The Roman Empire
Name
Study Guide #1
Period
Read the Roman Empire packet and complete this worksheet.
SECTION
1
1.
What Roman leader started the Pax Romana?
2.
What was Octavian's name changed to and how many years did he rule?
3.
How did Augustus clean up the comrption in the Roman provinces?
4.
What does the terms Pax Romana mean?
5.
What do they call the reign of Augustus Caesar?
6.
About how many people lived under his rule?
7.
How did Augustus change the city of Rome?
8.
Why did Romans call their city the "eternal city"?
SECTION
2
COMPLETE SECTION REVIEW IN TIIE PACKET
Circle T for True or F for False. Make each false statement true by changing the underlined
word.
9. TorF
10.TorF
11. TorF
12. T orF
13. TorF
SECTION 4
14. What Roman Emperor divided the Roman Empire into two parts? Why did he do this?
15. Where did Constantine move the capital of the Roman Empire?
16. Who was the best-known leader of the Huns?
17. What was the name of the leader who put an end to the Roman Empire?
18. In what year did it end and how long did it last?
SECTION
5
COMPLETE SECTION 5 REVIEW IN THE PACKET
CIRCLE T FOR TRUE OR F FOR FALSE. MAKE EACH FALSE STATEMENT TRUE
BY CHANGING THE LINDERLINED WORD
19. Who did the Roman culture influence?
20. Romans thought that law should do two things-what
2I.
arc those two things?
Listtwo practical things did the Roman's build?
22. Whattwo advances helped Roman
engineers build large structures?
23. TorF
24. T orF
25. T orF
26.
T orF
27.T orF
SOURCE READING WRAP-UP QUESTIONS
ROME'S BLOODY SPORT
28. What kind of entertainment did
Seneca expect at the Colosseum?
29. What kind of fisht was held at lunchtime?
30. According to
Seneca,
why did some spectators prefer this kind of event?
31. How did the spectators act toward the fighters?
32. How does Seneca feel about what he saw
at the Colosseum? Explain your answer.
reV m.#. Ew &-ffi. &Wffi
B.c, Rome began the second great period of its
E 1.27
a history. It became an empire that lasted for 500 years.
People of different races, customs, and religions lived in the
Roman Empire. In this chapter, you will learn about the
Pax Romana, which octavian began. you will also learn
about the new religion of christianity and about the fall of
the Roman Empire in e.o. 476.
il*aEs
F
iiliir:iikNi::ii:ii;::,.
f*r ileanraae-ag
:\::.;::.,
.t, :,
.
To describe the reign of Octavian, who was known as
Augustus Caesar
To distinguish berween Rome s good and bad emperors
To explain how rhe Roman Empire treated the
Jewish people
To describe the rise of Christianiry
tu To identify the major conffict between Rome and Christians
F To list ar leasr three reasons for the decline of the Roman
ffiffi
Empire
To recognize rhe practical gifts of the Romans ro world
civilization
ffiffitu
a.o.
1 Traditional
;:r';-:,;-l
dare
for rhe birth of lesus
becornes efnper{}r
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8.-.-----_
l I a.o. se
a.o.14 Tiberius becomesernperor I i
-
725 s.c-
iI
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beccwes errrper.ir
I| 1:':1'r::{lr.
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-tratan Lleccrlres en-rperor
Hacirian becoitit:s emperr)r
i
i
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illlla.o.306
---.-----.---.--.---_
ijrtlt-r-rrrsrantine i I A.D.375 Huns
i breroniesenrDercrr i I InvadeLurope
i
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e.o.175
e.o. 117
-fheodclsius
I makes Chrisriarrrri
I a.o. 395
j rhe official religion of the Roman Emprr,.
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i
J
a.a. ?5*
r--
a.o.284 -Diocierian
--'-'-"
ii
it-idivides
the
Roman
I f mptre tnrc.two parts
!---,--__--_.-._,._._..i
i
i
i
I
ilo.4?6 Tl* C.rri
j
C)d..l,,,,
takes control of Rome; f';rll or
Rome in rhe Wesr
now known
TnZ7B.c., Octavian'
a. -- grcor vvrrve
econa g"ut'ieri"
the sseconcr
9f
began
as Augustus Caesar'
n"**:t:"3;:iffi
empue
This ;tr#
an empire.
il;;.t a refublic; it had become om27 s'c' to e"p' 476'
lasted for five
ft""i*ayears-fr
and
Britain and the Rhine
northtostretched
The empire
Sea' much
the Medittltultul
River
Danube Rivers';;;;;t"11ed
reached the Euphrates
It
of North eftit", "tJB"qt'
the West' Nearly 100
i"
Ottut'
eUi"iit
in the East utta
lived under its rule'
tit
;txt;;teoPle
t Golden Age?
Who Ruled During R9*: y;;;*"-"; "Golden Age of
41
we call a,tgo'io' Cu!'u'"
lld tottoms of the
ut
u'i"gu-utrt
Romel' H" *u'iitJio
.il;',-#
r ep ubric H"
brousht new
;d*:11lj,H:'r::il1ffff *.'
;; But Augustus
if"i:ffffi;;il
to the emPire' too'
r
things
., i.
s' public^build -ings'
new temples' theater
water to
Au gustus built
,ou-dr, and a
Rome. He said,
bridge Sul :u"ied
1"'s::;;;i;;a
it foo"a Rome u tif of Urick and left it a city
city'
p'ood of their beautiful
*t"
Romans
The
of marblel'
ojYears
*r'i;;;; hundieds
*1
ln.it"
the
it was
foi""er;
r"tt
ffit";;*l"ra
"eternal city]'
What KePt Government
Officials Honest?
.
Italy
the lands outside of
The Romut' "AttJ
in
Provinces
PeoPle
,#;;;"1";;'' g"t
tomt officials were not
oaid heavy taxes'
t"
fry
^honest.Muchofthismoneyn:verreached
do to change this?
Rome. What t"i;;;stt*t
into two groups' The
provinces
the
He divided
rhe
the older Provinces'
provinces on the
controlled the newer
;;;;;;;r'ou'a
emPeror
fro ntier. r*o
go.;;,,l.."i
"*'g'^t:*t':':""ione orhciar took
["J;f]J#"?.J;;;;;"'
lgl
ChaPter 8
TheRomanEmPire
clre of military and
governmental things. The
other off,cial took care of
everything that had to do
with money. Each official
watched the other. This
kept them honest.
What
Is
the Pax
Romana?
With these changes,
Augustus brought Peace
to Rome and order to the
Rcnran
empire. This period of
over 50,000 pecple coulci attend sporting events in the
80'
in
n'o'
conrpleteci
Coiosseum. lt was
peace lasted for 200
years-from27 B.c. to
A.D. 180. We call it the
pax Romana, or the Roman peace. During this time, each
+Civiiized
province could trade with every other provincg, and the
Having more of the
p.opl.lived civilized lives. That is, the people had good
things that make
gorr.rrr*ent and the things that make life easier and more
life easier
beautiful.
+llax Rornana
The Roman Peace
write
S,EfrTfl#h,! i WW\fhWW On a separate sheet of paper,
thatbegan during
the reign of
Augustus Caesar
answers to these questions.
1] What do we call the reign of Augustus Caesar?
the rule of the
2,1 About how many people lived under
Roman EmPire?
$,! How did Augustus change the city of Rome?
e
] Why did Romans call their city the "eternal city"?
5l what do we call the period of peace that began during
the reign of Augustus?
What do you think
How could having rwo government officials in each province
keep them both honest?
7V a"c,tw a,w" &Vffi
The Roman
EmPire
ChaPter
I
f93
Augustus did good things for the people in his empire. After
his death in e.o. 14, however, some emperors did well;
others did poorly. Because these emperors served for life,
people had to accept them. But sometimes, citizens refused
to accept the bad. Then theymurdered the emperor.
Between A.D. 180 and284,4 out of 29 emperors died a
natural death; 25 were murdered.
Debate
To talk about
something; to have
two or more sides
talk about
something
Insane
To be
ill in one's
mind
Who Were Some Bad Emperors?
After Augustus's death in e.p. 14, his adopted son, Tiberius,
became Rome's second emperor. He knew how to lead, but
he was not popular. He thought that everyone wanted to
hurt him, but he had no proof of this. One Roman wrote
that Tiberius put someone to death every day of his reign!
In e.p. 37, Caligula became emperor. He was insane, or ill
in his mind. Some say he made his favorite horse a senator
and demanded that people call him a god. He also spent all
the government's money on foolish things. Because he was
such a bad emperor, his own guards killed him. (The job of
these soldiers was to protect him!)
How Did Claudius Become Emperor?
After Caligula's death, the senate tried to decide who
should be the next emperor. While they debated, or talked
=
'.
''-=
'--=
-
Ptolemy was a famous scientist. He lived and worked in Alexandria,
Egypt.We know little else abour his life.
Ptolemy observed the sun and srars. He studied Greek geomerry.
His writings on these topics are in 13 books. They are called rhe
Almagest. That means "the greatest." Ptolemy said the Earth was the
center of the universe. lt stood still. The sun and stars moved
around it. For about 1,400 years, almost everyone believed this.
Ptofemy was also a geographer. In his Geography, he corrected rhe
mistakes of earlier geographers. He drew a map of the world that
everyone accepted
194
Chapter
B
The RomanEmpire
over the problem,,the grlards picked Cftudi-us, (Hrc was the
5O-year-old uncle of Catigula.) Most senalorS thought he
was a fool. However, Claudius surpilsed everyone!'He
becameafineruler.
,t,"
','
Claudius helped Rome to be orderly and peacefi;l. Then, in
e.o. 54, his wife poisoned him. Shewanted.Nero,'her 16year-old son from another marriage, to be-ernpeior. Most
iristorians think that Nerb'was :One of Rome's worst emperors.
What Kind of Artist Was Nero?
Nero thought of hlmself as an artisi- He sang and plafed
the lyre' which was a small musical instrurnentwith
,oirri.. When he played, people were forced to listen. They
could not leave the theater. Even the senators and the
soldiers thought he played poorly!
In a.p. 64, afire lasting nine days destroyed half of Rome'
some people said"that Nero started the fire. They even said
that he played his lyre while Rome burned!
Then, in a.n. 68, some powerfirl armygenerals rebelled
against Nero. The senate condemned him to death. That is,
they said that the'government must kill him. However,
Nero took his ow:l life. His last words were, "What an artist
the world is losing!" After his death, army generals once
again fought to become emperor. The empire had four
emperors in one year.
How'D,id, Trajan,,lmProve the Empire?
For 80,years-from A.B. 98 to 180-tluee good leaders ruled
Rome. Under Trajan, who ruled from e.p. 98 to 117, Rome
reached its greatesi size.r,The governrnent gave free grain to
the poor and let farmers borrow money at a low cost. It also
gave everyone free'entertainmenL That is, people could go
to thea-tg1s for plays and other aryusrng t!i1gs.
What Did Hadrian Do for the EmPire?
Hadrian followed Trajan as emperor and ruled from a'o'
l17 to 138,,lle passed laws that plptected women, children,
and slaves. He also rnade these laws the same in every part
27 s.c.to A.D.4761
Ihe,Roman,,Empire ChaPterS
f
5
--.8.
jii
:.<j,
of the empire. He built new
buildings, lowered taxes, and
built a wall across England. This
wall defended Roman territorY in
the south of England from the
enemy in the north. (Parts of
Hadrian s Walt are still standing.)
Why Did Ernperor Marcus
Marcus Aureiius spenf nruch of his tinre as eri'lperor in
rhefielCwith soidiers'
AaareBius Beconne a Soldier?
Marcus Aurelius became emPeror
in e.o. 161. He lived a simPle life
and liked books and ideas. But he
soon became a soldier and took
direct command of the Roman
army. He did this because
German tribes from the north
attacked the empire's borders
along the Danube River. These
Germanic peoPle wanted to settle
within the empire.
+Bard"er
The dividingline
bettYeen two
countries
1]ectL',\e
To lose Power; to
turn downward
cTreasury
ThemoneY
collectedbY the
government and
used to PaY for
things
Why Did Mareus Aurelius Let in Envaders?
As the empire grew larger, Rome needed many soldiers to
defend uttd protect it. Of course, the government had to
pay them. This cost a lot of money and drained the
government's treasurY.
Aurelius wanted peace. He let the German invaders along
the Danube River settle inside the borders of the empire.
The empire lasted for anothei 300 years. But already it had
started io decline, or lose its power. A Roman historian
wrote that Rome had changed "from a kingdom of gold to
one of iron and rust."
Why Eid the Empire Decline?
The Roman Empire began to decline for several reasons.
First, its government never found a simple way to choose a
Too often when an emperor died, civil war
,r.*
"*p.ror.
broke out. Often, military generals fought each other for
r96
L
Chapter
8
The Roman EmPire
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ti
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o'
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&;m
l-_l
-
wawat "
Roman EmPire, c' AD'235
urr.. Roman walls
GERJT4ANIC
GALLIAE
"rt..
TRIBES
{"*
i,
s
l
a!r"*^,
DAcrA
VIENNENSIS
ITAUA
ufic&a
HISPANIAE
Rome'
Balesick.
MOESIAE
THRA.IAE
ANAT''A
:- | (lslA
MINoR)
Sardinia
..Athens
Carthage
ASIANIA
'
Crete
Cnrus
ORIENS
STRIAN
Alexandria.
AFRICA
DESERT
.
ORIENS
ARABIA
&{HARADESERT
Empire in about n'o'
This map shows the borders of the Roman
235.Whatisthenameofthewa|latthemostnorthernPointof
build other
the empire? Near what rivers did the Romans
would someone travelwhen
fro.".iiu" walls? What direction
going from Rome to Alexandria?
rPlague
A disease that
sPreads
froffi
pefson tu Person
andkills rnory
People
V7 g.c'to A'D' {*76
as with Claudius'
the power to govern Rome' Sometimes'
of its wars'
,olai"., chosJthe new leader. second, because
Third' a plague-a
the government had too little money'
that spreads from Person to per19n-and€auses
dise-ase
*"*todie-hittheempire.(ItprobablykilledMarcus
the empire'
Aurelius in e.p- 180.) Ail ttris weakened
TheRomanEmPire ChaPter
8
L97
_a1i;.i$;!
-"&'*tfiT";;
o.ckJ"aing4,',
:**Umtmil*ffi
'""1'
r1;"i
nymnl,l}'t4
, rhousand's oflishtlned people tri$,.to-iun. ,, !Y,#i'nl uq ,1r5 ,'1"s;r
on their heads
heads djscovered that,,rnud had,covCled and i
pillowion
the cigy,They qied pilloWs
ftom the',cigy'They
.otection
', " hardened on,many;dead bodies' when the,
ftom the iain'of fire. Wiihin,, '::
for proteclion,jiom:th;
f1bf
fle..{ithin,
shaRer or mol4
30 feel of ish a1$ ci1$ers bur!5d'
, : t,Po$e{,9ecive4:l"tl""tll1ir
'
l
, 'i buhirra in thi trti'aened'mud
.
,
,
,
'
rh"l.r.i""oriii*, h#",rJ
i'rcouer"d nt,,,
streeis;oth3is.dieaintheirh.'-9n*^.''brea4figs,"gg-ioniinner'tab|es;furniture
merchant dlecl nextto a stacK or colnS- l'€ts
died with their masters'
Then the rain of fire ended. Only the top-s of
wallsandufu*.olu*nsstoodabovethe' r
and childrens toyq that:still work! Today,
lts ruins stand frozerr in time-
: '
''
'
'
SECTION 2 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, write
Trueif the statement is true or Falseif the statement is not
true. Make each false statement true by changing the
underlined word.
1) Tiberius was the adopted son of Caligula-
2) Emneror Claudius was insane.
3) Historians think that Nero was one of Rome's worst
emperors.
passed new laws to protect women' children,
and slaves.
c) Claudius
5) Defending the borders of the Roman Empire led to
more soldiers.
How would a plague weaken a country or an empire?
198
Chapter
8
The Roman Empire
In e.n. 284, Diocletian, a general, became the
Roman
emperor. He thought that the empire was
too large for one
to
govern,
q:t:9"
so he divided it into rwo parts. The
line
berween the rwo parts luy*.ri of Greece.
livid;ng
Diocletian ruled_the eastern part. Another person_2
coemperor-ruled the western part.
Who Moved the Capitatto Byzantium?
In e'o. 306, constantine became emperor. By
this time, the
western part of the empire-the part in which
Rome was
located-was weak- c&stantine moved the capitar
to
Byzantium. This old Greek city stood on the
wistern edge
of Asia Minor. He named his new capital
constantinopre
after himseH.
Who Were the Huns and Visigoths?
For hundreds ofyears, German tribes had
fought the
army. In battle, th.y were skilled *urri"orr.
By a.o.
lgman
200, many Germans rived within the empire.
some of them
even became Roman soldiers.
Around
*n-
375, a non-Germanic
tribe caned the Huns
invaded Eastern Europe. They came from
central Asia and
were expert horsemen and fierce warriors.
Their most
famous
leader
was
Attila the Hun.
i,
::,,,:,..,
For manyyears, the Huns rode across
Europe, defeating every tribe th"y met in
battle. One German tribe, the Viiigoths,
feared them. Rome let the Visigoths move
within the Roman Empire. The Visigoths
promised not to bring weapons wittrthem.
Rome promised to give them land. Neither
side kept its promise.
What Year Did the Roman Empire Fall?
As king of the Huns, Artila led his warriois
on several raids on the Roman Empire.
2O4 Chapter 8. The Roman Empire
The Visigoths began to attack Roman towns.
In a.o. 378, Rome sent an army against them.
But the Visigoths defeated the Romans at rhe
Battle ofAdrianople. This was one'of,the most important
events in world history. For the first time in hundieds of
years, Rome could not defend itself!
In a.o. 410, the fisigoths looted Rome. In e.o. 455, another
German tribe, the Vandals, came into Rome and destroyed
much of its beauty. (To this day, we call people who destroy
property vandals.)
Then in e.o. 476, Odoacer, aGerman leader, took control
of Rome. Roman rule-as a republic and as an empirehad lasted for 1,000 years, but now it was no more-The
western part of the empire had collapsed. However, the
eastern part survived, or continued.
SECTION 4 REVIEW Choose the letter of the answer that
correctly completes each sentence. write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
t
) Emperor
parts.
_
divided the Roman Empire into two
a. Marcus Aurelius c. Diocletian
b. Constantine
d. Visigoth
z)
Emperor
moved the capital of the empire from
Rome to Byzantium.
a. Marcus Aurelius c. Diocletian
b. Constantine d. Attila
3) The name of the new capital was
a. Adrianople
c. Odoacer
b. Hun
d. Constantinople
a) The best known leader of the Huns was
a. Attila
c. Diocletian
b. Odoacer
d. Visigoth
5) Historians give the date of e.o.
for the fall of
Rome.
a. 378
b. 410
27 B.c, to A.D.476
c. 455
d. 476
The Roman
Empire Chapter I
2Os
The fall of Rome did not end its influence. Roman culture
influenced the German invaders. Its influence continues to
this day, because Rome gave many gifts to world civilization. These gifts were practical ones' for the Romans
were a practical people. They liked usefirl things'
Why ls Roman Law a Gift to Civilization?
Roman law is one example of how practical the Romans
were. In manyways, these laws made the empire a success
for a thousand years. Romans respected the law. They
thought that a law shouldbe fair' just, and
reasonable. (That is, it should make sense
to people.) They thought that law should
do two things. First, it should protect
people's lives and property- Second, it
should punish those who do wrong-
A special part of Roman law, called the
Law of Nations, applied to non-Romans'
Under this, Rome gave them legal
protection. Roman law protected people
ho* many different places and cultures'
What ls the Code of lustinian?
In e.o. 527, Justinian, the emPeror in the
East, feared that Roman lawwould
disappear. He collected and organized all
Roman laws into a code. The Code of
Justinian became the basis, or idea, for the
legal system of many European countries'
What Practical Things Did the
Romans Build?
One practicalthing the Romans did was
build aqueducts like this one. These were
used to transPort water.
206 ChaPter I
The Roman EmPire
The Romans became the greatest road
builders before modern times. (People in
some countries still use Roman-built
roads today!) They also built fine bridges
and large aqueducts.
A rnixture of sanf,
r4tdler, and other
trmterials that
hardens to become
rocklike
lrrrpcrlection
Somethingthat
trnkes a thing or
pcrson not Perfect
\/ir u I tet{
A ceilingthat is
high, arched, and
(lvers a large sPace
The Romans developed a kind of concrete with which to
build. (Concrete is a mixture of sand, water' and other
materials. It hardens to become rocklike.) To add beauty to
their concrete buildings, they coYered them with thin, flat,
wide pieces of marble. To make the buildings larger, they
built i.igh vaulted ceilings. A vaulted ceiling has an arch to
it and can support a roof that covers a large space'
What ls the Pantheon?
Emperor Hadrian built the Pantheon, which is still
standing today. It is a temple for all the Roman gods. With
its vaultld ceiling, the Pantheon is l42feetwide. Some
Roman buildings could hold 3,000 people' In fact, the
Colosseum, where the Romans went for entertainment,
could seat 50,000 people! The practical Romans built their
roads and their Uuilaings to last. People still use a few of
them today.
How Were Roman Art and Science Practical?
The Romans wanted to find a good use for art and science.
This made them different from the Greeks, who wanted
perfect beauty and knowledge. For example, Greeks made
their statues perfect. Roman artists showed imperfections,
such as broken noses and wrinHes-
Roman Technology
Roman engineers could build large structures. Two advances helped
them. one was the round arch. The arch was not new. The Greeks,
for example had built arched gates. The Romans learned how to use
it in new ways, however. The Roman arch was a half circle. side
columns supported it. lt could hold up heavy loads. The Romans
built arched stone bridges across rivers. They also used round arches
to build great aqueducts. They brought freshwater to Roman
cities everywhere. The Romans also built arched roofs over large
The other advance was concrete. Concrete was a Roman
invention. lt let them build strong walls and arched roofs.
concrete also made Roman roads sffong and lasting. Modern
builders still use this Roman technology.
]
j
ti.t"€& A"D. e76
The Roman
EmPire ChaPter 8
2O7
Romans also used their knowledge of science in a practical
way. They set up the first health-care system. Government
doctors cared for the poor. The Romans built sewers to
improve public sanitation. Sewers, which are usually
underground pipes, carry away dirty water and human
waste. This helps sanitation. That is, it helps keep people
clean and free from disease.
Galen, who was a Greek, practiced medicine in Rome
around A.D; 180. He wrote a book in which he wrote down
everything anyone knew about medicine.'We now know
that the book has many mistakes. But it influenced
medicine for more than a thousand years.
SECTION 5 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, write
Trueif the statement is true or Falseif the statement is not
true. Make each false statement true by changing the
underlined word.
1) Romans believed that their laws should be reasonable.
fair, and just.
z) The Roman Law of Nations protected people who were
non-Romans.
3) The Code of Justinian is a collection of Roman art-
a) The Roman Panthbon could hold 50,000 peoples) The Romans wanted their art and science to be perfect'
or useful.
What do you think
The book of medicine that Galen wrorc had mistakes in it' Do you
think it still helped people after his time? Why or why not?
2OE
ChaPter
8
The Roman EmPire
rir
t-
!3
:
-{
iaj
:
Rarneos
BloodY SPort
amusement of those
Roman rulers tried to
spectators who
keeP the PeoPle hoPPy
d their
P o! itici ans nee de
gave
suPPort. So leaders
remained throughout
the daY.The men have
no defensive armor.
They are exPosedto
them"bread and
circusesi'Rulers gave
the Poor for
free grain to
food.TheY built baths
blows at all Points, and
no one ever strikes in
vain. ManY Persons
prefer this Program to
the usual. Of course
and PublicJountams'
TheY also sPonsored Jree
enrcrtainment'
Romans loved chariot
races and violent sPorts'
went to the huge
For such events' people
'Colorrur^
in the center oJ Rome' There they
co ul d w
atch ft ghters cal I ed gl adi ators'
T hey
i o ^uti *ut gt adi atorsfo ught each other they
At other times'
urud rpuori and swords'
lions' Fights were
forshtwild animals, such as
"
in awhile' afghter
oftZn to the death' Once
crowd
*^ auftotud but stitt alive'Then the him'
lf they
happen to
could decide what would
showed
pointed thumbs uP, he tived' tf they
thumbs down he died'
they do; there is no
helmet orshield to
deflect the weaPon.
or of skill?
What is the need of defensive armor'
the morning
Allthese men delaying death' In
the bears; at
and
men to the lions
they throw
The
noon, thuy throw them to the spectators'
,p"..".orc demand that the slayer
to slay him in his turn;and they
for another
always reserve the latest conqueror
fight is death'
butchering. The outcome of every
"Kill him!" "Lash him!"
In the moining they cried,
"Burn him!" "Why does he strike so feebly?"
man who
r)
times,
tu an event
This reading
a Roman writer and thinker'
describes
I
I
lz)
lattended a mid-day exhibition'
but it
.*p..ring rome fun, wit, and relaxation'
the luncheon
was quite the reverse' During
were often driven
ina.ruul, condemned criminals
in. .t''. arena and compelled to fight for the
77 &.e..to A.D.476
What kind of entertainment did Seneca
expect at the Colosseum?
What kind of fight was held at lunchtime?
i
3)
what he saw there'
By chance
is
Source ReadingWraP-UP
proJessionalfiShyrs. el
Most gladiators were
criminals
however, untrained slavis or
One day Seneca went
weTe sent into the arena'
at the Colosseum in e'o' 60' He was
shall face the
i
i
According to Seneca, whY did some
spectators prefer this kind of event?
the
a1 Ho* did the sPectators act toward
fightersl
i
sawat
i s) Ho*doesSenecafeel aboutwhathe
1 the Colosseum? Explain your answer'
TheRoman EmPire ChaPter 8