Vol 3 Issue 12 June 2014
ISSN No :2231-5063
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
International Multidisciplinary
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Golden Research
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ISSN No.2231-5063
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Volume-3 | Issue-12 | June-2014
Available online at www.aygrt.isrj.net
GRT
GEOLOGY OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER AND ROLE
OF SOIL IN RECHARGING AQUIFER IN PURNA RIVER
BASIN,AURANGABAD (M.S) INDIA
More Sachin Himmatrao and Pathrikar P. B
Rajarshi Shahu Arts, Commerce and science, Pathri Phulambri Aurangabad (M.S). Dept. of Geography.
Rajarshi Shahu Arts, Commerce and science, Pathri Phulambri Aurangabad (M.S). Dept. of Geology.
Abstract:-The area under investigation stretch along side of Purna River which is basin of Godavari. The
thickness and the extent of basaltic flow throw the focus on availability of ground water. Deccan basaltic
flow the ground water occurrence depends mainly on the factors like jointing pattern and variation of
thickness and lateral extent of different flows.
The main objective behind the present study is to locate favorable sites for percolation of water.
Effective percolation could be achieved through water conservation by resorting to certain water
conservation measures for sustainability of ground water reserve.
For the purpose in hand 10 scattered villages falling in the watershed along Bhokardan taluka
bank of Purna river were geohydrological investigated. The area under investigation is 13 kms EW and
4.5 NS spread along side of river. The msl of area caries in between 675m at maximum and 555m. at the
minimum thereby exposing 99m vertical thickness for direct observation. On the basis of detailed well
inventory carried out in 14 villages, a lithology showing geohydrological variation was prepared. With
the help of Lithology and surface geological survey favorable as well as unfavorable sites for water
percolation were demarcated such demarcations will be guideline for taking water conservation
measures for ground water sustainability.
Keywords:Geological Study, Chemically weathered rock, Aquifer, Recharge.
INTRODUCTION :Groundwater is one of the earth`s most important resource. It exists wherever water penetrates beneath the surface.
Earth surface can be cover with the soil. Soil is a loose mass of chemically weathered rock fragments mixed with organic
matter. It is biologically active home to countless microorganisms and plant roots. It varies in depth from a few inches to 6 or
more feet. Soil has roughly 50% pore space. This space forms a complex network of pores of varying sizes, much like those in a
sponge. The pores provide water and air to the plant roots and microorganisms that live in the soil. Soil can play most important
role of availability of groundwater.
The availability of source water, one of the prime requisites for ground water recharge, is basically assessed in terms
of non committed surplus monsoon run off, which as per present water resource development scenario is going unutilized. This
component can be assessed by analyzing the monsoon rainfall pattern, its frequency, number of rainy days, maximum rainfall
in a day and its variation in space and time. The variations in rainfall pattern in space and time, and its relevance in relation to
the scope for artificial recharge to sub-surface reservoirs can be considered for assessing the surplus surface water availability.
To increases groundwater to need a large number of water conservation structures like percolation tanks and check dams have
been constructed as means of artificial recharge in different parts of scarcity affected areas of Marathwada region in hard rock
formations. But all such structures constructed have not brought uniform benefit in increasing ground water reserves. There is
need to geological study of construction side to increase the ground water.
The artificial recharge projects are site specific and even the replication of the techniques from similar areas are to be
based on the local hydrogeological and hydrological environments. The first step in planning the project is to demarcate the
area of recharge. The Project can be implemented systematically in case a hydrologic unit like watershed is taken for
implementation. However, localized schemes are also taken to augment ground water reservoir.
STUDAY AREA: The watershed named as Godavari Purna . Purna originality from Ajanta ranges. Study area falls between
More Sachin Himmatrao and Pathrikar P. B, “GEOLOGY OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER AND ROLE OF SOIL IN RECHARGING AQUIFER IN
PURNA RIVER BASIN,AURANGABAD (M.S) INDIA”, Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 12 | June 2014 | Online & Print
1
.Geology Of Hard Rock Aquifer And Role Of Soil In Recharging Aquifer In Purna River Basin,aurangabad (m.s) India
the Longitude 750 10' to 750 48' Latitude 200 5' to 200 9' The area of shows large variation in geohydrological characters.
(Tope sheets No.46-P-12,46-P16 of survey of India).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Type of soil
Texture describes the Purna river area watershed how coarse or fine a soil is. The coarsest soil particles are sand. Clay
particles are the finest, and silt is intermediate in size Soils that contain a large amount of sand feel gritty, while salty soils feel
hard when dry, and sticky and plastic (moldable) when moist. Sand particles resemble small rocks, and silt particles are like
even smaller rocks. Silt and sand particles are not very active chemically; they contribute little to the ability of the soil to absorb
(bind) contaminants. Most clay particles are structurally and chemically quite different from sand and silt, smaller in size. Clay
is responsible for much of the chemical activity and water holding capacity in soils.
Texture influences the porosity as well as the chemical activity of a soil. Sandy soils contain mostly large pores. They
hold little water, and excess water drains through them easily. The combination of low chemical activity and rapid water
movement through sandy soils makes them more vulnerable to leaching of contaminants than finer – textured soils. Soils which
are mostly silt or clay have mostly small pores that do not drain water readily. The risk of groundwater contamination is much
less in these soils. They must be managed carefully, however, to prevent runoff and surface water contamination.
A loam is a soil that contains a roughly balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay Loamy soils have more chemical
activity than sandy soils, and hold more water. They offer more protection to groundwater. Also, water tends to infiltrate
through them more readily than through fine- textured soils, so the risk of runoff is less.
Groundwater condition
The irrigation wells and drinking water purpose well can take for observation. The observation shows the well which
is taken as river basin area which is give all season groundwater soundly. There is problem for area which is well cannot take or
near the river basin there is no groundwater for summer season. The depth to water level maps for pre and post monsoon is
prepared separately. The pre monsoon water level indicate that the Northeast part in the watershed has water level at 6 to 9 m bgl
where as remaining part having 9 to 12 m bgl, most of the wells goes dry during summer. During post monsoon north east part
of the watershed covers up to 3m level. Whereas remaining part represents the 3 to 6 m water level.
As we know rainfall is the only source for surface storage and groundwater recharge and generally 80% of the total
rainfall is drain out of the basin in the form of runoff. Considering the geomorphologic set up specific yield of aquifer and
riparian right of the downstream stakeholders, balance runoff for the further development can be utilized.
The Soil type and groundwater condition show the Watershed having the scarcity of water in summer season. This
condition due to the groundwater availability and availability is depending on the recharge of groundwater it will depend on the
Soil type. Earlier discussion of soil can be show that the some type of soil can be do not percolate the water and some type are
well percolate water there is in watershed show all type of soil and due to this the watershed show the variation in groundwater
availability. There is need for some artificial construction in watershed area which can take as according to soil type and also a
rock formation in the watershed which can be depend on the geological study of the area.
Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 12 | June 2014
2
.Geology Of Hard Rock Aquifer And Role Of Soil In Recharging Aquifer In Purna River Basin,aurangabad (m.s) India
The Geology of watershed is all the area is cover by the Deccan Trap means the Basalt rock are occur. The basalt rock
are fallowing types,
TABLE NO. 1: WELL INVENTERY SURVEY OF SELECTED VILLAGE FROM PURNA AREA WATER
SHADE
Sr.
Attitude of village in No.
Maximum
No
Meter
Dugwell
Depth
studies
dugwell
of
Minimum depth
Average
of dugwell
water
static
level
in
Feb.
1
582 to 588
18
14
6
9.5
2
575 to 559
20
14
5
9
3
595 to 645
22
18
8
10.5
4
608 to 648
19
16
6
9
5
568 to 602
20
19
6
9
6
596 to 620
20
13
6
8.5
7
578 to 603
20
13
5
8
8
575 to 613
19
13
7
9.5
9
584 to 607
20
13.5
6
6.5
10
580 to 604
20
12
6
9
GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE:
The occurrence and movement of groundwater in watershed GP-2 is governed by topography, slope, Lithology,
geological structures, fractured system, weathered zone thickness, drainage pattern, land forms, land use and climatic
parameters.
Massive basalts with their weathered mantle along with the jointed and fractured zones and the vesicular basalts with
their interconnected vesicles together form the water bearing domains of the basaltic rock. The ground water occurs as water
table condition upto a depth of 30m. Below 30m. depth, it occurs under both semiconfined and confined condition where thick
layer of massive basalt overlying the vesicular basalt, acts as a confining layer.
AQUIFER IN STUDY AREA:
An aquifer is a layer of porous substrate that contains and transmits groundwater. When water can flow directly
between the surface and the saturated zone of an aquifer, the aquifer is unconfined. The deeper parts of unconfined aquifers are
usually more saturated since gravity causes water to flow downward.
The upper level of this saturated layer of an unconfined aquifer is called the water table or phreatic surface. Below the
water table, where generally all pore spaces are saturated with water is thephreatic zone.
Substrate with low porosity that permits limited transmission of groundwater is known as anaquitard. An aquiclude is
a substrate with porosity that is so low it is virtually impermeable to groundwater.
A confined aquifer is an aquifer that is overlain by a relatively impermeable layer of rock or substrate such as an
aquiclude or aquitard. If a confined aquifer follows a downward grade from itsrecharge zone, groundwater can become
pressurized as it flows. This can create artesian wellsthat flow freely without the need of a pump and rise to a higher elevation
than the static water table at the above, unconfined, aquifer.
The characteristics of aquifers vary with the geology and structure of the substrate and topography in which they
occur. Generally, the more productive aquifers occur in sedimentary geologic formations. By comparison, weathered and
fractured crystalline rocks yield smaller quantities of groundwater in many environments. Unconsolidated to poorly cemented
alluvial materials that have accumulated as valley-filling sediments in major river valleys and geologically subsiding structural
basins are included among the most productive sources of groundwater.
Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 12 | June 2014
3
.Geology Of Hard Rock Aquifer And Role Of Soil In Recharging Aquifer In Purna River Basin,aurangabad (m.s) India
AMYGDALODIAL BASALT FLOWS
The amygdaloidal basalt original gas cavities are filled up with secondary minerals obliterating their original
vesicular nature. In addition to this, they are unjointed therefore they occur as homogeneous, watertight mass in fresh,
unweathered conditions. Therefore no rain water percolates through fresh amygdaloidal basalt to form groundwater. However,
it is observed that, if amygdaloidal basalt has undergone intermediate stage of weathering, sheet jointing and secondary
porosity are induced in it. Such weathered amygdaloidal basalt contains groundwater. However, quantity of groundwater
depends upon the thickness and extent of weathered zone.
COMPACT BASALT FLOWS
Every compact basalt flow can broadly be demarcated into two parts according to their hydrological characters. The
top portion of compact basalt flow is always vesicular, amygdaloidal, unjointed and watertight in fresh condition. Only in
weathered condition ground water occurs in it due to development of sheet jointing and secondary porosity. If fresh
amygdaloidal top portion of compact basalt flow is exposed at the surface rain water does not percolates through it. But if
weathered, sheet jointed amygdaloidal top portion of the flow is exposed at the surface then only rain water enters through it
forming ground water.
VOLCANIC BRECCIA
Volcanic Breccias with tachlytic matrix and grey lava matrix occur as water tight rock. Therefore no rain water
percolates through them. In volcanic breccias in which rock fragments are held together by zeolites, some voids occur,
therefore small quantity of water may percolates through them.
As mentioned previously, middle and lower portions of compact basalt flows are jointed. It jointed portions of
Compact basalt flow are exposed at the surface; rain water percolates through joints forming ground water. However, quantity
of percolation of water depends upon joint spacing and pattern of jointing.
In closely spaced jointed basalt considerable quantity of rain water may percolate through the joints. But if joints are
broadly spaced limited quantity of water percolates through them. Basalt having inconsistent jointing occurs as watertight
mass even though it is jointed. Joints generally open out at the surface but gradually, at the lower level, they become tight and
occur as only weak planes.
Although water percolates through the joints of compact basalt, large percolation up to deeper level cannot take place
and therefore, compact basalt always holds limited quantity of water.
Ground water recharge:
The surface runoff is checked by construction of check dams, across the nalas. Sub-surface dykes \dams is to be
constructed to check the sub-surface groundwater flow. Step bunds should be built in slope areas as adopted for paddy fields.
Horticultural plantations \ vegetation is to be encouraged as the integrated root system will contribute groundwater recharge.
There is high degree of slopes from upper reaches of the river towards the confluence region. This situation can be best
utilized for recharging underlying aquifer by interconnecting the existing tanks through open channels.
New ponds are also to be constructed across the river \ nala courses at geologically suitable places. So that the
accumulated water in the tanks of higher elevation during rainy season could be transported to the tanks of lower reaches. This
not only evenly distributes surface water but also increase the groundwater storage. Percolation tanks are to be constructed at
appropriate places, which will collect, store the runoff water and help to recharge groundwater. Groundwater recharge through
shafts is recommended in steep slope areas. The shafts are deep pits with dimensions of 1 x 2 x 10 m of width, length and depth
respectively. These shafts may be cased or uncased on the top, but are back filled with permeable soil, which facilitate more
effective and faster percolation.
Based on the structure, geomorphology, hydrogeology and physical surveys a map has been prepared for water
harvesting structures.
CONCLUSIONS:
On the basis of Soil survey and Geological survey the water condition of watershed can be critical the studies are the
following conclusions are made
The entire area watershed falls in the runoff zone.
The entire watershed covered by basaltic flow.
The entire watershed covered by different soil types.
The depth of the irrigation wells varies from 8 to 12 m bgl and the diameter from 6 to8 m. The groundwater potential is poor.
There is single aquifer; hitch is weathered mantle of jointed fractured massive trap and seasonal and poor yield in nature.
Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 12 | June 2014
4
.Geology Of Hard Rock Aquifer And Role Of Soil In Recharging Aquifer In Purna River Basin,aurangabad (m.s) India
The ground water movement is north direction.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
The multidisciplinary surveys undertaken in the watershed have given much needed technical input to plan optimum
development of water resources in the watershed. The following recommendations are made:
In order to meet out the short fall and to maintain the groundwater level within the safe limit during hydrological cycle
and sustainability for year to gather involvement of community may be sought, both in supply side in demand side management
interventions. Suitable observation wells and rain gauge stations may be installed and data to generated involving may be
chosen considering community traditional wisdom integrated with scientific technique, so that options become adoptable,
acceptable and manageable from maintenance and operation point of view.
REFERENCES:
1.Adyalkar P.G. “Introduction to Groundwater” Oxford and IBH publishing Company (India), 1976.
2.A.V. Tejankar Study of Deccan Trap Flows in Toranmal Ghat Section, Dist Dhule (M.S.) 2002.
3.Agashe L.V. Dykes between Poona and Khandala, Ph.D. Thesis, Poona University, 1956.
4.Kulkarni, P.S., Study of Deccan Trap Basalt Flows in Aurangabad District Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University.
Aurangabad. 1984,
5.The influence of geological features on the carvings of Ellora Caves. Natural Science Journal. Marathwada University,
Aurangabad Vol. XXI, Sci. 14 1982.
6.Krishnan, M.S., Geology of India and Burma, 6th Ed., CBS Publisher and Distributors. New Delhi – 6 1982.
7.Kulkarni, P.S., Study of Deccan Trap Basalt Flows in Aurangabad District Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University.
Aurangabad 1984.
8.Kulkarni, S.R., study of Deccan Trap basalt flows in Satara district. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Poona 1975.
Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 12 | June 2014
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