SECTION III
Human Geography:
Cultural, Population and Urban Geography
Page 3-1
Page 3-2
Video: How Geography Defines Culture
INTRODUCTION
1) How one lives is partially determined by ______________________________.
2) Culture is naturally acquired collective behaviour.
True
False
3) Define culture:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4) List the geographic factors that influence culture:
a) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
5) These geographical factors influence how people _________________ to their surroundings.
TOPOGRAPHY
6) Define topography:
_____________________________________________________________________
7) How do cultures that live in mountainous regions adapt their food production methods to the steep
slopes of their region?
__________________________________________________________________________
8) Give an example of a human-made topographical feature. ____________________________
9) How do bridges impact local economies? _________________________________________
10) Describe how humans have altered topography to meet their needs in the following situations:
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURE
ALTERATION
RESULT
Shoreline
Dry inland regions
Wetlands
CLIMATE
11) Describe the impact of climate on forms of adaptation for the cultures:
CULTURE
CLIMATE
ADAPTATION METHOD
Sammi, Sweden
Aborigines, Australia
Bhutanese, Bhutan
Page 3-3
12) How are the spiritual beliefs of the Bhutanese people shaped by geographical elements?
______________________________________________________________________________
NATURAL RESOURCES
13) Give three examples of natural resources:
a) ____________________________
b) ____________________________
c) ____________________________
14) Subsistence needs are necessary for ________________________.
15) Why is Sweden a leading producer of furniture?
______________________________________________________________________________
16) Non-renewable resources can be harvested more than once.
True
False
17) What advantages do cities offer people? ____________________________________________
REFLECTION
How does the topography of Bhutan effect how its people build their homes?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Which of the following perspectives on the relationship between culture and environment is reflected
in this video?
Environmental Determinism
Possiblism
Give evidence from the video to support your answer:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Page 3-4
Cultural Geography Assignment
Introduction:
The objectives of this assignment are to have you:
• demonstrate the use of the vocabulary and concepts of cultural geography
• apply groupings of languages and religions to cultural groups
• describe the global distribution of important cultural features such as language and religion
• prepare and use simple maps to show the location and diffusion of a culture
• communicate effectively about a culture in an essay format
Instructions:
Primitive Earthly Culture Report
You are a cultural geographer from Alpha Centauri 4, sent to observe and describe a culture on
Earth. Your task is to describe the cultural geography of one of its cultures (your supreme leader
(aka your teacher) will assign one to you).
To accomplish this task:
1. Complete the form provided to describe basic information about your culture (region, realm and
hearth, language (including family and subfamily) and dominant religion).
2. Describe the most important elements of the three subsystems of culture for its traditional
culture. For example:
•
Technological subsystem – describe artifacts such as typical dwellings, religious temples,
agricultural land uses (i.e. rice paddy agriculture), transportation, etc.
•
Sociological subsystem – describe sociofacts such as typical family or kinship structures,
education systems, economic systems, religious institutions, etc.
•
Ideological subsystem – describe mentifacts such as the dominant moral or religious ideas,
political or economic ideas, etc.
3. Describe how this culture transformed its natural landscape into its distinctive cultural landscape.
4. Prepare at least one map (world, regional, national and/or local) to show your culture's region (in
green), its hearth (in red), its diffusion (use arrows), its past and present influences from other
cultures (in orange) that have shaped your culture, and the culture realm to which it belongs. The
usual map rules apply (title, legend, source etc.).
e.g.
French Quebec culture – on a map centred on the North Atlantic Ocean, show:
•
•
•
•
•
the cultural hearth as northern France
its diffusion from Europe to North America
its culture region as southern Quebec
France and the UK’s cultural influence as colonial powers in the past, and the United
States and the rest of Canada as present cultural influences
the “Anglo-American” culture realm (see map on p. 3-7).
3. Write a 250 word report describing your culture based on the form you have filled out and making
reference to the map.
This report should be in an essay format (intro, main points, conclusion).
As a picture is worth 1K words, you are strongly encouraged to find and include at least one
photograph showing an aspect of the cultural landscape (try a Google Images search).
Any sources you used (including for the map and photo) should be referenced in a properly
formatted APA-style bibliography (see Section 4 of the Workbook for examples).
Page 3-5
Language Classification
Language classification is controversial. The division below follows the map on the course website
(see Links).
Family
Indo-European
Languages
449
Speakers (M)
2 562.9
Sub-family
Germanic
Sample languages
English, German, Swedish
Romance
French, Italian, Spanish
Celtic
Irish, Gaelic, Breton
Baltic
Latvian, Lithuanian
Slavic
Russian, Czech, Serbo-Croatian
Greek
Greek
Albanian
Albanian
Indic
Hindi, Bangla, Sinhalese
Iranian
Farsi, Dari, Pashto
Armenian
Armenian
Uralic
39
22.6
Finno-Ugric
Hungarian, Finnish
Altaic
66
145.1
Japonic
Japanese, Okinawan, Korean
Mongolian
Mongolian
Tungusic
Manchurian
Turkic
Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek
Chinese
Mandarin, Cantonese
Tibeto-Burman
Tibetan, Nepali, Burmese
Mon/Khmer
Khmer, Mon
Munda
Mundari, Kohl
Sino-Tibetan
Austro-Asiatic
403
168
1 300
101.3
Tai-Kadai
76
70
Thai, Lao, Shan
Dravidian
73
200
Telugu, Tamil
Caucasian
42
7
Australian
263
0.04
Austronesian
1246
311.7
Georgian, Chechen, Ingush
Pama, Nyungan
Indonesian
Tagalog, Sundanese, Malagasy
Polynesian
Samoan, Hawaiian
Melanesian
Fijian, Tongan
Papuan
715
3.36
Hiri Motu, Enga, Dana
Nilo-Saharan
204
30
Dinka, Luo, Maasi
Niger-Congo
1 514
450
Fulani, Zulu, Ibo, Yoruba
Khoisan
27
0.15
Khoi, San
Afro-Asiatic
375
285
Hamitic
Berber
Chadic
Hausa,
Cushitic
Oromo, Somali, Afar
Semitic
Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic
American Indian
866
31.6
Mohawk, Quechua, Guarani, Dene
Inuit / Aleut
11
0.1
Inuit, Greenlandic, Aleutian
Page 3-6
Page 3-7
Name:
______________________
Cultural Geography Assignment
Teacher: ______________________
1. Complete the following table:
Primitive Earthly Cultures Report
Name of Culture:
Language:
Cultural Hearth:
Language Fam ily:
Culture Region:
Language Subfam ily:
Culture Realm:
Dominant Religion:
Most Important Elements of the Culture
Technological (artifacts)
Sociological (sociofacts)
Ideological (mentifacts)
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
Most Important Landscape Changes
Describe the physical landscape:
Describe how it was transformed in pre-industrial times:
Describe the modern human landscape:
Com ments:
2.
Attach your properly formatted map showing the geographic aspects of your culture.
3.
Attach your 250 word, word processed and properly referenced research report (including a
landscape photograph).
Page 3-8
Page 3-9
Page 3-10
Video: In Search of the First Language
1) How many languages are spoken on earth?
2) In the Christian bible story of the Tower of Babel, why did God shatter the unity of one language?
3) What language family includes English?
4) Sir William Jones saw the resemblances between what three ancient languages?
5) What regions speaks languages descended from Proto-Indo-European?
6) What method do linguists use to find common language families?
7) Why are most Indo-European languages (such as English) relatively easy to study and classify?
8) How many Indo-European languages are there?
What % of the world’s population?
9) How many Sino-Tibetan languages are there?
What % of the world’s population?
10) Why are languages in this family more difficult to study?
11) How many language families in total are there worldwide?
12) How many people today speak Salish?
How many in 18th century?
13) How many languages are in the Salishan language family?
How many have disappeared?
14) Why did this happen?
15) How many Native American languages were there?
How many still exist today?
16) How did Joseph Greenberg change our understanding of African languages?
17) How did he determine this?
Page 3-11
18) How many Native American language families did Greenberg believe there are?
Name them:
19) What modern European language is a “language isolate”?
20) How can genetics help us understand the origin and diffusion of languages?
21) Why couldn’t we use this method to determine the language of the United States?
22) What pattern does English follow as it changes in the USA?
23) What ancient “superfamily” are some linguists trying to recreate?
24) What was the word for ‘water’ 6000 years ago in this language?
25) What modern language families do they believe are descended from this “superfamily”?
26) How are they doing this reconstruction?
27) Why do other linguists reject this?
28) How far back do they believe we can go in scientifically reconstructing proto-languages?
29) When do some linguists believe the original “mother tongue” may have existed?
Page 3-12
Population Assignment
Introduction:
The objectives of this assignment are to have you:
• dem onstrate the ability to calculate som e basic m easures used in population geography
• describe the global distribution of natural change in population
• prepare and interpret sim ple m aps and diagram s showing population them es
Instructions:
Part A – Natural Change of Population by World Region in 2006
1. For each region, calculate the 2006 birth rate, death rate and rate of natural increase.
2. Based on the birth and death rates, determine which stage of the Demographic Transition
Model each region is in (see the graph in your textbook on page 4-7).
3. Using the data for the rate of Natural Increase, prepare a properly formatted choropleth map
with three equal-sized interval classes.
Note: If you prefer, you can prepare this map using ArcExplorer, showing Natural Change by
country rather than by region.
Use the cntry07_demog.shp shape file and prepare your choropleth map in the same way
as you did in the first assignment.
Natural increase data is in RNI2007, and is expressed as a per 100 population (%) rather
than per 1000.
You will also need to add a fourth interval class for “Data Unavailable” and to manually
adjust the interval breaks to make them equal-sized.
4. Are rates of natural change higher in MDC or LDC regions? (use the DAC line on the Cities
map in your textbook).
Page 3-13
Part B – Population Pyramid, 2000
Complete the table on the answer sheet as follows:
- Find the total population for each country (add the males and females of all age groups)
- Divide each age-sex category (e.g. Males 15-29) by the total population and multiply the
result by 100 to get the percentage of each age-sex group represents within that population
Construct three population pyramids on one sheet of graph paper. The bars must show each age
group by sex as a percent of the total population. Remember to properly label the diagram axes
(including units) and add a proper title and source.
Answer the following questions:
1. Which country’s population is:
a. rapidly growing
b. slowly growing/stable
c. declining
2. Identify which countries are More Developed (MDC) or Less Developed (LDC)
3. What percentage of each country’s population (both sexes) is under 15 (young dependents)?
4. What percentage of each country’s population (both sexes) is over 60 (old dependents)?
5. What percentage of each country’s population (both sexes) is between 15 and 60 (labour force)
6. What is the dependency ratio of each country?
A dependency ratio shows how m any dependents (<15 or 60+ years old) there are for each person in the
labour force (15 to 59 years old).
To calculate, divide the dependents (young plus old) by the labour force and m ultiply the result by 100 to
express the dependency ratio as a percentage.
7. Based on your population pyramids and the data you have calculated, what types of problems
will each country will face in the next 20 years?
Page 3-14
Name:
Population Assignment
______________________
Teacher: ______________________
Part A – Natural Change in Population
Complete the following table:
World Region
2006 Population
(1,000,000s)
Births
(1000s)
Birth rate
(per 1000)
Deaths
(1000s)
Death rate
(per 1000)
Rate of
Natural
Change
(per 1000)
Stage of
Demo.
Transition
N. Africa
W . Africa
E. Africa
M. Africa
S. Africa
N. Am erica
C. Am erica
Caribbean
S. Am erica
W . Asia
S-C Asia
SE Asia
E. Asia
N. Europe
W . Europe
E. Europe
S. Europe
Oceania
Attach your properly formatted map of World Natural Change in Population by Region in 2006 (or
if you use ArcExplorer, World Natural Change in Population by Country in 2007).
Rates of Natural Change tend to be higher in (circle one):
LDCs
MDCs
Page 3-15
Part B – Population Pyramids
Complete the table below (Source: US Census Bureau):
Country A
Age
Males
Country B
Females
Males
Country C
Females
Males
Females
Age
< 15
170,025
153,046
5,474
5,219
9,581
9,110
< 15
15-29
163,222
153,840
3,299
3,115
13,342
12,742
15-29
30-44
159,435
150,073
1,955
1,843
12,399
12,143
30-44
45-59
98,670
92,177
1,027
1,007
13,934
14,131
45-59
60-74
50,856
49,662
405
416
9,625
10,877
60-74
75+
11,662
16,185
67
71
3,099
5,720
Total
(1000s)
(1000s)
(1000s)
75+
Total
Attach your three properly labelled and formatted population pyramids (on one sheet)
1. Which country’s population is :
a. rapidly growing ______
b. slowly growing / stable ______
c. declining ______
2. Which country is most likely more developed (circle one)?
A
B
C
3. Which country is most likely less developed (circle one)?
A
B
C
4. Complete the following table:
% of Population
Country A
Country B
Country C
Young dependents
Old dependents
Labour Force
Dependency Ratio
5. Based on your population pyramid and the information above, what types of problems will each
country will face in the next 20 years?
A. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
B. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
C. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Page 3-17
Page 3-18
Page 3-19
Page 3-20
Video: The Population Paradox
INDIA
1. Uttar Pradesh’s population is _____ million, which is larger than all but _____ countries in the world.
2. Fertility rates in India have dropped from ______ per woman to ______ .
3. Why are birth rates lower in Southern India?
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Why are husbands and mother-in-laws considered ‘gatekeepers’ of health services for women?
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain why ‘son-preference’ is one of the major reasons behind the large family sizes in India.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. What proportion of India’s population are under 25 years old? ________________________
7. Why are daughters seen as an economic liability?
__________________________________
__________________________________
___________
8. Due to sex-selective abortions, there are _______ fewer women than men in India today.
9. Explain how access to jobs and education for women can reduce fertility rates.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
JAPAN
10. What is the current fertility rate in Japan? ________ children per woman.
11. Who are ‘parasite singles’ and how do they contribute to low fertility rates?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. In the 1970s, Japanese women were considered ___________________ if they were not married
by 25 years old.
13. List some of the reasons why Japanese women today have fewer children at an older age.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. What proportion of the Japanese population will be over 65 in 2050? ________________
15. List some of the problems facing the rural elderly in Japan.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Page 3-21
16. Describe the problems facing aging countries such as Japan today:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
THE UNITED STATES
17. Why will the United States population grow by 100 million over the next 50 years?
_____________________________________________________________________________
18. One American child consumes and pollutes more over a lifetime than _____ Indian children.
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
19. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the average family has _______ children.
20. Why does the population of Sub-Saharan Africa continue to grow despite high mortality rates due
to HIV-AIDS infections.
_____________________________________________________________________________
21. List some challenges that this population growth creates for Sub-Saharan African countries.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
22. Family planning programs in Kenya cut fertility rates from ______ to ______ children per woman.
23. What happens to a country that stays in Stage 2 (Early Expanding) of the Demographic
Transition too long?
_____________________________________________________________________________
24. Describe how HIV-AIDS infection and population growth are linked.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
25. What cohort of the population is being lost to HIV-AIDS in this region? _____________________
26. Sub-Saharan African women are most likely to contact HIV from _________________________
27. What proportion of women in Sub-Saharan Africa use birth control? _______________________
28. Why have many family planning clinics in developing countries been closed over the last decade?
_____________________________________________________________________________
29. What do Kenya and India have in common?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Page 3-22
World Urbanization Assignment
Introduction:
Since 1950, world urbanization levels have risen from 29% to over 50% of the world's population.
Most growth has been concentrated in LDCs. In this assignment, you will look at this change in two
ways: first in terms of the urbanization level by region, and second, by comparing the growth rates of
the world's largest cities in 2000 and 2015.
The objectives of this assignment are to have you:
•
•
•
demonstrate the ability to calculate some basic measures used in population geography
describe the changing global distribution of urban populations
prepare and interpret simple maps and diagrams showing urban geography themes
Instructions:
Part A - World Urbanization Map
1. Using the data for % Urbanization in the World Geographical Information Table by Development
and Region, 2006 found in the back of your Workbook (p.T-9) classify the 18 world regions into
three intervals by the urbanization level using the three stages of the urbanization curve ((0 to
25%, 25 to 74.9%, and 75 to 100%).
2. Prepare a properly formatted choropleth map with using these three intervals.
3. Identify in which regions the highest and lowest levels of urbanization are located and link these
findings to levels of economic development (MDC/LDC).
Part B - The Growth of the World’s Largest Cities, 2000-2015
1. From the table provided, locate the world’s 25 largest cities, find their world region and calculate
the percentage growth of from 2000 to their population in the year 2015.
% growth
e.g. Mexico City
world region= Central America
=
[ ( 2015 pop ! 2000 pop ) ÷ 2000 pop ] × 100
=
=
=
=
[ ( 21.6 ! 18.1 ) ÷ 18.1 ] × 100
[( 3.5) / 18.1 ] × 100
0.193 × 100
19.3 %
2. On the map you prepared in Part A, draw a circle centred on each city proportional to its % growth:
If the % Growth is:
> 75%
50.1 to 75%
25.1 to 50 %
# 25%
Make the circle the size of:
-
a quarter
a nickel
the end of a pencil
a small dot
The circles will overlap in some areas. Colour MDC cities blue and LDC cities red.
3. Describe the regional distribution and socio-economic development (MDC/LDC) of the five
most rapidly growing cities and also of the five slowest growing cities on this list.
Note:
You may use ArcExplorer to make these maps. Ask your instructor for instructions.
Part C – Summary
Explain the relationship between economic development, urbanization levels and urban growth rates.
Where are the most rapidly growing cities found? Do these regions have high or low levels of
urbanization? Are these regions mostly MDCs or LDCs? Use examples in your discussion. Your
answer should be in the form of a word-processed report of about 250 words. Illustrate your answer
with reference to the maps and materials from the class, readings or videos.
Page 3-23
Page 3-24
World Urbanization Assignment
Name: ______________________
Teacher: ______________________
Part A – World Urbanization Map
1. List the world regions that were in each stage of the urbanization curve in 2006 and use these
three classes to make your choropleth map of world urbanization.
a.
World Regions in the Initial Stage of urbanization (#25%):
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b.
World Regions in the Acceleration Stage of urbanization (25.1 to 75%):
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c.
World Regions in the Terminal Stage of urbanization (>75%):
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. The highest levels of urbanization tend to be in (circle one):
MDCs
LDCs
Part B - The Growth of the World’s Largest Cities, 2000-2015
1. Complete the table on the back of this page.
2. Attach your properly formatted map showing world urbanization levels in 2006 and the World’s
Largest Cities.
2. The five fastest growing cities on this list are located in which world regions?
______________________________________________________________________________
They are mostly: (circle one)
MDCs
LDCs
3. The five slowest growing cities on this list are located in which world regions?
______________________________________________________________________________
They are mostly: (circle one)
MDCs
LDCs
Attach your properly formatted map showing world urbanization in 2006 and the fastest growing cities.
Page 3-25
Part C – Summary
Attach your word-processed, properly formatted and referenced report of about 250 words on world
urbanization.
Population of the 25 Largest Cities of the World in 2015 and 2000
2015
Population
(Millions)
2015
rank
2000
Population
(Millions)
2000
rank
City
Country
Tokyo
Japan
35.5
1
34.5
1
Mumbai
India
21.9
2
16.1
5
Mexico City
Mexico
21.6
3
18.1
2
Sao Paulo
Brazil
20.5
4
17.1
4
New York
USA
19.9
5
17.9
3
Delhi
India
18.6
6
12.4
8
Shanghai
China
17.2
7
13.2
6
Kolkata
India
17
8
13.1
7
Dhaka
Bangladesh
16.8
9
10.4
15
Jakarta
Indonesia
16.8
10
11.1
12
Lagos
Nigeria
16.1
11
8.4
23
Karachi
Pakistan
15.2
12
10
17
Buenos Aires
Argentina
13.4
13
11.9
9
Cairo
Egypt
13.1
14
10.4
14
Los Angeles
USA
13.1
15
11.8
10
Manila
Philippines
12.9
16
10
18
Beijing
China
12.9
17
9.8
20
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
12.8
18
10.8
13
Osaka-Kobe
Japan
11.3
19
11.2
11
Istanbul
Turkey
11.2
20
8.7
22
Moscow
Russia
11
21
10.1
16
Guangzhou
China
10.4
22
7.4
26
Paris
France
9.9
23
9.7
21
Seoul
South Korea
9.6
24
9.9
19
Chicago
USA
9.5
25
8.3
24
World Region
% Growth
Source: UN Populations Division (2005) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision.
http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm. Accessed on the WWW June 27, 2007. Table A-11.
Page 3-26
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Video: No Fitting Habitat
Answer the following questions as you watch the video:
1. What human activity led to the creation of the first cities?
2. Why did this activity necessitate the creation of cities?
3. What was the main function of early cities?
4. What other human factor greatly influenced the development of the city?
5. Give two examples of cities established for this reason:
6. Where and when did the first industrial cities appear?
7. How long might the average male industrial labourer expect to live in the 1800s?
8. Suburbia was born when what two types of transportation became available?
9. Our modern cities are built for what mode of transport?
Page 3-29
Video: Population Pressure – Mexico City
Answer the following questions as you watch the video:
1. What is the population of Mexico City - gov't est.________M
UN est. ________M
2. Why is its population growing so quickly?
3. What factors are pushing people out of the country?
4. What factors pull people to cities?
5. What is meant by step migration?
6. Describe housing conditions for new migrants:
7. What is the average wage of manual workers
$_____________ / day
8. What types of jobs are available to them?
9. Relate education, employment and birth control to poverty:
10. What was Mexico City's population in 1941?
_____________ million
11. Where are the jobs located in relation to where the poor live?
12. How many cars are registered?
_____________ million
13. What are some of the consequences of air pollution?
14. How much garbage and sewage is produced and what problems do they cause?
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