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International Situation Post War
United Nations Founded 1945
 51 countries signed charter creating the UN
 Based on collective security
 2 governing bodies:
General Assembly – issues are debated; each member nation has a vote;
Function: publically condemn actions, use economic sanctions, deploy armed
forces
Security Council - 5 permanent members (China, France, UK, Russia, and USA), 10
non-permanent serve for 2 year terms
Function: maintain peace; deploy peacekeeping missions
 International Court of Justice in the Hague
Makes rulings on member disputes
Gives legal advice to Assembly and Security Council
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UN Cont.
 Oversees organizations like United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and World
Health Organization (WHO)
 Canada has supported UN since beginning
Aiding refugees (war and natural disasters); also building schools, dams, and roads
 Canada had been involved in almost every UN peacekeeping mission since they
began in 1956
The Cold War
 War of ideologies: communism vs. capitalism
 Two superpowers after WW2: United States and U.S.S.R.
 Hostility increased b/w Americans and Soviets
 Why call it a Cold War?
No shots fired, and no battles too place
Both sides stockpiled munitions (mostly nuclear weapons)
Spies were also employed by both sides
*American Mindset
 USSR established satellite states – took control of neighbouring countries
 Americans feared world would fall to communism – country after country fell like
dominos to communism
 Containment – stop communism from advancing further
Marshall Plan
Offered billions of dollars to war torn European countries
Help them resist communism
Canada contributed $2 billion
 Iron Curtain
Imaginary line separating communist from non-communist countries

Canada Enters the Cold War
 Gouzenko Affair (1945)
Igor Gouzenko – clerk at Soviet Embassy (Ottawa)
Asked for political asylum
Gave gov’t documents proving there were 2 Soviet spy rings operating in Canada
No one believed him – till Soviets broke into his apartment
Situation in Canada
 Worried nuclear weapons would rain down on Canada
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 Worried nuclear weapons would rain down on Canada
 Gov’t developed civil defence plans
 Cities made plans to protect population
Nuclear shelters were built
Sirens would sound if there were an attack
Schools ran drills – “duck and cover”
Situation in Canada Cont.
 The Red Scare
Fear of communism taking over Canada
 Injustices:
Those with possible communist sympathies dismissed from jobs
RCMP Special Branch – artists, social activists, union leaders and intellectuals under
surveillance
 PM St. Laurent refused to outlaw communism – trademark of dictatorship
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Military alliance of USA, Britain, Canada and other Western European nations
Attack on one member was an attack on all members
Agreed on use of tactical weapons (short range nuclear weapons – shells and
bombs)
Last resort would be total nuclear war
 Warsaw Pact – military alliance b/w eastern European communist countries
Arms Race
 West and East raced to build nuclear weapons
 Tried to maintain nuclear equality
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile were developed
Armed with nuclear warheads
Launched from USSR – took only 30 minutes to reach North American Citied
Anti-Ballistic Missiles created to intercept ICBM’s
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Deterrent
 Arms race helped keep a nuclear war from “exploding”
 MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction
Each side could annihilate each other
Kept them from attacking each other
 Only lasted as long as both had same types and amount of weapons
Canada’s Role
 Middle Power – not as powerful as USA, but had international influence
Represented interests of smaller nations
 NATO Commitment
Kept brigade and air squadron in Europe (mostly West Germany)
Built and supplied military bases overseas
Tracked movements of Soviet submarines

North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD)
 PM John Deifenbaker committed Canada to this agreement in 1958
Joint air defence against threat of USSR
Long range bombers made North America a target
NORAD had a force of 1000 bombers – some always in the air armed with Nuclear
weapons
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weapons
 US built three lines of early detection radar stations across Canada (Pinetree Line,
Mid-Canada Line, Distinct Early Warning (DEW) Line)
Designed to detect Soviet attack over North Pole
US military personnel were now stationed in Canada
 Canada contributed $300 million.
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Korean War,
1950-1953
 Korea was divided
North - communist
South - democratic
 North Korea invaded south (supported by USSR and China)
100,000 troops, soviet tanks and aircraft
 UN forces (from 32 countries) sent to fight against North Korea
 Over 25,000 Canadians
1,500 wounded, 516 dead
 As of 2009, no peace treaty had been signed
Suez Canal, 1956
 Egyptian President Nasser seized Suez Canal from Britain and France
vital trade route
 Britain and France joined with Israel to attack Egypt
 USSR sided with Egypt
 UN Security Council told them to cease hostilities
 Canadian PM St. Laurent denounced British and French actions
Canada’s Role in
Suez Crisis
 Lester B. Pearson (Can. Minister of External Affairs) went to UN to work out solution
 Proposed multinational peacekeeping force (first of it’s kind)
UN Emergency Force
 Sent to Suez area under command of Canadian general
Job: maintain ceasefire and oversee troop withdrawal
 Stationed on Egypt-Israel border until 1967)
 Pearson won Nobel Peace Prize in 1957
Vietnam War,
1954-1975
 North – communist
 South – non-communist dictatorship
 South supported by USA
 Canada did not send troops
Though thousands of Canadians joined US forces
 Casualties were high
 1st war to be televised
Added to anti-war sentiment
 Anti-war protests escalated throughout the US
Reaction in Canada
 Gov’t tried to remain neutral
 Canadians increasingly turned against American policy
 Opposition originally from students, soon joined by other groups of Canadians
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 Opposition originally from students, soon joined by other groups of Canadians
 Anti-war demonstrations increased
 Many Americans who opposed the war came to Canada
 Also came to escape the draft (draft dodgers)
Homework
 Read pg. 117 – 125 (stop when you reach II. Life in Canada During the 1950’s and
1960’s)
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No need to thank me.
I’m just doing my Job.
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