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PCDU – Lecture
Plant Cell, Development & Ultrastructure
Plant Cell Biology Labs
Download at:
http://goo.gl/111Tha
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Botany Text-Books
Strasburger's Textbook of Botany (Hardcover)
Eduard Strasburger
Longman Group United Kingdom; 1976
Plant Physiology and Development
Lincoln Taiz et al.
Sinauer 2015
Biology of Plants
Peter H. Raven et al.
Freeman 2005
Botany : Introduction to Plant Biology
James D. Mauseth
Jones & Barlett 2009
Allgemeine und molekulare Botanik
Weiler, E.; Nover, L.
Thieme Verlag 2008
Botanik
Katharina Munk
Georg Thieme Verlag, 2009
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Evolution
Carl Woese
1928 - 2012
Three Domains of Life:
1/ Archaea
2/ Bacteria
3/ Eukarya
Carl Woese:
From Scientific
Dissident to
Textbook
Orthodoxy
1977 - 2007
Three Domains of Life
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Domains and Kingdoms of Life
Three Domains of Life:
1/ Archaea
2/ Bacteria
3/ Eukarya
Six Kingdoms of Life:
1/ Animalia
2/ Plantae
3/ Fungi
4/ Protist
5/ Bacteria
6/ Archaea
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Lynn Margulis
1938 – 2011
Serial
Endosymbiotic
Theory (SET)
Chlorobionta
Rhodobionta
Chromobionta
akont
isokont
heterokont
opistokont
New Evolutionary System Based on Flagella
Bikont - Unikont
Unikont:
1/ Amoebozoa
2/ Opisthokonts
Single Posterior Flagellum
Opisthokonts:
1/ Animals
2/ Fungi
Bikont:
1/ Archaeplastida
2/ Excavata
3/ Rhizaria
4/ Chromalveolata
Two Anterior Flagella
Archaeplastida:
1/ Plants
2/ Green Algae
3/ Red Algae
Thomas Cavalier-Smith - 2002
Chromalveolata:
1/ Cryptophyta
2/ Haptophyta
3/ Heterokontophyta
4/ Alveolata
Chromalveolata:
1/ Cryptophyta
2/ Haptophyta
3/ Heterokontophyta
4/ Alveolata
Cryptophyta: Cryptomonads
Haptophyta: Coccolithophores
Alveolata:
1/ Apicomplexa
2/ Ciliates
3/ Dinoflagellates
Heterokontophyta:
(Stramenopiles)
1/ Alga-Like – Diatoms, Brown Alga
2/ Fungus-Like - Oomycetes
2005
3
2
1
Keeling et al. 2005
Unikont – 2002
Amorphea – 2012
Opimoda – 2015
2012
SAR:
Stramenophiles
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Adl et a. The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes.
J Eukaryot Microbiol 59: 429-493 (2012)
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Primary Endosymbiosis
α-Proteobacterium
Cyanobacterium
The pre-eucaryote
originated most likely
from a syntrophic
endosymbiosis between
a δ-proteobacterium
and an archaebacterium
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Pre-Eeukaryotic Cell
Syntrophic coupling of hydrogen producers and consumers
could have been the driving force for the formation of an obligatory endosymbiosis
H2 production by lactate fermentation: C3H5O3- + H2O >> C2H3O2- + 2H2 + CO2
H2 consumption by Metanogenesis pathway: 4H2 + CO2 >> CH4 + 2H2O
Hydrogen producer
Cyanobacterium
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Primary Endosymbiosis
Anaerobic Host
Aerobic Bacterium
Transfer of DNA
Endomembrane System
Cytoskeleton & Locomotion
Combination of Genomes
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Endosymbiotic Theory
Arguments from the pregenomic era
in favour of the endosymbiont hypothesis
Common features of mitochondria/
chloroplasts and bacteria
1. own circular genome, no histones, no nucleosomes
2. 70S ribosomes, close sequence homology of ribosomal
RNAs with bacterial rRNAs
3. RNA polymerase similar to bacterial form
4. no 5´-methyl-G cap-Structure, no polyA-tail at 3´end,
same as in bacteria
5. Translation starts with formyl methionine, as in bacteria
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Evolutionary Tree
Sequence-based arguments
in favour of the endosymbionthypothesis
Three Domains
of Life:
1/ Archaea
2/ Bacteria
3/ Eukarya
Chromalveolata
Rhodophyta
Cryptomonads
α-Proteobacteria
Giardia lamblia
Excavata
Eukaryontische rRNA:
SSU – 18S
LSU – 5S, 5.8S, 28S
Prokaryontische rRNA:
SSU – 16S
LSU – 5S, 23S
16S/18S-rRNA-tree
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften
und Rohstoffe, Hannover
3,1Mrd - Stromatolith
5
>1 Mrd
Plant Lineages
2. Primary
Endosymbiosis
Cyanobacterium
3,8 Mrd
21% O2
78%N2
O2
<3,5 Mrd
H2/NH4/CH4
N2, CO2
H2S
(purple sulfur bacteria)
>2 Mrd
Animal Lineages
<3,0 Mrd
1. Primary Endosymbiosis
α-Proteobacterium
D.J. Des Marais (2000) Science 289: 1703-1705
Complex Plastids
Simple Plastids
400 Mio
Photosynthesis & CO2-Fixiation
21% O2
H2/NH4/CH4
/N2
Bacteriorhodopsin
Photosystem I
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Photosystem I+II
Atmosphere today: 21% O2, 78% N2 0,03% CO2
aerob
anaerob
Phylogenetic tree of photoautotrophic organisms
PCDU
Plantae
Endosymbiosis
Photoautotrophic
Protists
Photoautotrophic Protists
Plants
simple plastids
Secondary Endosymbiosis
Complex Plastids
Tertiary Endosymbiosis
Establishment of Lineages Derived
from Secondary and Tertiary
Endosymbiosis Events
Chromista, Chromobionta
Evolution of Multicellular
Organisms from Unicells
Plantae
By permanent adherence of daughter cells
to each other leading to a multicellular,
vegetative body
Metazoa
diplontic sporophytic phase (red)
haplontic gametophytic phase (yellow)
Meiospores
Mitogametes
Multicellularity
Diplohaplontic Life Cycle
Chromista, Chromobionta
Evolution of Multicellular
Organisms from Unicells
Plantae
De-differentiation precedes mitosis and meiosis
•Persistence of dedifferentiated state
•Adherence, extracellular matrix
•Increase in cell number
•Increase in biomass
•Cellular compartmentalization
•Physiological specialization
•Cell-to-cell communication
•Advantage for survival of the individuum
Metazoa
•Selection acts on both dedifferentiated states
Diversity in thallus morphology
Meiospores
Multicellularity
Mitogametes
Isomorphic and
Heteromorphic
Diplohaplontic Life Cycles
PCDU
Diplontic and Haplontic Life Cycles
Sporophyte
PCDU
Sporophyte
Diplontic Life Cycle
Fucus vesiculosus
(Phaeophyceae)
PCDU
Haplontic Life Cycle
Chara
(Charophyceae)
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Haplontic Life Cycle of Diatoms
Dinophyta
www.zin.ru/BioDiv/index_e.html
http://protistas.tumblr.com/page/2
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
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Euglenophyta
Euglenophyta
www.jochemnet.de/fiu/ bot4404/BOT4404_14.html
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Cryptophyta
Cryptophyta
Nukleomorph (N2) contains 3 tiny Chromosomen with 600kbp
DNA alltogether. 80S ribosomes in the cytoplasm of vestigial
endosymbiont and cytoplasm of host cell
Arabidopsis Genome size: 125.0 Mbp ÷ 25.500 Genes
Complexe Plastiden
4 Membranen
umgeben den
Chloropast
Cryptomonas
Recent occurrence of endosymbiosis
Primary:
Leguminose root parenchyma & Rhizobium bacteria
Sekundary:
Paramecium & Chlorella
Sekundary:
coral polyp & Dinoflagellates of the genus
Gymnodinium (Symbiodinium)
Chlorarachniophyta (green net-like ameba) are another
example of a recent sekundary endosymbiosis.
They too possess a nukleomorph.
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Cryptophyta
Cryptophyta
Complexe Plastiden
Cerino & Zingone (2006)
Eur. J. Phycol. 41(4): 363–378
http://labs1.eol.org/pages/3353
Ejectisomes
organic plates
Copyright B. Becker, Köln
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Haptophyta
Haptophyta
Haptoneme
Ca-carbonate Scales
(Coccoliths)
http://www.geo.uni-bremen.de/cocco/index.php
Patron et al. (2007) Current Biology 17: 887–891
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Heterokontophyta
Hairy
Flagellum
Heterokontophyta
Stramenopiles (stramen = straw, pilus = hair)
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Heterokontophyta
Oomycetes
Phytophthora
palmivora
members of the
oomycetes are
notorious for
causing pests in
plants and animals
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
izmb.uni-bonn.de
Heterokontophyta
Anisogamie
Oogamy
Pleuronematic
flagellum
Heterokontophyta
Stramenopiles
4 Membranes surround
chloroplast
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Heterokontophyta
Xanthophyceae
http://www.netartsbaytoday.org/assets/images/Vaucheria1.jpg
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
izmb.uni-bonn.de
Heterokontophyta
Heterokontophyta
Chrysophyceae
Mallomonas favosa
Chryosphyte scales made of silica
http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Chrysophytes/
Mallomonas multiunca
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Heterokontophyta
Heterokontophyta
Bacillariophyceae
copy rights DG Mann
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Heterokontophyta
Stramenopiles
Phaeophyceae
(Brown Alga)
http://faculty.nps.edu/brutzman/kelp/images/JeffLeitzPhotos/kelp002.jpg
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
izmb.uni-bonn.de
Green Algae
positioning of flagella
Keine Phycobilisomen
Carotinoide
Phycobilisomen
Phycobiline
Cyanophora
Acetabularia Gamet
www2.mcdaniel.edu/
Chara
Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii
Chlorophyta
Charophyta, Gamet
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Green Algae
radial spokes
docking
complex
outer arm
Dynein
subunits
inner arm
9+2
axoneme
α/β-tubulin
subunits
Microtubule
13 protofilaments
basal
body
Chlamydomonas
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Types of Cell Division
Phycoplast
Persisting
Telophasespindel
Phragmoplast
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Charophyta
1. Coleochaete
2. Chara gametangia
http:// forum.aquamax.de
http://quizlet.com/26731616/charaphyceae-flash-cards/
Chara horrida from baltic estuary
Image by Sven Dahlke:
http://idw-online.de/
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Bryophyta (Mosses)
3. Bryopsida
http://www.bihrmann.com/rikke/
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
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Lycopodiaceae
4. Lycopodium
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Pteridophyta (Mosses & Ferns)
5. Pteridopsida
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?
LatinName=Asplenium+trichomanes
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
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PCDU – Lecture
Ginkgoopsida
Cycadopsida
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
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Flagellar apparatus and gamete morphology
in the Streptophyta*
1
2
3
4
5
6
Oogamie
Oogamie
7
Siphonogamie
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
loss of flagellar
apparatus
Nach vanden Hoek, verändert
Coleochaetales
Charales
Bryopsida
Lycopsida
Pteridopsida
Cycadopsida
Coniferopsida
Magnoliopsida
*streptos (greek)
= contorted
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PCDU – Lecture
Coniferopsida
Gymnospermae
Tomás E. DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ
www.unioviedo.es/bos/ Asignaturas/Botanica/9.htm
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Magnoliopsida, Angiospermae