AP European History
Chapter 27: The Great Break: War and Revolution
Name:____________________
Period:__________
Complete the graphic organizer as you read Chapter 27. DO NOT simply hunt for the answers; doing so will leave holes in your
understanding of the text. Be sure to include details regarding political/diplomatic, cultural/intellectual and social/economic themes.
I.
The First World War
Why was the Great War so long and destructive?
a. The Bismarckian System of Alliances
What were Bismarck’s two concerns while trying to preserve peace?
What was Bismarck’s solution?
b. The Rival Blocks
What was the impact of Emperor William II’s refusal to renew the
Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty?
Why did the traditionally good relations between Great Britain and
Germany give way to rivalry after 1890?
What was the importance of the Anglo-French Entente of 1904?
What did the Moroccan Crisis and the Algeciras Conference result in?
c. The Outbreak of War
Why was war in the Balkans inevitable?
Why was Serbia a significant player in the troubles of the Balkans?
What ultimately destroyed the Ottoman Empire (“The __________ __________ of _______________)
Complete the following time-line:
1908
1912
1913
June 28, 1914
July 23, 1914
July 28, 1914
July 29, 1914
August 2, 1914
August 3, 1914
August 4, 1914
What was the “blank check” that Germany offered Austria?
Why could Russia ONLY order a full mobilization?
d. Reflections on the Origins of the War
How did each of the following help bring Europe to war?
Collapse of the Alliance System
Domestic conflicts and social tensions
e. Stalemate and Slaughter
Why did most Europeans believe that the “boys will be home by
Christmas”?
Nationalism
How did the Belgians and French prevent a quick victory by the
German forces?
Describe the nature of trench warfare
What were the consequences of trench warfare…
…during the war?
f. The Widening War
Describe the war on the Eastern Front:
…after the war?
Why did Italy change sides in 1915?
How did the war impact European colonial people?
Why did the Ottoman Empire enter the war?
What happened to German colonial possessions in the war?
What was unrestricted submarine warfare? What impact did it have on the nature of the war?
II.
The Home Front
a. Mobilizing for Total War
How did most people in Europe greet
the outbreak of hostilities in 1914?
What is “total war”? How did it blur the
distinction between soldier and civilian?
What was the War Raw Materials
Board? The Auxiliary Service Law?
Why did Great Britain mobilize less
rapidly and completely than Germany?
b. The Social Impact – Describe the impact of the war on:
Labor Unions
Women
Social Equality
Death
Read “Listening to the Past: The Experience of War” on page 918-919, and answer the following questions:
How did the soldiers see the war he was
in? Was it a grand patriotic effort? Or
was it a story of senseless bloodshed
and loss of life?
How did the soldiers cope with the
reality of war in the trenches?
How did the experience of the Viennese
woman differ from the soldier’s?
Were the women who pillaged the food
hall “blameworthy” or “reprehensible,”
as the Viennese woman says?
c. Growing Political Tension
Why did most people initially support the war?
How did the government try to control public opinion?
Provide examples of opposition to the war in each country, and how each nation dealt with the opposition:
England
France
Austria
Germany
III.
The Russian Revolution
a. The Fall of Imperial Russia
What was Russia’s greatest problem during
the Great War?
How did the Duma respond to the tsar’s
policies?
b. The Provisional Government
Impact of the March Revolution:
What was the Petrograd Soviet?
What was the fatal turning point for Russia?
Why?
Alexander Kerensky & the Provisional Government
Impact of Army Order No. 1:
c. Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
Clearly describe Lenin’s three basic ideas:
Who were the “Bolsheviks”? Why was their name misleading?
d. Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
For what three reasons did the Bolsheviks come to power?
e. Dictatorship and Civil War – What were the results of the following key events?
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:
Constituent Assembly
Leon Trotsky
Explain how each helped the Bolsheviks win the Civil War:
War Communism
The Cheka
Civil War
Foreign Intervention
IV.
The Peace Settlement
a. The End of the War
What led to the ultimate collapse of Germany in September-November 1918?
b. Revolution in Germany
What happened to the Austrian Hapsburg Empire in 1918?
Why did the German Revolution of 1918 not ultimately end up like the Russian Revolution of 1917?
c. The Treaty of Versailles
List the goals and demands of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference (1919)
Woodrow Wilson
David Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
United States of America
.
___________________________
___________________________
Describe how the Treaty of Versailles impacted Germany in terms of it’s…
Territory
Military
Economy
Responsibility
for the War
Vittorio Orlando
________________________
Why did the Arabs feel cheated by the changes that occurred within the Ottoman Empire?
What was the “Balfour Declaration”?
d. American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty
Why did the US Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?
How did this impact the decisions made by Great Britain? By France?
What was the result of this declaration?
V.
The Document-Based Question (DBQ)
a. Please read the “Introduction” on page A-2 (at the end of the textbook). Keep that in mind as you examine the documents on
page A-24-A-25.
DBQ 11: World War I and the Home Front
Question: What effects did the Great War have on the European home fronts during the course of the fighting?
Document
Document 1: Employment of
Women in wartime British
Industry, 1914-1918
Document 2: Blockade, 1932
Summary
Point of View
Write a thesis statement that specifically addresses the above question:
Document 3: VI Lenin, “The Call to
Power,” 1917
Document 4: Letter to the prefect
of the dept. of Isère, 1917
In the space below, outline how you would answer one of the following Free Response Essay Questions
1. Compare and contrast the crises in state authority that precipitated the French Revolution in 1789 and the February and October Revolutions in
Russia in 1917.
2. Analyze the effects of nationalism on the Austrian Empire in the period 1815 to 1914.
3. Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the status of
women.