A student’s basic guide to
bibliographies and referencing:
APA Style
Version: July 2016
www.tafensw.edu.au/courses/tafe-nsw-degrees
TAFE NSW - Technical and Further Education Commission CRICOS Provider Code 00591E
Last revised: July 2016
Page 1 of 30
Table of Contents
Topic
Introduction
Page
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Bibliography and Reference List
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Acceptable abbreviations in the Reference List
.......................... ........................................
3
4
5
Examples
Books
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-7
Dictionaries, Encyclopedias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Secondary sources, Corporate Author
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
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10
eBooks & Theses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Ephemera, Articles retrieved from databases
................................................................
12
....................................................................
13
eBooks
Newspaper, Journal & Magazine Articles
Figures: Original / Website / Database / Print
................................................................
14-15
.......................................................................
16
ABS, Legal Sources - Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Acts of Parliament, Bills & Cases
...........................................................................
18
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19
Government Publications, Standards
Conference papers
Digital sources and Social Media
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Personal Communication & Lecture notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Messages posted online, Online Video /YouTube,/Film/DVD/Motion Picture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
TV & Radio Programs, Podcasts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Webpages, documents and websites/Articles Retrieved from Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Facebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Twitter, Blog Posts/ Wiki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Music Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Sample APA Reference -Tips & List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Last revised: July 2016
28-30
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Why reference
Introduction
Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or presenting your
argument.
Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else’s thoughts, words or
ideas and writing them as if they were your own. It is technically stealing and is a breach of ethics.
Referencing tells the reader where the original idea/ information can be found.
What should be referenced?
Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing:
• A concept or idea
• A paraphrased quote
• A direct quote
• Personal communication
• Class notes
• Script or screenplay
• A contestable argument
General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example:
Canberra is the capital of Australia.
But if you read that
‘The Yass – Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety …’ this would have to be referenced.
A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be:
It is a fact that Lady Denman, rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra.
In-text referencing
This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found.
•
•
•
Always include the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page number(s) if available.
If there is no author use the title of the work.
If the author is not known but the organisation which produced the work is known, list the organisation as author.
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What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References?
A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading.
A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment.
Using referenced quotes
•
•
Use quotes wisely and don’t use too many – no more than 10% of the essay or report.
Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum.
Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or evaluated what you have read.
Direct quotes (citations)
•
Short quotes
If the quotation is less than about 40 words, it should be contained within the text inside double quotation marks. Note: In the example below, the spelling
“behaviors” is only retained inside the quotation itself. Outside a direct quotation, words should reflect accepted spelling for the intended audience.
For example:
She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’… disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviours were
studied.
•
Longer quotes (Block quotes)
Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a smaller font or narrower line
Place quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 5-7 spaces
from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the
new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. Put the final parenthesis after the closing punctuation mark.
For example:
Miele’s 1993 study found the following:
The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were
administered. Earlier studies conducted ….. were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
Please note that paraphrased information – ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be referenced to
acknowledge the source.
This guide is created and maintained by TAFE NSW Libraries and is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), but is
not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. Copies are available from all TAFE NSW libraries.
A range of bibliography and reference guides are accessible from your TAFE NSW library website.
Before using this referencing style check for the style preferred by the Course Coordinator.
Last revised: July 2016
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Please note: Not all links in this guide will take you directly to the webpage cited. Some may require a login to access the citation. Links may also become out of date
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include:
ch.
chapter
edn
edition
ed. (eds)
editor (editors)
Ltd
Limited
n.d.
no date
n.p.
no place
no.
number
p. (pp.)
page (pages)
ser.
series
suppl.
supplement
rev.
revised
vol. (vols)
volume (volumes)
Some other points to note:
•
The APA style is an author-date referencing system.
•
Book titles, journal titles, and journal volumes are italicised (but not journal issues numbers).
•
In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters and books, capitalise the letter of the first word and proper nouns, except in in text citation.
•
Provide city and state for US publications, e.g., Princeton, NJ. Provide city and country for all other publications. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Do not give the name of the
city or state if it is part of the name of a university as the publisher.
•
APA requires a hanging indent (5-7 spaces) and double-spacing for its citations (for the purposes of this guide, single spacing is used).
•
•
•
Capitalise all words in journal, magazine & newspaper titles.
•
Entries are in alphabetical order by author’s surname or by title if no author, and double spaced.
•
For web documents, sites & other electronic media, use retrieval (availability) statements where source material is likely to change over time..
•
•
Give the home page or menu page URL for works whose full text is accessible by subscription only, for reference works such as online dictionaries or encyclopaedias.
•
Footnotes and references always finish with a full-stop, except when the reference ends with a URL or DOI.
Viewed, “accessed” “retrieved from” “available from" are sometimes used interchangeably within this document.
Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit when citing journal and magazine articles.
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier with a more stable link than a URL to a publication such as a journal article. When a DOI is available, no further
retrieval information is needed to locate content. No concluding full stop is necessary following a DOI.
Last revised: July 2016
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Source
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Book One to two authors
Robinson (2008, p. 25) has argued that...
OR
This was seen in a study (Smythe & Jones, 2001)...
Three to five authors
6 -7 authors
8 or more authors
Robinson, M. (2008). Child development 0-8: A journey through the early years.
Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.
• References that are more than one line should be indented as shown above
• Cite the names every time the reference occurs
• Ampersand (&) can be used within parentheses, while “and”
is used in sentences
•Details about edition, volume number, report number or chapter page range are
placed directly after the title in parentheses, with the period after the parentheses,
e.g. (2nd ed.). or (vol. xvi)
• If there are two authors, include the last name of each and
the publication year in the order they appear
• No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication
Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname, Initials. (Year). Book title:
Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
...Curwen, Palmer and Ruddell (2000) demonstrated…
Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. (Brief
Therapies Series). London, England: Sage.
• For the first text citation of a work by 3-5 authors cite all
authors, subsequent citations include only the first author
surname followed by et al. eg (Curwen et al., 2000). If the work
is cited more than once within the same paragraph, omit the
year after the first citation
• List all author names
It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)
Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F., Keddie, A., Lets, W., &
Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching: Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John
Wiley & Sons.
• Include the first author followed by et al. and year for the
first and all other citations
• Include all author names in the Reference List
• Use author rules as above
Paraphrase: (Berman et al., 2012)
Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Stanley, D.
(2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.). Frenchs
Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia.
Direct Quote: (Berman et al., 2012, p. 59)
Author Surname, Initials., Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname,
Initials. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
• Include first author followed by et al. and year
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Source
Two or more books -one
year same author
No author
In-text referencing examples
(Santrock, 2009a, 2009b)
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Santrock, J.W. (2009a). Child development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Santrock, J.W. (2009b). Life-span development (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
• Distinguish works by ‘a’ ‘b’, etc. after publication date
• List books in alphabetical order by title.
(Psychological effects, 1999)
Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological
side of so-called "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House.
Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher.
No date
(Douglas, n.d., p. 203)...
Douglas, G (n.d.). Studying at University: a student guide, Waupub, Walcha, NSW.
Author Surname, Initials, (n.d.).Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Edited books
(Beckman & Ma, 2008)
Beckman, K. R., & Ma, J. (Eds.). (2008). Still moving: Between cinema and photography.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• Use author rules as listed above. Where there is editor instead of author, follow
author rules, but include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in parentheses.
Editor Surname(s), Initial(s). (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Reprinted book (from
another source)
Last revised: July 2016
(Newton, 1998/1999)
• If the work is reprinted, give both publication dates in
chronological order, separated by a slash (/)
Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp. 32-41).
New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26,
August 1998).
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Book: Chapter, essay or
article in an edited book
or anthology (Compiled
works)
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
(Freud, 1900/1953)
Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a dream. In
J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological
works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4). Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books (Original work published 1900).
(Ogden, 2001)
Ogden, J. (2001). Health psychology. In J. Naidoo & J. Willis (Eds.), Health Studies:
An introduction (pp. 69-100). New York, NY: Palgrave.
Bourke, (1989) argued that
Bourke, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human
memory. In H. L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory &
consciousness (pp. 309 - 330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for
sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions
• The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the
chapter, not the editor(s) of the book
• In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the
book it was published in are listed in the bibliography
• Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter – note that initials
in this position appear before the family name
Chapter Author(s) Surname (Year, page number) if applicable
• Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter
• Use rules similar to those of Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
• When the editor’s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name;
use initials and surname
Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Initial(s). (Year). Article or chapter title. In
Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or
chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Translated book
(Ylinen, 2008)
Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: for sport and manual therapies of everyday life.
(J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Translator Initial(s).
Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
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Source
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Dictionaries and
Encyclopedias
Print Dictionary, no
author
Online encyclopedia
with author identified:
When one author refers
to another (secondary
citation)
Corporate author
(Organisation as author)
Field theory is defined as "a systematic approach describing
behaviour in terms of patterns of dynamic interrelationships
between individuals and the psychological, social and physical
situation in which they exist" ("Field theory", 2007, p. 375).
Field theory. (2007).. In G. R. VandenBos (Ed.), APA dictionary of psychology (p. 375).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Low and Jin (2012) comment that urging someone to do their
best does not appear to be as effective as involving the person in
setting specific and relatively difficult goals …
Low, R., & Jin P. (2012). Achievement motivation and learning. In
N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (pp. 47–51).
doi:10.1007/078-1-4419-1428-6
• Where the author is identified for entries in print or online
encyclopedias, provide the author and year as for other
authored sources
• If retrieved from a database, do a Web search for the home page of the publisher
of the encyclopedia and use the URL in the reference or DOI
Miller’s study (as cited in Agrios, 2005) ...
Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Burlington, MA:
Elsevier Academic Press.
• Name the original author, then the author of the secondary
publication which cites the original (primary) source
• In the list of references, cite only the source where you found the citation (e.g.
Agrios, 2005), not the original source (e.g. Miller).
• Use “cited in” when info about the original source is
paraphrased and mentioned in the secondary source, but use
“quoted” when the secondary source includes a quote
from the original source/study
Author Surname, Initial(s). [of the source you read]. (Year). Book title: Subtitle.
(edition if not the first.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
A recent study (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
[AIHW], 2009) highlighted …
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009). Indigenous housing needs 2009: A
multi-measure needs model, (AIHW cat. No. HOU 214). Canberra, Australia.
Article Title. (Year). In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of dictionary (edition if
not the first, vol. no., pp.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article Title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.),
Title of encyclopedia (edition if not the first, vol. no., pp.). DOI or
Retrieved from URL
• For corporate authors with long names, spell out the full
name include an abbreviation in the first in-text reference
The AIHW (2009) found that…
• Use the abbreviation in subsequent references
Last revised: July 2016
Corporate Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle. (Report No. xxx {if available}). Place of
Publication: Publisher.
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Source
eBooks: accessed via an
eBook reader
In-text referencing examples
(Levitt & Dubner, 2010)
Schiraldi (2001) claimed that….
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2010). Superfreakonomics: Global cooling, patriotic
prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance [Kindle version].
Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
Schiralidi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to
healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe digital version].
doi:10.1036/0071393722
•For books that have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), include the DOI in the
reference list entry. Otherwise give URL, or homepage URL of the Publisher
• Do not add a full stop after a DOI or URL
•Date of retrieval is not required
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). eBook title: Subtitle [E-reader version, if
applicable]. Retrieved from DOI or URL
eBook accessed via
online library or
database (e.g. Google
Books, ebrary,
EBSCOhost):
(Harris, 2008)
Harris, P. (2008). Designing and reporting experiments in psychology. Retrieved from
http://www.ebscohost.com
• When referencing a print article obtained from an online database that provides
eBook content, use appropriate print citation information, allowing users to retrieve
the print version if they cannot access the database from which the book was
retrieved. If the book would be difficult to locate, then include database information
• If the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g., Google Books,
ebrary, NetLibrary) and not on an e-reader device, omit [e-reader version]
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). eBook title: Subtitle Retrieved from homepage URL
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eBook: Chapter, essay
or article in an edited
book or anthology
In-text referencing examples
Beidler (2009) argued that
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Beidler, P. (2009). Fear Itself. In K. Bernheimer (Ed.), Fairy tale review: The white issue
(pp. 19-30). Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/
• When the editor’s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name;
use initials and surname
• Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for
sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions
• The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the
chapter, not the editor(s) of the book
In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the
book it was published in are listed in the reference list
• Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter – note that initials
in this position appear before the family name
• Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter
• If the e-book chapter does not have page numbers, omit
Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Initial(s). (Year). Article or
Chapter title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), eBook title: Subtitle (pp. page
range of article or chapter). Retrieved from URL
General Format Published Thesis
Baker, 2008, p. 10)
Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss (PhD thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1234567)
Hardcopy: Institutional repository
Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss (Unpublished PhD thesis). Retrieved from
http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses
General Format unpublished Thesis
Imber, 2003
Hardcopy:
Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection.
(Unpublished PhD thesis). Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Thesis title (Unpublished PhD/DBA/Masters
thesis). Name of Institution, Location.
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Source
Ephemera*( pamphlets,
brochures, factsheets,
and flyers) : print
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Southern Cross University 2008 stated that…
Southern Cross University. (2008). Copyright and you: A guide for staff. [Brochure].
Lismore, Australia: Author.
Author Surname OR Corporate Author, Year
• Treat as you would a book. Indicate the type of publication in square brackets after
the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. When the publisher is the
same as the author, write 'Author' as the name of the publisher
Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Corporate author. (Year). Title of item, [Type of
Publication]. Place of Publication, Publisher.
Ephemera*( pamphlets,
brochures, factsheets,
and flyers) : online
(Australian Museum, 2003).
Articles retrieved from
databases
(Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1)
Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and Geodes [Fact sheet].
Retrieved from http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/geodes.htm
Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Corporate author. (Year). Title of item, [Type of
Publication]. Retrieved from URL
Atherton (2013) stated that…
• Cite as you would an online journal article
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital
empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5),
1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
• If using an article sourced from a database, provide the title of the database and
the Internet address of the referring location
• Articles retrieved from databases are usually in PDF form with page numbers
• Library-subscribed resources usually have URLs that will not work independently,
so URLs are not generally included when citing database resources especially if they
are easy to find
• Can use the words “accessed” “retrieved” “available from" or “viewed” as required
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Journals - tips
In-text referencing examples
•
•
•
•
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently.
Journal titles are given maximum capitalisation. Only the first letter of the title is capitalised in journal articles
Use Use ampersand - & - before the last name in the Reference List
The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list - do not use et al
Journal – general
(Author Surname, Year)
OR (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue),
page range. DOI OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available]
Author known – 1
Author
Mellers (2000) thought that….
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological
Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.
Author known – 6 or
more Authors
(Dietz et al., 2007, p. 1517)
Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., &
Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before,
during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 164(10), 1515-1520. Retrieved from
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/
(Author Surname et al., Year)
OR (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
• If more than five authors, list the first author’s name
followed by et al
‘Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Author unknown
• The title becomes the author
Newspaper, or
magazine articles -
(Wilson & Wilson, 2007)
Wilson, D. S., & Wilson, E. O. (2007, November 3). Survival of the selfless.
NewScientist, 196(2628), 42–46.
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper or
Magazine Title, page range. Retrieved from URL of magazine or newspaper
home page [if viewed online]
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Figures - tips
In-text referencing examples
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Figures:
viewed in person
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
APA does NOT provide specific rules or examples for citing images;
Figures include Artworks, Charts Diagrams, Drawings, Graphs, Images, Paintings Photographs, Prints, Tables, etc.
When you use a figure in your paper that has been adapted or copied directly from another source you need to reference the original source.. This
reference appears as a caption directly underneath the figure that you copied or adapted for your paper
if you include your own unpublished photograph as a figure, you do NOT need to give a copyright or permission statement as it is your photo
Names of works are italicised
Artist/creator/designer and date in brackets after the name
If there is no named artist/ author, use image title followed by the date
"Year" refers to the year that the image or artwork was created. If you don’t know the date, use n.d. (no date). If dateis approximate, use c. (circa)
If the figure is self-authored, such as a photograph use the copyright author’s name
Double-space the caption that appears under a figure
If an image, figure or table is reproduced from another source for a published work, permission must be sought from the copyright holder and this
information must be included in the caption; it is not enough just to cite the source. For example: Copyright 2014 by the ABC Company. Reprinted
with permission.
Sources for tables must be listed in your reference list. Sources for images or figures are not required in your reference list
Golden Summer, Eaglemont (Streeton, 1889) is an Australian
idyll painted during a summer of drought…
Streeton, A. (1889). Golden Summer, Eaglemont [Painting]. Canberra, Australia:
National Gallery of Australia.
Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, [Format]., Location: Museum/Gallery.
Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (16th ed.). London, England: Phaidon.
Figures : in print,
referred to in text
...the painting ‘Mona Lisa’ (Gombrich, 1995, p. 203) ...
• If you make a passing reference to a famous painting it does
not need a reference
Figures : online, referred
to in text
Rose, 1994)…
Rose, D. (1994). On the road to Oberon [Stencil Screenprint]. Retrieved from
http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=130305
(Tunbridge, 2003)
Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire Service lighting a back-burn on
the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January
2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24954626
• When you refer to a figure in your work, but you don’t include the actual figure,
use the usual format for the source. For example, if the figure was sighted in a
book, use the book format in your reference list; if your figure was sighted in a
journal article, use the APA formatting for journal articles
Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Last revised: July 2016
Page 14 of 30
Source
Figures : -in print,
reproduced in text
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Figure 1. The painting by Rousseau (1896) shows ..
• Figures included in text must be numbered e.g. Figs. 1,2,3
Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris.
By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. 232
• Each figure should be displayed with an explanatory title
(above the figure)
Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s) (Year). Title. [Format]. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
• Where a caption to the image is appropriate use the title of
the image OR the creator of the image (artist or photographer)
and date
Caption below figure
Figure 1. Short-term memory test involving pictures. Reprinted
from Short-term Memory Loss (p. 73), by K. M. Pike,
2008, New York, NY: Mackerlin Press. Copyright 2008 by
the Association for Memory Research. Reprinted with
permission.
Pike, K. M. (2008). Short-term memory loss. New York, NY: Mackerlin Press.
Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s) (Year). Title.. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Figure X. Descriptive title for figure. Reprinted [or adapted]
from *Title (page number), by Author Initial(s).
Surname, Year, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder.
Reprinted [or adapted] with permission
Figures : -online,
reproduced in text
Caption under Figure
Figure 1. An example of the cobra yoga position. Reprinted from
List of Yoga Postures, In Wikipedia, n.d., Retrieved
October 28, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yoga_postures.
Copyright 2007 by Joseph Renger. Reprinted with
permission.
Artist/Author surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work [Type of work]. Retrieved from
URL
Figure X. Descriptive title for figure. Reprinted [or
adapted] from Title of Website, by Author Initial(s).
Surname, Year, Retrieved from URL. Copyright [Year]
by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.
Last revised: July 2016
Page 15 of 30
Source
Government
publications – tips
In-text referencing examples
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Treat a government document as a book, report, or brochure.
Often the author of government publications is a department or agency. Cite the full name (use correct capitalisation of departments or agencies
as they appear in the source) in the first instance and give the abbreviation in brackets. Then use the abbreviation in subsequent references.
If a person is named on the title page, use her or him as author.
If a document has no obvious author, cite the sponsoring agency as the author.
If the authoring organisation is also the publisher, use the author's abbreviated form in the publisher's details.
If a report number is available, place after the title in parenthesis.
The author and publisher should be recorded as they appeared when the document was published, whether in print or online - not amended to
their current title.
This style does not require the inclusion of the government jurisdiction (or level) – e.g. Australian Government, State – in the reference; use the
Department or agency name only. If the name of the State is part of the department name – e.g. Queensland Health – then it should be included.
Government
publications:
Victorian Government Department of Health and Community Services. Primary
Care Division. (1994). Victorian families. Melbourne: Author.
Departmental author:
print
Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Government Name, Name of Government Agency
(Year). Title. (Report No. xxx [if available]), Place of Publication: Publisher.
Departmental author:
online
The Australian Government Department of Human Services
(2011) has outlined their direction and priorities for workforce
diversity and inclusion.
Australian Government Department of Human Services. (2011). Workplace diversity
and inclusion strategy 2011–15. Retrieved from
http://www.humanservices.gov.au/spw/corporate/publications-andresources/resources/workplace-diversity-inclusion-strategy.pdf
Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Government Name, Name of Government Agency.
(Year). Title. (Report no., if available). Retrieved from URL
Standards: print
Standards: online
Last revised: July 2016
Standards Australia (2008, p. iv) recommends "the adoption of a
quality management system should be a strategic decision by
the organization."
The holding temperature of milk must not exceed 4 degrees C
after the cooling process, according to the current Australian
Standard for Farm milk cooling and storing systems (Standards
Australia, 1996, p. 6).
Standards Australia. (2004). Risk management (AS/NZS 4360-2004). Sydney, Australia:
Standards Australia; Wellington [N.Z.]: Standards New Zealand
Standard Name. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Standards Australia. (1996). Farm milk cooling and storage systems (AS 1187-1996).
Retrieved from http://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp
Standard Name. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Retrieved from URL or
database
Page 16 of 30
Source
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Australian Bureau of
Statistics
• First intext citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS],
2008)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0).
Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au
(publication – with
identifying number
includes report
numbers, catalogue
numbers, etc.)
• Each subsequent citation: (ABS, 2008)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle (cat.no.).
Retrieved from URL
OR
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle (cat. no.). Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Legal sources- tips
•
Jurisdiction: - make it obvious in the text, e.g. Victoria's Equal opportunity Act 1995 prohibits' or place the abbreviated information in brackets
after the date, (use Cwlth for Commonwealth Acts),e.g. the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ...
•
Units of division: - For sections, you may need pinpoint reference abbreviations.. These should not appear at the beginning of a sentence.
- for Acts and regulations, pinpoint references for page, paragraph, section, clause, etc. can be used. For example, s = section; pt = part,
ss. = sections. They should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. :
Examples:
•
In ss. 4-7of the copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ... OR
The copyright Act 1968, s.4, ...
for Bills pinpoint references are often to clauses or subclauses. For example, cl = clause; sub-cl
for Cases pinpoint reference to a page (number), paragraph (number in square brackets), section ('s' followed by number), etc.
Round brackets are used when the report series is organised by volume numbers, square brackets are used when the reports are organised by
year rather than volume. Ensure that the brackets used in your citation match the type of brackets used in your source.
•
In references to legislation, the year is in italics as it is considered to be part of the title of the Act.
•
Secondary sources: if you do not read the actual case or Act, but only read about them in another source, only include the source in your
reference list.
•
Cases and legislation retrieved electronically require the electronic source to be added to the reference. If the content of the document is likely
to be updated include the retrieved date. If the URL address of the case or Act is too long or cumbersome it is sufficient to give the URL of the
database from where they can be retrieved. Use the words 'available from' to clarify that you won't go directly to the document but it can be
downloaded from there.
Jurisdictions are abbreviated and in brackets e.g (Cth ) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, (UK) for United Kingdom.
Last revised: July 2016
Page 17 of 30
Source
Legislation:
Acts of Parliament
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
... by virtue of s 25.2 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth) ...
Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth). Retrieved from http://www.austlii.edu.au/
Title of the Act Year
Title of the Act Year (abbreviation of the jurisdiction)
Title of the Act and Date of publication (abbreviation of the jurisdiction), Unit of
division, if relevant. Retrieved from URL
• When citing an Act of parliament give name and year of the
act as they appear in the title. No author required
Legislation: Bills
Legal Cases
(Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth))
Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cth). Retrieved from
http://www.aph.gov.au
• Bills should appear in the same format as legislation but titles
and year should not be italicised
Title of the Bill and Date of publication (abbreviation of the jurisdiction), Unit of
division, if relevant. Retrieved from URL
... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland,1988).…
Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186
Case Name (year) volume number reporter abbreviation starting page. Retrieved
from URL of electronic source
Last revised: July 2016
Page 18 of 30
Source
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Conference papers:
Published conference
paper/ Proceedings: print
(Game, 2001)
Game, A. (2001). Creative ways of being. In J. R. Morss, N. Stephenson & J.
F. H. V. Rappard (Eds.), Theoretical issues in psychology: Proceedings of the
International Society for Theoretical Psychology 1999 Conference (pp. 3-12).
Sydney, Australia: Springer.
• The techniques for referencing conference papers are very similar to those used
when referencing a journal article. Put the conference name in italics
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Conference paper title. In Editor Initial(s).
Surname (Ed(s.)), Title of published proceedings which may include place
held and date (page range). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Published conference
paper/ Proceedings: online
Parsons, Pryzwansky, Weinstein & Wiens (1995) conclude that
Parsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., & Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy
for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, & A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and
training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American
Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and
Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Conference paper title. Paper presented at
the Conference Title, City. Retrieved from URL
Unpublished conference
paper:
(Santhanam, Martin, Goody & Hicks, 2001)
Santhanam, E., Martin, K., Goody, A., & Hicks, O. (2001). Bottom-up steps towards
closing the loop in feedback on teaching: A CUTSD project. Paper presented at
Teaching and Learning Forum - Expanding horizons in teaching and learning,
Perth, Australia, 7-9 February 2001.
• For unpublished papers, include the phrase ‘paper presented at...’ before the name
of the conference. You do not need to put the conference name in italics
Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of paper', paper presented at the Conference
Title, City, date held.
Last revised: July 2016
Page 19 of 30
Using digital sources & Social Media
All sources should be evaluated for reliability, accuracy and appropriateness. Online sources often require more careful scrutiny. In the domain of online self-publishing, which includes
wikis, blogs, social media and some websites, readers must be especially mindful of information that may be false, private, misleading, inflammatory or promoting hidden agendas.
You can cite blogs, wikis and social media – but that does not mean that these sources are necessarily reliable, accurate or appropriate. Social media is evolving and may not be
covered specifically in the style manual. You MUST check with your teacher if it is valid to be sourcing ideas and opinions from social media sites, blogs or wikis Are you permitted to
use such sources in your assessment task?
Always ask yourself:
•
•
•
•
•
Who is the author or authoring organisation – are they a reputable source and/or might they have an agenda?
Is the publication peer reviewed?
If your source has no author or date, consider whether this is a reliable source of information. Is a private post that is mere opinion or speculation, and without its own
references, an appropriate source of information for your assignment?
Is the information up to date?
What is the purpose of your assessment task?
Social networking accounts can either be open to the public or restricted to nominated readers or participants. Posts that are public should be cited in text and in the reference list.
Posts from a private Facebook page, blog, email or wiki are treated as personal communication; they are cited in text, but not in the reference list.
• Note: due to the nature of social media being a live update format and not about archiving, some of these pages may become inaccessible in the future
Last revised: July 2016
Page 20 of 30
Source
Personal
communications
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
In an email dated May 6 2011, Ms C Jones wrote “the crime was
committed during daylight hours.”
OR
It was confirmed recently that the crime was committed during
daylight hours (C Jones, personal communication, May 6, 2011).
•Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview,
private social media posts or email, without supporting data is
cited in the text only, NOT in the reference list
• Obtain the permission of the person being referred to
• Initials of the person precede the surname
• Consider indicating the role of the person being cited and
their organisation
Initial(s) Surname, personal communication, Month, Day, Year
Lecture notes
(Lewis, 2011)
Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba,
Australia: University of Southern Queensland.
OR
Bond, T. (2009). Lecture 7: Arrays and matrices ED1401: Foundations of education,
week 6 notes. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au
• Do not include State if listed in University name
• Treated like books if they are published, but like personal
communication if your own notes or unpublished. Lecture
notes are considered published if they have been copied and
distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's
permission
Last revised: July 2016
• Use the lecturer’s name as source of lecture note, add Course Name and Code
• Lecture notes obtained from any Learning Management System such as WebCT or
VU Collaborate are referenced as above, adding the URL of the website
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Lecture title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Page 21 of 30
Source
Message posted to a
newsgroup, electronic
mailing list or online
forum
In-text referencing examples
(Blaire, 2007)
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership [Electronic mailing list message].
Retrieved from the Politics and Government electronic mailing list:
http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html
• Include title of the message, and URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Titles
for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized
• If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like
post or message numbers, if available, in brackets
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title of message [Type of
message]. Retrieved from Name of platform URL of specific message
Online video
• YouTube
(Norton, 2006)
• If the author's name is not available use the screen name. Do
not italicise the titles of unpublished works
Film/DVD/Motion
Picture
Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].
Retrieved from http://youtu.be/IkMOd9PVuKg
(Author Surname OR Screen name, Year)
Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day {of video
post}). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific video
Davidson & Davidson, 1999)
Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh
appraisal [Motion picture]. San Luis Obispo, CA: Davidson Films.
Kubrick, S.P. (Producer & Director), & Clarke, A.C. (Writer). (1980). 2001: A Space
Odyssey [Motion picture]. Beverly Hills, CA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
• Place format in square brackets at end of the title [Motion picture, DVD or VHS]
Producer, Initial(s). (Producer), & Director, Initial(s). (Director), & Writer, Initial(s).
(Writer). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of
origin: Studio.
Last revised: July 2016
Page 22 of 30
Source
TV or Radio program –
single episode
In-text referencing examples
(Macintyre, 2002)
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the Century [Television series
episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), The fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation.
• Specify the full broadcast date for a single episode
• If not accessed online, provide city of production and TV studio instead of the URL
Writer/Reporter, Initial(s) (Role in production). (Year, Month Day of release).
Title of episode [Format]. In Initial(s). Producer (Role in production), Title of
series. Place of Publication: Publisher.
TV or Radio program –
online
Writer/Reporter, Initial(s) (Role in production). (Year, Month Day of release).
Title of episode [Format]. In Initial(s). Producer (Role in production), Title of
series. Retrieved from URL
TV program or Radio
program Entire series:
Bernstein, M., & Gilligan, V. (Producers). (2008–2013). Breaking bad [Television
series]. Retrieved from http://www.tv.com/
Producer/Creator, Initial(s). (Producer/Creator). (Years aired). Title of series
[Television series]. Retrieved from URL
Online podcasts
Powerpoint presentations are….(Png & Dharmarajah, 2008)
Png, V. & Dharmarajah, J. (Presenters). (2008, October / November). Effective
PowerPoint presentations. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://mpa.monash.edu.au/compass-archives/OctNov08/podcast.html
• Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary
contributors (the director, presenter, producer, or all)
• Works without an author are listed by the first significant word in their title
Author Surname, Initial(s) Year OR Producer/Publisher/Username. (Year, Month Day
{of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from URL
Last revised: July 2016
Page 23 of 30
Source
Webpages, documents
from websites &
websites - Tips
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
In-text citation
• Where possible, it is best to cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source.
• Where possible, it is best to cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source.
• When you have printed a document or webpage, do not cite the printed page numbers. This will not assist your reader to find the source.
• Provide page numbers for paginated document. For unpaginated documents, you may cite the chapter/section heading or the paragraph number.
• The date should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update.
• Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time.
Reference list
Tip: to find the date of a webpage look for 'last updated' date, which is usually in the footer.
• If possible, cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source.
• If using an article sourced from a database, provide the title of the database and the Internet address of the referring location.
• Articles retrieved from databases are usually in PDF form with page numbers.
• Library-subscribed resources usually have URLs that will not work independently, so URLs are not generally included when citing database resources
especially if they are easy to find. However try to make sure you can identify the source of the information
• Can use the terms “accessed” “retrieved” “available from" or “viewed” as required although “retrieved” is preferable here.
• To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to cite a homepage URL
Webpage / Document
from a webpage:
Author known
Coles (2011) has been a Diamond partner of Landcare since
2008…
Coles. (2011). Sustainability. Retrieved 24 July 2012 from
http://www.coles.com.au/AboutColes/Sustainability.aspx
• The Author could be an organisation, rather than an individual
Author Surname, Initial(s) (Year). Title. Retrieved Month Day Year, URL
Webpage / Document
from a webpage:
Author unknown
Behaviour modification, (2007)
Behaviour Modification. (2007). Retrieved Jun 2 2008 from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm
• If author is unknown use the title of the text and date
Title. (Year). Retrieved Month Day Year, from URL
Articles retrieved from
databases
Last revised: July 2016
(Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1)
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital
empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5),
1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
Atherton (2013) stated that…
Atherton, J.S. (2013). Learning and teaching: Behaviour modification. Retrieved from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm
• Cite as you would an online journal article
Author(s) Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume
(issue), page range. Retrieved from DOI or URL or database
Page 24 of 30
Source
About Facebook &
Twitter posts.
In-text referencing examples
• If you paraphrase or quote retrievable information from social media, provide an in-text citation (with author and date) and a reference list entry
•
•
•
Facebook & Twitter
posts –
General
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Facebook and Twitter posts are generally not considered to be scholarly If you cite them, provide enough information to access the
source. Generally this will include the author or user name, date of post (if available), title of post, the type of post in square brackets (e.g.
[Facebook update] or [Twitter post]), the retrieval date** and the URL.
**Do not provide a retrieval date if the post has a specific date associated with it already (e.g., status updates, tweets, photos, and videos.
Provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first 40 words) as the title.
Gregory Andrews uses Twitter
(http://www.twitter.com/TSCommissioner) and Facebook
(http://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner) to keep citizens
up to speed on initiatives regarding Australian Threatened
Species
• To cite Facebook and Twitter in general just mention the URL
in text in parenthesis. No reference list entry
Facebook posts –
Personal
Communications –
accounts which are not
publicly accessible
We were all asked to spare a thought for migratory birds today
(G. Andrews, Threatened Species Commissioner, personal
communication [Facebook], April 10, 2016)
Facebook posts –
Facebook Status Update
- publicly accessible
accounts
The Threatened Species Commissioner Gregory Andrews
(2016) said that shorebirds were increasingly coming
under threat…
Last revised: July 2016
• If you paraphrase or quote from social media but your
readership is unable to access the content (e.g., because of
privacy settings or it is a private message), treat as a personal
communication. You may choose to identify the source
[Facebook] or [Twitter], as a reference list entry is not required
for personal communication
Threatened Species Commissioner. (2016, April 10.). Spare a thought for migratory
birds today [Facebook post].. Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner/
Username or Group Name. (Yr, Mth Day.). Title of post [Facebook post/update].
Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/specificpageURL
Page 25 of 30
Source
Twitter posts
In-text referencing examples
BirdlifeAustralia (2016).voiced concern for the endangered
cockatoo…
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
BirdlifeAustralia. (2016, May 2). The Green Growth Plan spells bad news for
#carnabysblackcockatoo in Perth. Just 10 days left to have your say
birdsyoulove.org/act-now 1/3 [Twitter post]. Retrieved from
https://mobile.twitter.com/BirdlifeOz/status/727377714777198592?p=v
Username or Group Name. (Yr, Mth Day.). Title of post [Page type]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/specificpageURL
Blog or Wiki
Blog
(Dean, 2008)
Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Blog post].
Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport
Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Author screen name {as it appears on the blog}. (Year,
Month Day). Title of specific post [Blog]. Retrieved from URL of specific post
Wiki – no date
Wiki
(“Happiness”, n.d.)
• In general it is usually not recommended to cite entries from
Wikipedia
Wiki
Happiness. (n.d.). In Psychwiki. Retrieved December 7, 2009 from
http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Happiness
• When listing a frequently updated source, note that the retrieval date is needed
because, as true for any wiki entry, the source material may change over time
Title. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Retrieved date,
from Name of wiki: URL of specific document
• Note: Anyone can contribute to a blog or a wiki - (write, review and edit) - there is
no evidence that information is reliable
Last revised: July 2016
Page 26 of 30
Source
Music recording
In-text referencing examples
Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Music album
Wienhorst, 1999)
Wienhorst, R. (1999). Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio.
Music recording on an album
In "Seven Words of Christ on the Cross" (Wienhorst, 1999, track
10), the song ...
Wienhorst, R. (1959). The seven words of Christ on the cross (Recorded by American
Repertory Singers). On Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. (1999).
• In-text citation includes side and band or
track numbers
Bruelman, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris, France: MM
Musique.
• List artist, year, album title, medium of recording, place & record label
• If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in parentheses
after author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation
after period
• If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in after author,
and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation after period
Writer Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of song [Recorded by. Initial(s). Artist Surname,
if different from writer]. On Title of Album [Material Type]. Place of
Publication: Recording co. (Date of recording if different from copyright date).
Last revised: July 2016
Page 27 of 30
Sample APA Reference List - TIps
The References list identifies the items cited in a document in enough detail so they can be located by another person. The elements required for a References list are
outlined below:
•
The References list appears at the end of the article/report/document on a separate page.
•
It is headed by the centred title References and appears in alphabetical order.
•
The References list is organised in alphabetical order.
•
All references should be double-spaced, and should have a hanging indent (of 5-7 spaces) for the second and subsequent lines for each entry.
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References cited in text must appear in the References list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and classical works;
they are cited in text only and are not included in the References list.
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In the case of secondary sources, if you have not consulted the primary source, only include the secondary source in your References list.
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Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name, not the full name.
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If the References list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological (date) order with the earliest first.
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If the author’s name is unavailable, use the first few words of the title of the article, book or Web source, including the appropriate capitalization and italics
formatting. e.g. (Scientists Say, 2000).
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Where the place of publication is required, for US locations, provide city and state (abbreviated) - e.g. Boston, MA. For all other locations, provide city and
country. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Note: for London, you may use either London, England, or London, United Kingdom.
•
Arrange Reference entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or by title or first word if there is no author. Ignore the words A, An,
and The when alphabetising by title.
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In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, and books, capitalise only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns, except in parenthetical (in text)
citations.
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Italicise book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do NOT italicise issue numbers.
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If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on either a print or an electronic source it is included in the reference. It is often found on the first page of an article.
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When the References entry includes a URL that must be divided between two lines, break it before a slash or dash or at another logical division point.
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Remember to set your Word preferences to remove hyperlinks from URLs to prevent them appearing with an underline.
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References by the same author published in the same year are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding 'A' or 'The'), with the suffixes a, b, c, and so on,
assigned accordingly.
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Sample APA Reference List
Advanced Education Council. (1982). Future perspectives for advanced education: A discussion paper. Canberra, Australia: Author.
Brookfield, S. (1985). Self-directed learning: A critical review of research. In S. Brookfield (Ed.), Self-directed learning: From theory to practice (pp.
5-16). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Brookfield, S. (1990). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. (1998). The characteristics and performances of higher education institutions. Canberra, Australia: AusInfo.
Department of Education, Science and Training. (2008). Higher education report for the 2000 to 2002 triennium. Retrieved
from http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/highered/he_report/2000_2002/html/1_1.htm
Employee Relations Act 1992, 83 Parliament of Victoria (1995).
Gawler, I. (Speaker). (1992). Deepening your meditation: Two profound exercises to practice. In The meditation tapes (Tape 12, Side B) [Cassette
recording]. Yarra Junction, Australia: Ian & Grace Gawler.
Gawler, I. Google Maps. (2015, February 5). The British Library, London, UK. Google. Retrieved from:
https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/The+British+Library/@51.529972,- 0.127676,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x48761b3b70171395:
:0x18905479de0fdb25
HBLL Multimedia Production Unit. (2010, July 15). New Spice: Study like a scholar, scholar [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ArIj236UHs
Kessel, M. (Director). (1995). The Making of a Monologue: Robert Wilson's Hamlet [video,1:02:18 mins]. New York: Cinema Guild. Retrieved January 29, 2015, from Theatre in
Video.
Newbold, C. R. (2014). Can I Use that Picture? The Terms, Laws, and Ethics for Using Copyrighted Pictures. The Visual Communication Guy. Retrieved from
http://thevisualcommunicationguy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Infographic_CanIUseThatPicture4.jpg
Peters, M. (2000). Does constructivist epistemology have a place in nurse education? Journal of Nursing Education, 39(4), 166-170.
Retrieved from Proquest database.
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Pitkala, K., Mantyranta, T., Strandberg, T., Makela, M., Vanhanen, H., & Varonen, H. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to teach critical
scientific thinking to medical undergraduates. Medical Teacher, 22(1), 22-26.
Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/
0,23739,24949645-952,00.html
West, L., Hore, T., Eaton, E., & Kermond, B. (1986). The impact of higher education on mature age students. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Tertiary Education
Commission.
Wickert, R. (1991a). Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Open letter: Australian Journal for Adult Literacy Research and Practice, 2(1), 40- 54.
Wickert, R. (1991b). You can get them to listen but can you control what they hear? Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Paper presented at
the 16th National Conference of the Australian Reading Association, Adelaide.
Zharo, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5),
1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
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