marine farming but it is
accessible, close to infrastructure,
and has value for harvesting and
growing spat for on-growing
elsewhere.
Main limitation is
product quality due to water quality
(bacteria, sediment) and ability to
grow due to food supply but also
the strong currents in some parts.
There is a mataitai reserve on Oreti
Beach that extends from The
Waimatuku River mouth to the
southern end of the beach, and 1
km out from the high tide level.
Matters of Kaitiakitanga are
relevant
to
the
use
and
development of resources in all
areas.
Very little Conservation land is
located along the southern coast.
The most significant areas are
Awarua Bay and adjacent to
Waituna Lagoon, neither of which
are of significant interest for
marine farmers for known
species
and
farming
methodologies.
Marine mammals are common in
Foveaux Strait. Hectors Dolphins
are known to be resident in and
around Porpoise Bay.
There are two marine mammal
sanctuaries in this area, namely:
 Te Wae Wae Bay (extending
from Sand Hill Point to Pahia
Point); and
 Catlins (extending from Bushy
Point to Three Brothers Point,
and joined by an east-west
line starting 5 nautical miles
However, areas that are sheltered
from most westerly conditions are
generally exposed to easterly
conditions, and the risk of damage,
or even total destruction of a farm
is high. The ability to work on site
regularly during the year would
also be limited.
Where expensive structures would
be required, and/or sophisticated
technology, only a high value
product would be viable. However,
simpler systems, for example,
cages resting on the sea bed, may
be viable for certain species.
14
Indication of potential
locations
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
offshore from the latter).
The
sanctuaries
constrain
seismic/acoustic activities in
these areas.
15
2.4
Marine farming possibilities in Stewart Island enclosed waters and embayments
Indication of potential
locations
Potential areas identified for
investigation:







Port William
Big Glory Bay
Paterson Inlet
Port Adventure
Tikotatahi Bay
Lords River
Port Pegasus
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
The main interest is in optimising
production in Big Glory Bay and
extending into Paterson Inlet, of
which there were only certain areas
that might be suitable. Big Glory
Bay is suited to mussels and, from
recent experience, also suited to
Bluff Dredge Oysters. Growth rates
within Big Glory Bay are variable –
some sites have product maturing
12-18 months later than the other
better performed sites.
The main issue for Iwi is ensuring
the integrity of the mataitai reserve
in Paterson Inlet, which covers
most of it apart from Big Glory Bay.
It is believed that marine farming
can be carried out in a mataitai but
it does require the management
committee's approval, which will
depend on the potential impact on
customary fishing activity.
At present, the potential areas
identified, apart from Big Glory
Bay, the salmon refuge area in
Paterson Inlet, and Tikotatahi
Bay, have marine farming as a
prohibited activity in the Regional
Coastal Plan.
Marine farming in Big Glory Bay
already has economic benefit from
production of salmon and mussels.
Bluff Dredge oysters are being
grown and sold in a relatively small
way but production is expected to
increase, possibly at the expense of
mussels. Big Glory Bay has limited
potential for additional growth and
any expansion in the industry is
likely to happen in other areas.
The main issue in Big Glory Bay is
that farmed shellfish will not
release spat (reason unknown).
Bluff Dredge Oysters did release
spat when first introduced to the
Big Glory Bay but amount rapidly
declined in subsequent years. This
bay also has a finite feed supply,
evidenced by the decline in growth
rates as more marine farms became
established.
Salmon are farmed successfully but
the Big Glory Bay is not optimal in
regard to the ability to manage
adverse effects from deposition on
the seabed. While finfish and filter
feeders
are
believed
to
complement each other, there is
little scientific information to
In the Regional Coastal Plan, there
is a salmon farm refuge area
identified in Paterson Inlet, in an
area that is part of the Mataitai
reserve. No concern was raised
about the refuge area.
Iwi do have a commercial interest
in marine farming, and where it can
be of benefit, it may actually
support the activity.
DOC staff spoken to were very
opposed to marine farming in
Paterson Inlet due to potential
impacts on water quality and the
seabed. The inlet has a number
of special features that should be
protected from the effects of
development. There is a marine
reserve located near the head of
the inlet around Ulva Island.
The DOC staff view was that any
areas that are adjacent to Rakiura
National Park are considered to
be sensitive and inappropriate for
development.
It
was
acknowledged that there may be
some form of marine farming
that has a low impact that could
occur but generally the view was
that
these
high
value,
undeveloped areas should be
protected.
There is economic benefit from the
existing marine farming activity in
Big Glory Bay. If marine farming of
the Bluff Dredge Oyster is
successful, there is an expectation
that it will be a higher value
product. It is believed there may
also be some scope for an
additional site or sites within Big
Glory Bay.
The capital cost of marine farming
outside of Big Gory Bay will
increase the further marine farms
are situation away from areas that
service the industry.
The other primary source of
income from these areas is
tourism. Cruise ships visit Paterson
Inlet and other parts of Stewart
16
Indication of potential
locations
Industry perspective
document the extent of the benefit.
There are believed to be better
sites for finfish farming in Paterson
Inlet.
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
Island, and charter trips operate
out of Oban.
Other areas are generally further
away and, in some cases, more
exposed. Port Pegasus has the best
protection but it is furthest away
from areas that service the
industry.
17
2.5
Marine farming possibilities in open coastal waters from Awarua Point to Waiparau, out to 12 NM
Indication of potential
locations
No specific potential areas
identified for investigation
but believed to only be
appropriate
where
not
directly exposed to weather
and seas from the south
western quadrant, or to
excessive current.
Industry perspective
Cultural perspective
Regulatory perspective
Economic perspective
Recognised as an opportunity
mainly for long line shellfish
farming and finfish farming but
uncertain
in
the
southern
environment.
Regarded as
expensive and probably only open
to larger corporate entities.
No cultural issues were identified
in regard to offshore marine
farming.
Currently, under the Regional
Coastal Plan, marine farming is a
discretionary activity in offshore
areas out to 12 nautical miles.
The biggest challenge for this
type of marine farming is
technical rather than regulatory
but there are issues such as
navigation and marine mammal
migration.
Because of the issues associated
with finfish farming in sheltered
waters (water quality, benthic
effects,
visual
impact,
and
occupation of space), offshore
marine farming is believed to be a
better option for the future.
Technology is being developed and
farms have been established in the
northern hemisphere.
Uncertain for the southern coastal
waters due to higher average wave
heights, currents through Foveaux
Strait and around Stewart Island,
and exposure to storms coming out
of the southern ocean. Even if the
marine farm structures and fish
stock could be established, servicing
it would be limited by sea
conditions.
The capital cost of this type of
marine farming is high.
With finfish marine farming, the
marine farmer is not restricted to a
particular geographical setting and
is likely to choose a site that has
the best characteristics, which may
not be in the Southland region.
However, there are advantages
such as less vessel movements,
water quality, and possibly better
growing conditions for some
species.
18
3.
Conclusions
3.1
Species
The following table summarises those species that are either currently being farmed,
or for which there is some degree of interest by marine farmers. There are a
number of other species that could be developed but they have not been researched
locally to any degree. Some species such as gooey duck and surf clams were
mentioned but more in the context of enhancement and/or harvesting rather than
actual farming.
Seaweeds are also seen as a possibility but any development is more likely to be in
response to a demand for certain products, either the seaweed itself or by-products
obtained from the seaweed.
Species
Comment
Currently farmed
King (Chinook) salmon
High value product but has the greatest
environmental impact. Can be farmed in Big Glory
Bay at Stewart Island but serious limitations. More
space in alternate areas required.
Greenshell mussel
Common product, relatively easily farmed and, for
smaller operators, provides income for supporting
development of other species, and diversification.
Bluff Dredge Oyster
Relatively new product but potentially high value,
particularly if it can be differentiated from other
oyster products on the international market. Still
at an early stage of development.
Other Species
Rock lobster
At least one farmer has investigated farming rock
lobster and would like to develop it further. Could
be a cage type operation, either on or over the
seabed.
Feeding required, but there are
techniques for “on demand” feeding that reduce, if
not eliminate, feed losses.
Scallops
An option but currently no suitably priced market
for farmed scallops. Would still need development
on suitable farming techniques.
Paua
An option for either farming or enhancement
work. Have been trialled but there does not
appear to have been any recent attempts to farm
paua.
19
Species
Porphyra Columbina (nori)
Undaria
3.2
Comment
This product has been grown in the past on LI512
in Bluff Harbour, and the current owners of the site
expressed an interest in growing it again in the
future.
This seaweed is believed to have a market but it
appears that there would be more interest in
harvesting it from areas where it has become
established rather than growing it on farms in this
region.
Locations
The information gained about possible locations for marine farming was for general
areas rather than specific locations. The highest priority for marine farmers was
access to Paterson Inlet at Stewart Island, primarily for the expansion of existing
farming activities rather than for new species, although access would create options
and opportunities.
Conversely, this location is one that Department of Conservation places a high
priority on protecting. The Department’s concerns about protecting areas with high
natural values and sensitive ecosystems appears to cover all of the most suitable
areas for farming activity, i.e. Fiordland and Paterson Inlet, Port Pegasus and Port
Adventure at Stewart Island. There are other areas but these seem to be less
attractive to existing marine farmers and can still have conservations issues, e.g.
marine mammals in offshore areas.
No additional areas that are suitable for marine farming were identified that do not
seem to have medium to high constraints due to resource management,
conservation and/or site issues.
4.
Parties involved with scoping exercise
4.1
Parties interviewed
The following parties were interviewed as part of the scoping exercise to collate the
satellite view of what aquaculture may be possible where in the Southland region:






Southern Marine Farms – John Cockroft
Sanford Ltd – Tommy Foggo, Warren Crighton and Philip Nicolson
Gorton’s Fisheries Ltd – Ivan Gorton
Jeffrey Walker
EEC Ltd – Alister Eade
Maass Mussels Ltd – Jim Barrett
20










4.2
Schofield Sea Farms Ltd – Peter Schofield
Rodney Clark
Te Ao Marama Inc. – Michael Skerrett
Ministry for Primary Industries – Michael Nielson (Aquaculture Growth and
Innovation) and Christine Bowden (Spatial Allocation Team)
Department of Conservation – Greg Funnell and Anna Cameron
Fiordland Marine Guardians – Chairman Malcolm Lawson
Venture Southland – Alistair Adam and Steve Canny
Aquaculture New Zealand – Rebecca Clarkson
NIWA – Ken Grange
Cawthron – David Taylor and Nigel Keeley
Parties not interviewed to date
The following parties have confirmed they wish to be involved with the scoping
exercise to collate the satellite view of what aquaculture may be possible where in
the Southland region, however, to date interviews have not occurred due. If
interviews completed in the near future this report will be updated accordingly:




4.3
David Bragg
Ricky Topi
Foveaux Oysters Ltd – Gordon Wardrop
Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu – Nigel Scott
Parties invited to be part of scoping exercise but no response received to date
The following parties were contacted as part of the scoping exercise to collate the
satellite view of what aquaculture may be possible where in the Southland region,
however, no response has been received to date from these parties. If contact is
made by these parties and interviews completed in the near future this report will be
updated accordingly:



Greg Fife
Campbelltown Seafoods Ltd – Sonny Johnson
Department of Marine Science at University of Otago – Mike Barker
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