Women and Men in Finland 2014
Women and Men in Finland 2014
Communication and Information Services
ISSN 1798–176X (pdf)
Statistics Finland
ISBN 978–952–244–491–2 (pdf)
tel. +358 29 551 2220
ISSN 1456–808X (print)
www.stat.fi
ISBN 978–952–244–468–4 (print)
Product number 3414
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tel. +358 20 450 05
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Women and Men in Finland 2014.indd 124
5.6.2014 8:34:01
Foreword
This publication contains statistical data on the position of
women and men, and on gender equality in Finland.
Statistics concerning gender equality are here mainly
examined by the statistical topic division used by Statistics
Finland, but data from other sources are also included. The
tables and graphs are designed to give a picture of the position of
women and men in different fields of society.
May 2014
Riitta Harala
Director
Population and Social Statistics
Inquiries:
+358 29 551 2220
tasa-arvo.tilasto@stat.fi
Cover: Irene Koumolou
Cover photo: Hanna Varis
Layout: Eeva-Liisa Repo
©2014 Statistics Finland
ISSN 1798–176X (pdf)
ISBN 978–952–244–491–2 (pdf)
ISSN 1456–808X (print)
ISBN 978–952–244–468–4 (print)
2
Contents
Contents
Progress so far . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1
Population and families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3
Labour market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4
Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5
Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6
Health and exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8
Violence and crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9
Power and decision making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
10 Time use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
11. Gender attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Explanations of symbols
Magnitude nil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –
Magnitude less than half of unit employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Data not available or too uncertain to be reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
In some tables the sums do not amount to the totals shown because of rounding.
3
Progress so far
Progress so far
1864
1878
1890
1901
1906
1907
1908
1917
1919
1926
1930
1937
1943
1944
1961
1962
1970
1972
1975
1978
1979
1980
4
Unmarried women receive full rights (when 25 years old)
Women and men receive equal rights with regard to inheritance
The first public kindergarten is established in Helsinki
Women receive the right to study at university on equal terms with men
Women receive voting rights for national elections
(the first country to do so in Europe) and the right to be electoral
candidates (the first country to do so in the world)
The first women join the first Parliament (19/200)
Brothels in Helsinki (16) closed down
Women receive general voting rights for local goverment elections
Wives gain a right to work without their husband's permission
The Act on Women's Elegibility in State Posts is passed
The first female minister for the Finnish goverment is instated
The Marriage Act releases wives from the guardianship of their
husbands, and wives are given the right to their own property
The Act on Maternity Allowance is passed
Statutory school meals are introduced
Acts passed instituting local government maternity and child health
care clinics and also local government health visitors
The contraceptive pill is approved
The principle of equal pay for work of equal value is established both
in the public and private sector
The Abortion Act is passed
Human relationships and sex education become part of the school
curriculum
First woman to be elected to be Minister of Finance
First woman to be elected to be Minister of Justice
The father receives the right to 12 days’ paternity leave in connection
with the birth of his child
Finland's first sheltered homes were set up in Helsinki, Turku, Oulu
and Kotka
A law (taking effect as of 1 January 1982) is passed on the father’s
right to share parental leave with the mother even at a later stage
The first Plan of Action for Promotion of Gender Equality of the
Government of Finland
Progress so far
1985
1986
1987
1988
1990
1992
1994
1995
1996
2000
2003
2005
2006
2007
2009
2010
2011
The Act on Home Care Allowance is passed
Finland ratifies the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
Women are allowed to keep their family name even when married
A child is entitled to have the mother's or father's family name
The Act on Equality between Women and Men is passed
The first female priests were consecrated in the Evangelic Lutheran
Church of Finland
Children up to the age of three are guaranteed a municipal child care place
The first woman in the world to become Minister of Defence
A woman becomes a University Principal
A woman becomes Director General of the Bank of Finland
A woman becomes the Speaker of the Parliament
The Act on Equality between Women and Men is partly reviewed
The Act on women's voluntary military service is passed
A woman becomes Secretary General of the Ministry of Justice
and the Ministry of the Environment
A woman becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs
A woman becomes Mayor of Helsinki
Children under school age are guaranteed municipal day care
Finnish Government’s Plan of Action for the Promotion of Gender Equality
A woman becomes Chancellor of a University (University of Turku)
A woman is elected President of Finland.
A woman becomes member of the Board of the Bank of Finland
First female officer graduated from the cadet school
A woman becomes Prime Minister
The Act on Equality between Women and Men is partly reviewed
A woman becomes President of the Supreme Court
For the first time the majority (60 per cent) of Government Ministers
are women
A woman becomes Secretary General of the Office of the President
of the Republic of Finland
A woman becomes bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of
Finland
A woman becomes Minister of Finance
5
1 Population and families
1.1
Population by age 1900, 1960, 2012 (end of year) and 2040
(projection)
Women
1900
Age
90–
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
300 250 200 150 100 50
Total 2 655 900
0
Men
Age
Total 5 426 674
300 250 200 150 100 50
2 736 860
2 760 052
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Thousands
90–
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
300 250 200 150 100 50
2 638 416
2 666 622
•
3 021 835
0
6
50 100 150 200 250 300
Thousands
3 016 426
In 2012
An age of 100 years or more had been reached by 618 women and 91 men.
The mean age of females was 43.1 years and of males 40.3 years.
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
2 142 263
Total 5 984 898
In 2010
•
50 100 150 200 250 300
2040
Age
90–
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
0
2 303 959 Thousands
1 310 600
2012
Age
Total 4 446 222
300 250 200 150 100 50
50 100 150 200 250 300
1 345 300 Thousands
1960
90–
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
2 963 521
2 968 472
1
1.2
Population and families
Population by age group 1950, 2012 (end of year)
and 2040 (projection)
% Women Men
100
Women Men
Women Men
80
60
65– years
15–64 years
0–14 years
40
20
0
1950
2012
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
1.3
20
2040
The five biggest groups of foreign citizens living in Finland
2000 and 2012
Thousands
Women
Men
15
2000
2012
10
5
0
Russia Estonia Sweden Somalia Iraq
Total number of foreign citizens 91 074,
of which women 50 per cent.
Estonia Russia Sweden Somalia China
Total number of foreign citizens 195 511,
of which women 46,9 per cent.
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
7
1 Population and families
1.4
Foreign citizens in Finland, 20 biggest groups at the end of 2012
Estonia
Russia
Sweden
Somalia
China
Thailand
Iraq
Turkey
India
Germany
Great Britain
Vietnam
Former Serbia and Montenegro
Afganistan
Poland
United States
Iran
Ukraine
Italy
France
Other countries total
Foreign citizens total
Total
Women
%
Men
%
39 763
30 183
8 412
7 468
6 622
6 031
5 919
4 272
4 030
3 906
3 878
3 345
3 038
2 989
2 886
2 657
2 588
2 505
1 868
1 781
51 370
20 174
17 292
3 525
3 550
3 543
5 230
2 067
1 318
1 519
1 578
759
1 784
1 304
1 331
1 224
977
1 040
1 269
490
597
21 120
51
57
42
48
54
87
35
31
38
40
20
53
43
45
42
37
40
51
26
34
41
19 589
12 891
4 887
3 918
3 079
801
3 852
2 954
2 511
2 328
3 119
1 561
1 734
1 658
1 662
1 680
1 548
1 236
1 378
1 184
30 250
49
43
58
52
46
13
65
69
62
60
80
47
57
55
58
63
60
49
74
66
59
195 511
91 691
47
103 820
53
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
8
1
1.5
100
Population and families
Average life expectancy at birth 1910–2012
Age
2012:
83.4
77.5
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1910 1920 1930
Women
Men
1940
1950 1960 1970
Year of birth
1980 1990
2000 2010
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
1.6
34
Average age of getting married for the first time 1920–2012
Age
2012:
33.1
32
30.9
30
28
26
24
22
200
1920
Women
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Men
2000
2010
29 591 marriages were contracted in 2012.
According to family statistics the proportion of domestic partnerships of all families was 22 per cent.
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
9
1 Population and families
1.7
Divorces by duration of marriage, marriages contracted in 1990,
1995, 2000 and 2005, first marriage by both spouse
Divorces per 1000 married
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1990
1995
2000
2005
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Duration of marriage, years
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
1.8
31
30
29
Average age of women at first marriage and first
childbirth 1990–2012
Age
30.9
28.5
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
0
First marriage
First childbirth
1982 1984 1986 19881990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
•
•
•
•
•
59 493 children were born in 2012, of whom 24 695 (41.5 per cent) outside marriage.
The increase in domestic partnerships started to show after 1985.
First childbirth often takes place before contracting marriage.
54.9 per cent of the first-born were born outside marriage in 2012.
Children of lone mothers made up 8.0 per cent and those of lone fathers 0.1 per cent of all
children under one year in 2012.
• In 2012, lone parent families numbered 118 094. Of these, 86.4 per cent were families with
lone mothers and 13.6 per cent with lone fathers.
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
10
1
1.9
25
Population and families
Number of abortions performed 1951–2012
Thousands
20
15
10
5
0
1951 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20102012
Year
The contraceptive pill was approved in 1961.
Abortion law in 1970.
The National Institute for Health and Welfare
1.10 Total fertility rate 1900–2012
6
Thousands
5
4
3
2
1
0
1900 1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000 2010 2012
Year
In 2012
• 80,4 % of women aged 40–49 have given birth
• Mothers aged 40–49 have given birth to an average of 2.4 children
• Women aged 40–49 have given birth to an average of 1.9 children
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
11
1 Population and families
1.11 Women and men living alone as a proportion of age
group 1990 and 2012
70
%
2012 women
2012 men
1990 women
1990 men
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
18
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Age
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
12
1
Population and families
1.12 Families by type 1950–2012
Year
Number
Total
1950
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
930 572
1 036 270
1 153 878
1 278 102
1 331 971
1 365 341
1 382 970
1 401 963
1 407 759
1 411 947
1 415 104
1 420 781
1 426 002
1 431 376
1 437 709
1 444 386
1 450 488
1 455 073
1 460 570
1 465 733
%
Married Cohabi- Mother Father Regis- Total Proportion
couple ting
with
with
tered %
of family
couple children children couple
population
%
82.8
85.6
85.2
79.3
77.0
73.6
70.5
67.8
67.4
67.1
66.8
66.9
66.6
66.4
66.3
66.3
66.1
66.0
65.8
65.7
0.0
0.0
2.3
8.0
10.1
13.8
16.0
18.7
19.3
19.7
20.0
20.4
20.6
20.9
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.8
22.0
14.8
14.8
14.8
11.0
11.2
10.8
11.5
11.4
11.3
11.1
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.5
10.4
10.3
10.3
10.2
10.2
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
85.8
86.7
86.7
84.0
83.7
82.1
80.0
78.2
77.9
77.6
77.4
77.1
76.8
76.6
76.3
76.1
75.9
75.6
75.4
75.1
Average
size of
family
(persons)
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
13
1 Population and families
1.13 Families with underage children by type 1950–2012
Number
%
Year
Total
Married
couple with
children
1950
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
599 329
678 046
677 035
688 732
659 052
640 637
639 610
612 627
605 322
598 917
595 027
592 809
591 528
589 448
587 767
585 224
584 172
582 360
580 547
578 409
85.9
88.7
88.9
83.1
81.0
76.6
70.2
65.1
64.3
63.7
63.0
62.6
62.3
62.0
61.7
61.7
61.4
61.3
61.1
60.9
Cohabiting
couple with
children
..
..
0.9
4.7
6.3
9.4
12.3
15.5
16.1
16.6
17.1
17.4
17.7
18.1
18.3
18.3
18.4
18.4
18.6
18.6
Mother
with
children
12.4
9.9
9.0
10.9
11.3
12.3
15.4
17.0
17.2
17.2
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.5
17.5
17.6
17.6
Father
with
children
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
Registered Total
couple with
children
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
A family with underage refers to a family which has at least one child aged under 18 living at home.
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
14
1
Population and families
1.14 Families by type and age of mother 2012
(Families with father and children by age of father,
registered couples by age of younger spouse)
180
Thousands
Father with children
Mother with children
Cohabiting couple
with children
Married couple
with children *)
Married couple
without children **)
Cohabiting couple
without children
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–19
25–29
35–39
45–49
55–59
65–69
75–79
85–
20–24
30–34
40–44
50–54
60–64
70–74
80–84
Age
*) Incl. 418 registered couples
**) Incl. 1 573 registered couples
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
1.15 Families with underage children by type of family and
age of mother/single-supporter father 2012
Thousands
Father with children
Mother with children
25
Cohabiting couple
with children
Married couple
20
with children *)
30
15
10
5
0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Ikä
*) Incl. 405 registered couples
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
15
1 Population and families
1.16 Women and men living in registered partnerships by
age 2012 (end of year)
500
450
Persons
Women (2 603)
Men (1 908)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
–19
25–29
35–39
45–49
55–59
65–69
75–79
85–
20–24
30–34
40–44
50–54
60–64
70–74
80–84
Age
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
1.17 Children’s day care 2012
Proportion (%) of all within age group
Aged up to 3
Aged 0 to 6
16.5%
31.4%
7.6%
0.5%
0.3% 50.6%
8.1%
75.1%
Full-time day care in day care centres
Full-time day care in families
Part-time day care in day care centres
0.7% 9.2%
Part-time day care in families
Not in arranged day care
Source: Statistics on municipal finances and activities, Statistics Finland
16
1
Population and families
1.18 Children in organised day care 2012
Number
Aged up to 3 Aged 3 to 6
Aged 0 to 6
Full-time day care
Day care centres
Day care in families
29 993
13 846
103 229
20 486
133 222
34 332
Part-time day care
Day care centres
Day care in families
986
584
38 149
2 362
39 135
2 946
Day care centres
Day care in families
16.5
7.6
42.5
8.4
31.4
8.1
Day care centres
Day care in families
0.5
0.3
15.7
1.0
9.2
0.7
% of age group
Full time day care
Part-time day care
There were 266 children aged 7 and over in full-time day care in day care centres, while 48 children
were in full-time day care in families, and there were 727 children in part-time care in day care centres,
while 225 children were in part-time day care in families.
Source: Statistics on municipal finances and activities, Statistics Finland
1.19 Recipients of child day care subsidies 1985–2012
(number in December)
180
160
Thousands
Children
Families
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Source: The Social Insurance Institution
17
1 Population and families
1.20 Child day care subsidies 1985–2012 (at 2012 values)
Year
Million
Basic
amount
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
55.1
121.5
170.5
199.9
234.3
312.0
358.3
457.2
468.4
477.9
442.7
287.7
159.1
Additional Sibling Care
Supple- Reduced Municipal
amount increase allowance ment
allowance supplement
3.2
7.9
34.9
48.1
58.6
76.2
99.7
153.4
174.0
182.9
168.0
104.2
55.4
2.7
4.2
29.9
33.9
37.8
42.8
48.1
60.2
62.5
65.2
62.7
42.8
23.7
Source: The Social Insurance Institution
18
125.4
313.9
303.7
293.2
282.8
276.5
270.6
266.2
305.0
300.9
296.2
285.2
306.6
310.7
298.2
300.9
55.5
143.3
135.7
125.6
113.4
104.3
96.5
88.9
82.2
75.6
67.0
57.1
54.2
52.2
47.0
45.6
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.7
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.9
5.5
10.3
10.0
9.8
9.5
9.0
12.3
13.3
14.3
1.5
6.2
6.9
38.2
127.4
130.1
81.4
36.0
17.0
13.0
21.3
35.7
54.0
53.6
53.5
55.8
59.6
60.8
63.1
66.7
67.5
68.9
72.4
89.9
97.4
99.5
97.3
Total
61.0
135.1
241.4
288.8
370.7
560.5
638.7
754.9
743.0
744.8
688.2
457.3
456.1
512.3
494.2
473.6
453.5
442.1
429.8
423.7
464.2
453.8
441.7
424.2
459.7
472.5
458.0
458.1
1
Population and families
1.21 Child custody, right of access and residence 2007–2012
2007
2008
2009
Agreements on child custody during year
Agreements on joint custody
Agreements on joint custody for registered partners
Agreements on custody entrusted to the mother alone
Agreements on custody entrusted to the father alone
Total
31 768 32 798 32 808
–
–
–
2 269 2 164 2 115
322
279
300
34 359 35 241 35 223
Agreements on right of access during year
Total
17 710 18 352 19 409
Agreements on residence of child during year
With mother
With father
With one of the registered partners
Total
14 661 14 670 14 902
3 282 3 065 3 138
–
–
–
17 943 17 735 18 040
2010
2011
2012
Agreements on child custody during year
Agreements on joint custody
Agreements on joint custody for registered partners
Agreements on custody entrusted to the mother alone
Agreements on custody entrusted to the father alone
Total
32 863 31 907 31 178
24
26
34
2 092 2 037 2 075
287
251
293
35 266 34 221 33 580
Agreements on right of access during year
Total
19 920 20 062 20 486
Agreements on residence of child during year
With mother
With father
With one of the registered partners
Total
15 297 14 826 14 824
3 257 3 207 3 148
–
7
11
18 554 18 040 17 983
Source: National Institute for Health and Welfare
19
1 Population and families
1.22 Parenthood allowances by age 2012
Parenthood allowance
Total number of days
covered
Average allowance
1,000 €
%
Number
€ per day
–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–
Mothers
3 659
69 134
228 563
333 771
201 860
53 674
0.4
7.8
25.7
37.5
22.7
6.0
151 498
1 880 786
4 345 094
5 122 643
2 891 056
784 122
1.0
12.4
28.6
33.8
19.1
5.2
24.2
36.8
52.6
65.2
69.8
68.5
Total
890 660
100.0
15 175 199
100.0
58.7
%
Fathers
–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–
34
2 660
18 345
43 136
35 784
18 237
0.0
2.3
15.5
36.5
30.3
15.4
1 169
52 088
270 390
527 514
396 504
204 498
0.1
3.6
18.6
36.3
27.3
14.1
28.9
51.1
67.8
81.8
90.2
89.2
Total
118 196
100.0
1 452 163
100.0
81.4
Source: Statistics on benefits for families with children, Social Insurance Institution
of Finland
20
1
Population and families
1.23 Percentage of women in immigration by type of
citizenship 1995–2012
Year
Percentage of women (%)
Total
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
50.8
50.3
49.3
48.3
47.2
45.5
47.8
47.5
48.8
48.5
Foreign citizens
51.4
50.8
48.0
46.9
45.6
43.9
46.6
45.9
47.5
47.6
Finnish citizens
49.9
49.6
51.1
50.6
50.4
48.9
50.2
51.3
51.6
51.3
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
1.24 Percentage of women in emigration by type of
citizenship 1995–2012
Year
Percentage of women (%)
Total
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
50.4
50.7
51.2
50.1
50.1
48.8
48.5
50.8
50.3
50.6
Foreign citizens
41.8
44.2
42.2
41.8
41.5
40.7
37.8
42.1
41.3
40.1
Finnish citizens
52.1
53.4
53.6
52.6
52.9
52.8
53.8
53.9
53.5
55.2
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
21
2 Education
2.1
The regular education system in Finland
Doctor´s
degrees
Licentiate´s
degrees
Polytechnic Master´s
degrees
Master´s
degrees
Work experience
Polytechnic Bachelor´s
degrees
Bachelor´s
degrees
School years
Matriculation
examination
Vocational
qualifications
Vocational institutions and
apprenticeship training
Upper secondary
general schools
Additional education
Age
Basic education (Grades 1–6)
Comprehensive schools
Pre-primary education
Specialist
vocational
qualifications
Further
vocational
qualifications
Work experience
Compulsory schooling
Basic education (Grades 7–9)
22
Work experience
Polytechnics
Universities
2
2.2
Education
Population aged 15 or over by level of education 1) 2012
Level of education
Population aged
15 or over
%
Women aged
15 or over
Men aged
15 or over
%
%
Basic education or less
(ISCED 2 or less)
1 428 220 31.5 716 836 30.8 711 384 32.2
Population with educational
qualifications
3 107 062 68.5 1 607 380 69.2 1 499 682 67.8
Upper secondary (ISCED3/4)
Lwst. level tert., (ISCED 5B)
Medium programmes
(Bachelor level) (ISCED 5A)
Long/very long prog.
(Master level) (ISCED 5A)
Second stage of tertiary
Education (ISCED 6)
1 807 322 39.9
462 348 10.2
866 130 37.3
282 994 12.2
941 192 42.6
179 354 8.1
432 504 9.5
241 433 10.4
191 071 8.6
366 179 8.1
200 620 8.6
165 559 7.5
38 709 0.9
16 203 0.7
22 506 1.0
Total
4 535 282 100 2 324 216 100 2 211 066 100
1)
Unesco: International Standard Classification of Education 1997 (ISCED)
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
23
2 Education
2.3
Differences in the levels of educational qualifications
(25–64 years) in the EU21 countries 2011 1)
At least upper secondary level (ISCED 3)
Proportion of the
Proportion of the
female population
male population
Difference of the
% proportions
Educational level of women higher or as high as educational level of men
Ireland
76
70
6
Portugal
38
32
6
Estonia
91
86
5
Finland
86
81
5
Sweden
89
86
3
Italy
57
55
2
Spain
55
53
2
Belgium
72
71
1
Poland
89
89
0
Denmark
77
77
0
Greece
67
67
0
Educational level of men higher
France
71
73
2
Slovenia
83
86
3
The Netherlands
71
74
3
Slovak Republic
89
93
4
Luxembourg
75
79
4
Czech Republic
90
95
5
Germany
84
89
5
UK
74
79
5
Hungary
79
85
6
Austria
78
87
9
1)
Including EU countries which are member countries of OECD.
Source: Education at a Glance, OECD Indicators, 2013
24
2
2.4
Education
Population with educational qualifications from vocational
institutions, polytechnics and universities by field of
education 2012
Health and Welfare
88.8
Education
Humanities and Arts
31.1
67.5
Science
32.5
42.2
Agriculture
0%
29.0
68.9
Social Sciences, Business
Total
22.6
71.0
Services
Engineering, Manufact.
11.2
77.4
57.8
33.5
66.5
16.1
83.9
51.7
20%
48,3
40%
Women
60%
80%
100%
Men
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
25
2 Education
2.5
Age
Population with at least upper secondary level qualification
(ISCED 3) by age 2012
At least upper secondary level
qualification
Total
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65–69
70–
Total
Women
Men
Women
Men
43 938
275 053
284 793
294 082
286 229
278 218
319 203
310 883
294 995
265 259
196 839
257 570
22 238
137 681
143 985
149 323
144 753
142 860
164 898
161 654
153 927
137 803
102 559
145 699
21 700
137 372
140 808
144 759
141 476
135 358
154 305
149 229
141 068
127 456
94 280
111 871
14.1
82.9
86.7
89.3
90.3
88.8
89.3
87.2
80.3
69.5
59.4
35.2
13.3
79.1
80.4
81.6
83.5
81.2
81.8
80.3
75.2
66.7
59.3
41.0
3 107 062
1 607 380
1 499 682
69.2
67.8
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
26
Proportion (%) of the age
group
2
2.6
Age
Education
Population with polytechnic and higher university degrees
(ISCED 5A and 6) by age 2012
Polytechnic and higher
university degrees
Proportion (%) of the
age group
Total
Women
Men
Women
Men
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65–69
70–
3
18 300
106 418
138 929
117 335
87 957
80 356
69 025
62 450
53 127
44 626
58 866
2
14 411
65 952
82 252
67 332
48 628
43 828
36 071
30 660
23 809
19 100
26 211
1
3 889
40 466
56 677
50 003
39 329
36 528
32 954
31 790
29 318
25 526
32 655
0.0
8.7
39.7
49.2
42.0
30.2
23.7
19.5
16.0
12.0
11.1
6.3
0.0
2.2
23.1
31.9
29.5
23.6
19.4
17.7
17.0
15.3
16.1
12.0
Total
837 392
458 256
379 136
19.7
17.1
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
27
2 Education
2.7
Population with second stage of tertiary educational
qualification (ISCED 6) 1975–2012
Degrees of licentiate and doctor
Total
Number
Women
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
5 978
8 012
10 018
12 990
17 542
23 248
24 480
25 652
26 869
28 141
29 429
30 722
32 115
33 520
34 884
36 104
37 430
38 709
926
1 387
1 993
2 962
4 777
7 487
8 124
8 738
9 387
10 063
10 781
11 474
12 274
13 148
13 944
14 673
15 460
16 203
%
Men
5 052
6 625
8 025
10 028
12 765
15 761
16 356
16 914
17 482
18 078
18 648
19 248
19 841
20 372
20 940
21 431
21 970
22 506
Women
Men
15
17
20
23
27
32
33
34
35
36
37
37
38
39
40
41
41
42
85
83
80
77
73
68
67
66
65
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
59
58
There were 179 licentiate (of which 56.4 per cent women) and 1 655 doctorate (of which 50.9 per cent
women) level degrees attained at universities in 2012.
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
28
2
2.8
Education
Vocational education 2012
Field of education (ISCED)
Students
Degrees
Total
Education
Humanities and Arts
Social sciences, Business and Law
Science
Engineering, Manufacturing and
Construction
Agriculture
Health and Welfare
Services
Total
Women Men Total
%
Women Men
491
15 176
50 067
6 197
25
63
64
16
75
59
37 3 958
36 13 150
84 1 488
31
65
66
15
69
35
34
85
86 692
14 957
46 070
56 821
17
54
86
61
83 21 550
46 3 678
14 12 501
39 14 419
17
54
87
64
83
46
13
36
276 471
51
49 70 803
53
47
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
2.9
Degrees at vocational education by field of education (ISCED) 2012
Health and Welfare
Social sciences, Business and Law
Humanities and Arts
Services
Agriculture
Education
Engineering, Manufacturing
and Construction
Science
0%
20%
40%
Women
60%
Men
80%
100%
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
29
2 Education
2.10 Polytechnics 2012
Field of education (ISCED)
Students %
Total
Education
Humanities and Arts
Social sciences, Business and Law
Science
Engineering, Manufacturing and
Construction
Agriculture
Health and Welfare
Services
Total
Degrees
Women Men Total
%
Women Men
1 715
10 236
28 444
5 898
66
69
61
23
34
31
39
77
255
1 753
4 973
792
67
70
69
27
33
30
31
73
40 082
3 928
36 040
13 533
15
47
87
67
85
53
13
33
5 526
552
7 794
2 269
18
50
89
75
82
50
11
25
139 876
54
46 23 914
63
37
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
2.11 Degrees at polytechnics by field of education (ISCED) 2012
Health and Welfare
Services
Humanities and Arts
Social sciences, Business and Law
Education
Agriculture
Science
Engineering, Manufacturing
and Construction
0%
20%
40%
Women
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
30
60%
80%
Men
100%
2
Education
2.12 Universities 2012
Field of education (ISCED)
Students %
Total
Education
Humanities and Arts
Social sciences, Business and Law
Science
Engineering, Manufacturing and
Construction
Agriculture
Health and Welfare
Services
Total
Degrees
Women Men Total
%
Women Men
14 019
31 398
43 948
24 085
82
70
58
40
18
30
42
60
3 399
5 354
8 513
3 189
83
75
63
47
17
25
37
53
33 785
2 907
15 635
3 264
23
60
69
46
77
40
31
54
5 180
455
2 677
590
26
60
73
48
74
40
27
52
169 041
54
46 29 357
60
40
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
2.13 University degrees by field of education (ISCED) 2012
Education
Humanities and Arts
Health and Welfare
Social sciences, Business and Law
Agriculture
Services
Science
Engineering, Manufacturing
and Construction
0%
20%
40%
Women
60%
80%
100%
Men
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
31
2 Education
2.14 Pupils who have completed the comprehensive school in 2011
entering that year
Started
57.7
Upper secondary
general schools
41.9
33.0
Vocational institutions
49.1
9.3
Did not immediately
continue studying
Girls
Boys
8.9
0
10
20
30
%
40
50
60
Pupils completing the comprehensive school: girls 30 844, boys 32 350
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
2.15 Pupils who passed the matriculation examination in 2011
entering that year
Did not immediately
continue studying
62.5
60.9
Started
15.6
Universities
20.9
16.2
Polytechnics
16.2
Women
Men
5.8
Vocational institutions
2.0
0
10
20
30
40
%
Pupils matriculating in 2011: women 18 789, men 14 012.
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
32
50
60
70
2
Education
2.16 Employment rates of persons with a degree or qualification
attained in 2006 by field of education (ISCED) at end-2011
Education
Health and Welfare
Social sciences,
Business and Law
Science
Services
Engineering, Manufacturing
and Construction
Humanities and Arts
Women
Men
Agriculture
0
20
40
60
80
100
Employed as a percentage of persons with a degree or qualification
(five years after qualification)
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
2.17 Teachers at comprehensive and upper secondary schools and
vocational and professional institutions and polytechnics 2010
Comprehensive schools
Headmasters and managers
Lecturers, teachers
Upper secondary schools
Headmasters and managers
Lecturers, teachers
Vocational institutions
Headmasters and managers
Lecturers, teachers
Polytechnics
Headmasters and managers
Lecturers, teachers
100
57
43
74
26
33
67
70
30
48
53
52
47
80
60
40
Women
Men
42
42
58
58
20
0
%
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
33
2 Education
2.18 Teachers at universities 2010
Professors
25
Lectures and
senior assistants
75
53
47
Assistants and full-time
visiting teachers
47
53
Total
43
57
100
80
60
40
20
0
%
20
40
Women
Men
60
80
100
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
2.19 Proportion of pupils having received special support and part-time
special education of all comprehensive school pupils in 2012 and
in the academic year 2011/2012
4.8
Girls
18.1
10.3
Boys
24.7
0
5
15
20
25
10
%
Pupils having received special support 2012
Part-time special education 2011/2012
Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland
34
30
2
Education
2.20 Participation in adult education in 1980, 1990, 1995
2000, 2006 and 2012
100
%
Women
Men
80
60
59
53
52
40
45
43
43
58
58
49
45
37
27
20
0
1980
1990
1995
2000
2006
2012
Source: Adult Education Survey 2012 preliminary data, Statistics Finland
2.21 Number of days of adult education calculated per person 1990, 1995,
2000, 2006 and 2012 (population aged 18–64 years)
16
14
Days of adult education
Women
Men
12
10
13.6
12.7
10.3
10,7
10.2
9,1
8
6
15.1
7,7
7.0
7.2
4
2
0
1990
1995
2000
2006
2012
Source: Adult Education Survey 2012 preliminary data, Statistics Finland
35
3 Labour market
3.1
Population by main groups 2012
1.
Whole population
100%
2.
Population of working age (aged 15–74 years)
75%
5.
Labour force
50 %
7.
Employed
46%
9. 10.
11.
2
10
%
%
3.
Under 15
16%
4.
75 or over
8%
6. Persons not
in labour force
26%
8.
4. %
Unemployed
Service industries
34%
Manufacturing and construction
Agriculture and forestry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Whole population
Population of working age aged 15–74
Under 15 years old
75 years old or over
Labour force
Persons not in labour force aged 15–74
Employed
Unemployed
Agriculture and forestry
Manufacturing and construction
Service industries
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
36
Total
Women
5 413 000
4 075 000
890 000
448 300
2 690 000
1 385 000
2 483 000
207 000
109 000
557 000
1 817 000
2 754 000
2 034 000
435 000
284 000
1 298 000
736 000
1 206 000
92 000
29 000
108 000
1 069 000
Men
2 659 000
2 041 000
454 000
163 000
1 392 000
648 000
1 277 000
115 000
80 000
449 000
749 000
3
Labour market
3.2 Women and men in the labour market 2012 (aged 15–74 years)
1 000 persons
Total
Women
Proportion (%)
Men
AGED 15–74 YEARS
4 075 2 034 2 041
Not in the labour force
1 385
736
648
In the labour force
2 690 1 298 1 392
− employed
2 483 1 206 1 277
− unemployed
207
92
115
Employment rate 15–64 years, % 69.0
68.1
69.8
Unemployment rate, %
7.7
7.1
8.3
EMPLOYED
2 483 1 206 1 277
Working time
− part-time work
374
243
132
− full-time work
2 109
963 1 145
Employer
2 483 1 206 1 277
Private sector
1 808
719 1 089
Public sector
666
481
184
− local government
522
408
114
− central government
144
74
70
Occupational status/
sosio-economic status
2 483 1 206 1 277
Self-employed persons and
unpaid family members
337
107
230
Employees
2 146 1 099 1 047
− upper salaried staff
591
272
319
– senior officials and upper
management
88
28
60
− lower salaried staff
851
610
241
− wage earners
697
214
484
− unknown
7
4
4
Industry
2 483 1 206 1 277
Agriculture and forestry
109
29
80
Manufacture, construction
557
108
449
Services
1806 1063
744
Unknown
11
6
5
Actual hours worked (mill.)
4 040.4 1 790.9 2 249.5
Total
Women
Men
100
100
100
100
100
49.9
53.1
48.3
48.6
44.4
50.1
46.8
51.7
51.4
55.6
100
48.6
51.4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
65.0
45.7
48.6
39.8
72.2
78.2
51.4
35.3
54.3
51.4
60.2
27.6
21.8
48.6
100
48.6
51.4
100
100
100
31.8
51.2
46.0
68.2
48.8
54.0
100
100
100
31.8
71.7
30.7
68.2
28.3
69.4
100
100
100
100
100
100
48.6
26.6
19.4
58.9
54.5
44.3
51.4
73.4
80.6
41.2
45.5
55.7
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
37
3 Labour market
3.3
Population aged 15–74 years by economic activity 2012
Men
Women
Not in
labour force
32%
Not in
labour force
36%
Employed
59%
Employed
62%
Unemployed
6%
Unemployed
5%
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.4
Employed, unemployed and not in the labour force by
age group 2012, 1 000 persons
Population
Employed
Women
Men
Women
Men
15–74
15–64
2 034
1 741
2 041
1 783
1 206
1 187
1 277
1 244
92
91
115
115
736
463
648
424
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
323
333
323
371
392
338
352
336
375
382
137
236
264
315
234
131
290
294
313
216
30
19
14
16
13
33
24
17
22
19
155
78
44
40
145
175
38
25
40
147
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
38
Unemployed
Not in the labour
force
Women
Women
Men
Men
3
3.5
Labour market
Labour force participation rate 1972–2012, aged 15–74 years
%
80
75
Men
70
68.2
Women
65
63.8
60
55
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
2012
1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
From 1989 onwards, the figures are in compliance with the ILO/EU definition.
Labour force = Employed + unemployed
Labour force participation rate = Labour force as a percentage of population aged 15–74.
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.6
Labour force participation by age group 2012
%
100
92
87
80
77
94
83
8992 91 92 87 87
76
Women
82
77
7376
68 70
60
Men
44 47
40
36
20
26
17
0
9
3 8
15–19
25–29
35–39
45–49
55–59
65–69
20–24
30–34
40–44
50–54
60–64
70–74
15–64
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
39
3 Labour market
3.7a Employment and unemployment rates of the parents by number
of children 2012, 20–59 years
Employment rate, %
Total
Parents with children under
18 years, total
1 child
2 children
3 or more children
No children under 18 years
Unemployment rate, %
Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
78.9
77.5
80.2
7.0
6.3
7.8
83.2
83.5
85.5
78.3
76.4
76.2
78.0
79.7
65.5
78.4
90.6
89.6
91.4
91.3
74.7
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.8
8.6
5.1
4.8
4.9
6.6
7.0
3.9
4.2
3.7
3.4
10.1
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.7b Employment and unemployment rates of the parents by the youngest
child 2012, 20–59 years
Employment rate, %
Total
Parents with children under
18 years, total
Youngest child under
3 years
Youngest child aged
3–6 years
Youngest child aged
7–17 years
No children under 18 years
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
78.9
77.5
80.2
7.0
6.3
7.8
83.2
76.2
90.6
4.5
5.1
3.9
71.3
51.6
91.4
4.8
6.5
3.7
84.9
80.1
90.0
5.3
6.7
4.0
90.1
76.4
89.9
78.4
90.4
74.7
3.9
8.6
3.9
7.0
3.9
10.1
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
40
Unemployment rate, %
Total
3
3.8
100
Labour market
Women and men aged 15–64 by employment rate 1990–2012
%
80
Men 69.8
Women 68.1
60
40
20
Women
Men
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
The official employment rate = The ratio of the employed to the total population aged 15–64
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
41
3 Labour market
3.9
Employment rates in the EU countries 2012
15–64 years
55–64 years
Women
Men
Women
Men
European Union (27 countries)
58.6
69.8
41.7
56.4
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
56.8
56.3
58.2
70.0
68.0
64.7
55.1
41.9
50.6
60.0
47.1
59.4
61.7
61.9
59.0
52.1
44.2
70.4
67.3
53.1
58.7
52.6
60.5
52.7
68.2
71.8
65.0
66.9
61.3
74.6
75.2
77.6
69.7
62.7
60.6
60.2
68.0
66.5
70.4
64.6
62.5
72.5
62.5
73.3
79.7
77.8
66.3
64.9
66.5
67.4
66.7
70.5
75.6
75.2
33.1
41.3
39.0
55.8
54.8
61.2
42.7
26.0
36.0
41.7
30.9
38.2
52.5
48.3
34.3
32.2
15.8
49.1
34.1
29.2
42.0
32.9
25.0
33.6
59.7
69.6
51.0
46.0
50.8
60.3
65.9
68.5
59.8
55.8
47.6
52.4
47.4
50.4
63.5
53.1
56.2
47.4
42.6
51.7
68.1
52.5
49.3
51.5
51.2
40.7
53.6
56.6
76.3
65.4
Source: Eurostat
42
3
Labour market
3.10 Employment rate by age group 2012
%
100
Women
86
80
78
71
60
79
89 85 86 86 87
84
71
80 78
70
59 58
40
20
Men
42 44
26
18
17
9
0
15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69
Age group
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.11 Employed persons aged 15–74 years by employer sector 2012
Women
Men
Private
60%
Private
86%
Central
government
6%
Central
government
5%
Local
government
9%
Local
government
34%
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
43
3 Labour market
3.12 Level of education of the employed 2011
100
%
34
80
Tertiary (5.6)
47
60
49
40
42
Upper secondary (3.4)
20
0
12
17
Women
Men
Primary and lower secondary
(1.2)
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.13 Industries by female/male-domination 2012
(proportions of employed persons in the industry)
Women
87
Q Human health and social work activities
71
I Accomodation and food services activities
67
P Education
63
R–U Other service activities
K, L Financial, insurance and real estate act.
59
O Public administr. and defence, comp. soc. sec.
54
50
G Wholesale and retail trade
M, N Prof, scientific, techn., administr.
46
and support service activities
33
J Information and communication
27
A-B Agriculture, forestry and fishing
25
C–E Manufacturing, electr., gas, steam etc.
21
H Transport and storage
F Construction 8
0
20
40
Men
13
29
33
37
41
46
50
54
67
74
75
79
92
60
%
Standard Industrial Classification 2008
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
44
80
100
3
Labour market
3.14 Proportion of the employees working part-time and
with a fixed-term contract 2000–2012
Employees
1 000 persons
Women
Men
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
1 006
1 027
1 043
1 037
1 039
1 060
1 078
1 103
1 112
1 094
1 082
1 091
1 099
1 011
1 033
1 025
1 024
1 025
1 038
1 051
1 075
1 095
1 029
1 038
1 052
1 047
Employed part-time
Fixed-term employees
Percentage of employees
Women
Men
Women
Men
16.9
16.8
17.2
17.5
18.3
18.1
18.7
18.6
17.6
18.4
19.2
19.3
19.7
7.2
7.1
7.7
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.2
8.0
7.7
7.9
8.5
9.2
9.0
19.9
20.0
19.6
20.0
19.6
20.0
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.4
18.6
18.5
18.4
13.0
13.0
12.6
12.7
12.7
12.9
12.7
12.4
11.3
10.6
12.5
12.8
12.8
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
45
3 Labour market
3.15 Percentage of persons in employment working part-time
in the EU countries 2012
Women
Men
European Union (27 countries)
32.6
9.5
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
43.6
2.7
9.5
36.4
45.6
14.9
35.4
11.9
24.5
30.2
31.1
13.7
11.6
11.3
36.3
9.7
26.3
77.0
44.9
11.3
16.8
11.1
13.1
5.7
20.1
39.6
43.3
9.7
2.2
2.9
16.0
10.5
5.8
14.1
4.9
6.6
6.9
7.2
8.0
7.1
7.4
5.4
4.7
6.9
26.4
9.0
5.2
12.1
9.5
7.0
2.9
10.3
14.6
13.3
Source: Eurostat
46
3
Labour market
3.16 Reasons for working part-time 2012, employees aged 15–64 years
Women
Could not find a full-time job
Men
%
100
24 %
26 %
80
Studies
28 %
36 %
60
Child care
13 %
0%
10 %
40
Health reasons
9%
Some other reason
24 %
20
30 %
0
Part-time workers
Percentages of employees
216 000
19.7 %
94 000
9.0 %
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.17 Principal occupations of employed women 1) 2012
Women
164
Personal care workers
Sales workes
Business and administration associate professionals
111
94
93
Health associate professionals
Teaching professionals
Personal service workers
Cleaners and helpers
General and keyboard clerks
Business and administration professionals
Legal, social and cultural professionals
Legal, social, cultural and
related associate professionals
200
Men
13
52
64
13
92
39
72
49
58 8
53 4
150
100
51
51
47 30
43 21
50
0
50
1 000 persons
100
150
200
1) Classification of Occupation 2010, 2 digit level
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
47
3 Labour market
3.18 Principal occupations of employed men 1) 2012
Women
31
3
101
95
3
Metal, machinery and related trades workers
Science and engineering associate professionals
74
19
64
94
Business and administration associate prof.
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Information and communications techn. prof.
Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers
Sales workers
200
Men
111
103
5
Drivers and mobile plant operators
Science and engineering professionals
Building and related workers, excl. electricians
29
16
28
150
111
100
62
61
54
52
50
0
50
1 000 persons
100
150
1) Classification of Occupation 2010, 2 digit level
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.19 Proportion of fixed-term employees of the employees 1998–2012
25
20
%
Women
18.4
15
Men
12.8
10
5
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
48
200
3
Labour market
3.20 Proportion of fixed-term employees of all employees
by age group 2012
Age group
20–24
25–29
30–34
20
22
12
35–39
17
8
40–44
6
45–49
6
50–54
55–59
60–64
6
0
6
7
7
8
43
34
31
12
12
10
Women
Men
10
20
30
40
50
%
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.21 Proportion of fixed-term employees by level of education 2011
Primary and lower
secondary (1, 2)
Women
21.7
15.8
Men
20.5
Upper secondary (3, 4) Women
Men
Tertiary (5, 6)
13.9
16
Women
Men
10
0
5
10
15
20
Proportion of fixed-term employees
25
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
49
3 Labour market
3.22 Parents by economic activity and the youngest child 2012, %
Women
The youngest child under 3 years
51
4
45
80
3–6 years
6
90
7–17 years
14
4 6
Men
The youngest child under 3 years
91
4 5
3–6 years
90
4 6
90
7–17 years
0
20
40
Employed
3 7
60
%
Unemployed
80
100
Not in the labour force
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.23 Self-employed persons and unpaid family members
by industry 2012
Industry
Total
Women
1 000 1 000
persons persons
All industries
A, B Agriculture, forestry and
fishing; mining
C–F Manufacturing,
construction
G–U Services
X
Industry unknown
%
% Women
Men
337
107
100
230
100
32
68
72
19
18
53
23
26
74
66
198
1
7
80
0
7
75
0
58
117
1
25
51
0
11
40
0
88
59
0
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
50
Men
% 1 000
persons
3
Labour market
3.24 Unemployed and unemployment rates 1990–2012, %
Year
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Unemployed 1 000 persons
Total
Women
Men
82
292
408
363
285
253
237
229
204
172
221
224
209
207
33
114
173
176
142
131
114
111
104
87
99
98
91
92
49
178
235
186
143
122
123
118
101
85
122
126
117
115
Percentage Percentage Unemployment rate, %
of women of men
Total
Women Men
40
39
42
48
50
52
48
48
51
51
45
44
44
44
60
61
58
52
50
48
52
52
49
49
55
56
56
56
3.2
11.7
16.6
14.6
11.4
9.8
9.1
8.8
7.7
6.4
8.2
8.4
7.8
7.7
2.7
9.6
14.8
14.9
12.0
10.6
9.1
8.9
8.1
6.7
7.6
7.6
7.1
7.1
3.6
13.6
18.1
14.3
10.9
9.1
9.1
8.7
7.4
6.1
8.9
9.1
8.4
8.3
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
51
3 Labour market
3.25 Unemployment rates in the EU countries 2012
15 to 74
years
Total
Less than
25 years
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
EU-27
10.5
10.5
10.4
22.8
22.1
23.5
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
7.6
12.3
7.0
7.5
5.5
10.2
14.7
24.3
25.0
10.3
10.7
11.9
14.9
13.3
5.1
10.9
6.4
5.3
4.3
10.1
15.9
7.0
8.9
14.0
7.7
8.0
7.9
7.4
10.8
8.2
7.5
5.2
9.3
11.0
28.1
25.4
10.5
11.9
11.1
13.9
11.5
5.8
10.6
7.3
5.2
4.3
10.9
15.8
6.4
9.4
14.5
7.1
7.7
7.4
7.7
13.5
6.0
7.5
5.7
11.0
17.7
21.4
24.7
10.1
9.9
12.6
16.0
15.1
4.5
11.2
5.9
5.3
4.4
9.4
16.0
7.6
8.4
13.5
8.3
8.2
8.3
19.8
28.1
19.5
14.1
8.1
20.9
30.4
55.3
53.2
24.6
35.3
27.8
28.4
26.4
18.0
28.1
14.2
9.5
8.7
26.5
37.7
22.7
20.6
34.0
19.0
23.7
21.0
18.9
26.0
19.0
13.5
7.3
18.0
24.0
63.2
51.8
24.5
37.5
26.7
29.3
21.9
17.5
27.3
14.6
10.0
8.7
30.0
39.2
23.2
21.0
32.5
18.0
22.3
18.0
20.4
29.5
19.9
14.8
8.8
23.4
36.4
48.4
54.4
24.7
33.7
28.8
27.6
29.9
18.5
28.8
13.9
8.9
8.8
24.1
36.4
22.3
20.3
35.0
19.9
25.0
23.6
Source: Eurostat
52
3
Labour market
3.26 Unemployment rates by age group 2012
Age group
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
12.7
16.1
28.2
31
8
9.7
6.8
5.8
5.3
4.8
4.8
6.2
5.3
5.8
4.1
7.4
5.3
8.5
4.8
7.5
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
0
Women
Men
5
10
15
20
%
25
30
35
40
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.27 Unemployment rates 1970–2012, aged 15–74 years
20
%
Women
Men
15
10
Men 8.3
Women 7.1
5
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010 2012
Year
From 1989 onwards, the figures are in compliance with the revisions made in 1998.
Unemployment rate = The ratio of the unemployed to all persons in the labour force.
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
53
3 Labour market
3.28 Level of education of the unemployed 2011
16.1
Primary and lower
secondary (1, 2)
14.8
7.9
Upper secondary
(3,4)
8.8
3.8
Tertiary (5, 6)
Women
Men
4.3
0
5
10
%
15
20
Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland
3.29 Physical burden of job 2012
Women
57
20
49
Men
0
20
40
Mainly sitting
Much walking and lifting
%
19
20
60
80
Quite a lot of walking
Physically very demanding
Source: Health Behaviour among the Finnish Adult Population 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
54
20
3
12
100
3
Labour market
3.30 Wage earners’ accidents at work 1996–2011
100
80
Thousands
Men
72 127
60
36 212
40
Women
20
0
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Source: Occupational accident statistics, Statistics Finland
55
4 Earnings
4.1
Average earnings 1995–2012
4 000 €/month
3 500
3 000
2 500
Men
Women
2 000
1 500
1 000
1 23 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 34 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 412 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 23 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 34 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 23 4 1 2 3 4 1 23 4 1 2 3 4
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Year
Average monthly earnings represent earnings for normal working hours at full wage and salary. Average
earnings are calculated from material in the index of wage and salary earnings. In the calculation, average earnings for different employee groups are formed by using the numbers of employees as weights.
Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland
56
4
4.2
Average monthly earnings of employees by sector
(women’s earnings as a percentage of those of men) 1985–2012
Total
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Earnings
79
80
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
82
82
83
83
Private sector
Central government Municipalities
76
77
78
78
79
79
81
82
82
82
82
83
83
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
84
85
84
84
80
83
83
83
84
82
81
80
81
81
81
81
81
80
81
81
82
82
83
84
84
84
86
86
83
83
85
86
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
84
84
84
85
83
83
83
84
84
84
85
85
Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland
57
4 Earnings
4.3
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Average monthly earnings of employees by sector 2000–2012, €
All employees
Private sector
Municipalities
Central government
Women
Women
Women
Women
1 820
1 904
1 971
2 052
2 137
2 239
2 305
2 386
2 530
2 659
2 723
2 799
2 893
Men
2 257
2 371
2 457
2 559
2 655
2 774
2 851
2 945
3 114
3 250
3 288
3 365
3 483
1 824
1 923
1 994
2 079
2 163
2 299
2 363
2 440
2 591
2 764
2 747
2 827
2 921
Men
2 261
2 380
2 467
2 572
2 668
2 798
2 871
2 967
3 135
3 272
3 287
3 369
3 487
1 796
1 858
1 915
1 990
2 074
2 179
2 245
2 330
2 460
2 546
3 041
3 168
3 297
Men
2 124
2 204
2 281
2 360
2 450
2 611
2 697
2 799
2 930
3 018
3 605
3 699
3 832
1 927
2 038
2 120
2 216
2 314
2 402
2 480
2 579
2 782
2 943
2 636
2 705
2 795
Men
2 411
2 537
2 635
2 740
2 845
2 933
3 023
3 102
3 325
3 498
3 098
3 168
3 273
Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland
4.4
Average monthly earnings of employees in manufacturing and
wholesale and retail trade 2008–2012, €
Manufacturing
Women
Trade
Men
Women
Men
2008
2009
2010
2 772
2 857
2 931
3 238
3 267
3 327
2 433
2 513
2 587
3 266
3 280
3 347
New weight structure
2011
2012
3 055
3 154
3 483
3 587
2 675
2 722
3 447
3 602
Source: Private sector monthly and hourly wages, Statistics Finland
58
4
4.5
Earnings
Average monthly earnings of employees in education and health
services 2008–2012, €
Education
Women
Men
Health services
Women
Men
2008
2009
2010
2 951
3 041
3 087
3 372
3 458
3 495
2 618
2 720
2 786
3 655
3 789
3 874
New weight structure
2011
2012
3 185
3 275
3 588
3 671
2 886
2 982
3 966
4 039
Source: Local government sector wages and salaries, Central government monthly
salaries, Private sector monthly and hourly wages, Statistics Finland
4.6
5 000
Average monthly earnings by age group in the
private sector 2012
€/month
4 500
4 000
3 500
3 000
Men
Women
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
–20
Number:
Women 384 034
Men
579 573
20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–69
Age group
In the structure of earnings statistics, monthly earnings measure the remuneration paid for regular,
additional and overtime working hours. One-off payments, such as e.g. holiday pay, are not included in
these earnings.
Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland
59
4 Earnings
4.7
5 000
Average monthly earnings by age group in central
government 2012
€/month
4 500
4 000
Men
3 500
Women
3 000
2 500
2 000
Number:
Women 35 255
Men 40 085
1 500
1 000
–20
20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–69
Age group
Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland
4.8
5 000
Average monthly earnings by age group in local
government 2012
€/month
4 500
4 000
3 500
Men
3 000
2 500
Women
2 000
1 500
1 000
–19
Number:
Women 297 802
Men
79 389
20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–69
Age group
Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland
60
4
4.9
6 000
5 500
5 000
4 500
4 000
3 500
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
Earnings
Monthly earnings of full-time employees by level
of education 2012
Women
Primary
level
Men
Upper
secondary
level
Lowest
tertiary
level
Lower
tertiary
level
Upper
tertiary
level
Doctorate
level
Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland
61
4 Earnings
4.10 Gender pay gap in unadjusted form
2006
2008
2010
2011
2012
EU (27 countries)
Euro area (17 countries)
17.7
:
17.3
16.8
16.2
16.5
16.2 (p)
16.4 (p)
:
:
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Croatia
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Iceland
Norway
Switzerland
Turkey
9.5
12.4
23.4
17.6
22.7
29.8
17.2
20.7
17.9
15.4
:
4.4
21.8
15.1
17.1
10.7
14.4
5.2
23.6
25.5
7.5
8.4
7.8
8.0
25.8
21.3
16.5
24.3
:
16.0
18.6
–2.2
10.2
12.3
26.2
17.1
22.8
27.6
12.6
22.0 (d)
16.1
16.9
:
4.9
19.5
11.8
21.6
9.7
17.5
9.2
18.9
25.1
11.4
9.2
8.5 (d)
4.1
20.9
20.5
16.9
21.4
20.7
17.0
18.4 (d)
:
10.2
13.0
21.6
15.9
22.3
27.7
13.9
15.0
16.2
15.6
15.5
5.3
16.8
15.5
14.6
8.7
17.6
7.2
17.8
24.0
4.5
12.8
8.8
0.9
19.6
20.3
15.4
19.5
17.7
16.1
17.8
:
10.2
13.0
22.6
16.3
22.2 (p)
27.3
11.7 (p)
:
17.8
14.8 (p)
17.6
5.8
16.4
13.6
11.9
8.7 (p)
18.0
6.2
17.9
23.7
5.5
12.5
11.0
2.3
20.5
19.6
15.8
20.1
18.3
15.9
17.9
:
10.0
14.7
22.0
14.9
22.4 (p)
30.0
14.4 (p)
:
17.8 (p)
:
18.0
:
16.2
13.8
12.6
8.6 (p)
20.1
6.1
16.9
23.4
6.4
15.7
9.7
2.5
21.5
19.4 (p)
15.9
19.1
18.7
15.1
:
:
:=not available p=provisional d=definition
Source: Eurostat
The unadjusted gender pay gap represents the difference between average gross hourly earnings of
male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of
male paid employees.
62
5
5.1
Income
Women’s and men’s income 2012, €
Women
Income recipients, total
Number of individuals receiving earned income
Number of individuals receiving capital income
Income subject to state taxation, total € million
Earned income subject to state taxation
Wages and salaries
Per diem and maternity allowances
Child home care allowance
Student grants
Unemployment benefits
Pensions
National pensions
Other pensions
Income from agriculture
Business income
Capital income, total
Men
2 354 819 2 221 418
2 328 679 2 189 516
582 052
686 473
54 878
52 690
34 538
957
374
292
1 657
12 743
1 581
11 162
304
1 094
2 188
69 524
65 120
45 306
375
17
213
1 923
13 378
898
12 480
725
1 907
4 404
State taxes, total
2 085
4 942
Municipal tax
7 144
9 873
10 397
16 356
Taxes and charges, total
The most essential income concept in the statistics on taxable incomes is income subject to state taxation. Income subject to taxation does not include, among other things, some social benefits, pensions,
daily allowances and compensations such as family allowance, housing benefit, income maintenance
benefit, additional amount of national pension and veterans’ pension.
Interest on usual bank deposits and bonds is tax-free, the statistics also exclude interest income subject
to taxation at source. Scholarships and grants received from general government are not subject to taxation, either. Income subject to taxation is divided to earned and capital income. Taxes on capital income
are paid solely to the state. Besides the state income tax, municipal tax and national health insurance
payment are determined according to earned income.
Source: Taxable incomes, Statistics Finland
63
5 Income
5.2
500
Income subject to state taxation 2012, €
Thousand individuals
Women Miehet
Men
300
200
100
0
–5000
10 000–15 000 20 000–25 000 30 000–35 000 40 000–45 000
50 000–
5 000–10 000 15 000–20 000 25 000–30 000 35 000–40 000 45 000–50 000
EUR
Source: Taxable incomes, Statistics Finland
5.3
Distribution percentage of individuals by income subject
to state taxation 2012
Income bracket (€)
Income earners, %
Women
– 5 000
5 000–10 000
10 000–15 000
15 000–20 000
20 000–25 000
25 000–30 000
30 000–35 000
35 000–40 000
40 000–45 000
45 000–50 000
50 000–
Total
Number
9
12
16
13
11
11
9
6
4
2
6
100
2 354 819
Men
10
9
10
10
9
9
9
8
6
5
15
100
2 221 418
Source: Taxable incomes, Statistics Finland
64
Proportion of women
in the income bracket
%
50
58
63
58
57
57
52
45
40
36
29
53
5
5.4
50
Income
Average income subject to state taxation by age group 2012
1 000 €
Women
Men
40
30
20
10
0
–19
20–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
Age group
55–64
65–
Source: Taxable incomes, Statistics Finland
5.5
Income by type of household 2009 and 2012
Reference person is aged under 65 years
2009
Households
number
1 000
Couple without children
Couple with 1 child
Couple with 2 children
Couple with 3+ children
Woman living alone
Man living alone
Woman with children
Man with children
546.7
167.5
183.2
88.9
295.3
356.6
65.0
13,6
2012
Median
Households
disposable income number
€
1 000
42 935
49 537
53 844
55 630
19 903
19 827
27 194
32 807
538.1
156.2
182.4
87.3
295.5
356.7
70.5
11.4
Median
disposable income
€
44 311
50 045
55 189
56 638
19 793
19 396
28 683
28 872
Disposable income of households has been calculated according to income data on households as follows: Earned income + entrepreneurial income + property income (excl. income from housing) + current
transfers received – current transfers paid = disposable income in money income
Median income is the level of income that divides the data in half. One half of households receive more
and one half less than the median income. The number of households has been estimated from the
sample survey. Their number differs from the family statistics.
Source: Income Distribution Statistics, Statistics Finland
65
5 Income
5.6
Debtors and debts by age group 2012
Debtors total, number
Total
Women
Age groups, total
–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
65 –
2 079 776
151 446
466 765
470 647
462 421
344 359
184 138
Debts total, €
Total,
Age groups, total
– 24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
65 –
108 700 528 883
3 103 319 007
28 496 133 672
33 919 276 278
25 518 810 945
12 935 866 288
4 727 122 693
1 052 964
72 281
235 742
241 604
234 268
175 663
93 406
Women
47 993 602 570
1 495 657 358
13 288 349 793
14 908 417 936
10 946 157 923
5 397 713 571
1 957 305 989
%
Women Men
Men
1 026 812
79 165
231 023
229 043
228 153
168 696
90 732
Men
51
48
51
51
51
51
51
%
Women Men
60 706 926 313
1 607 661 649
15 207 783 879
19 010 858 342
14 572 653 022
7 538 152 717
2 769 816 704
44
48
47
44
43
42
41
Source: Indebtedness, Statistics Finland
5.7a Debtors in enforcement, women and men 2008–2012
Total
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
205 031
211 083
208 357
213 894
215 697
Women,
number
Share of women
in debtors in
enforcement, %
69 145
72 244
72 508
75 157
78 464
Source: Justice Statistics, Statistics Finland
66
33.7
34.2
34.8
35.1
36.4
Men,
number
135 886
138 839
135 849
138 737
137 233
49
52
49
49
49
49
49
Share of men in
debtors in
enforcement, %
66.3
65.8
65.2
64.9
63.6
56
52
53
56
57
58
59
5
Income
5.7b Average enforcement debt (€) and number of cases
in collection 2008–2012
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Average enforcement debt (€)
Number of cases in collection per
debtor
Total
Women
Men
Total
16 575
15 775
15 145
14 600
14 926
9 265
9 700
10 302
10 450
10 639
20 294
18 937
17 730
16 848
17 376
Women
5.6
5.8
6.1
6.8
7.1
Men
5.3
5.5
5.9
6.7
7.1
5.8
5.9
6.1
6.9
7.0
Source: Justice Statistics, Statistics Finland
5.8
Households in receipt of social assistance by type of household 1990,
1995, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012, %
Type of household
Single women without
children1)
Single men without
children1)
Single women with
children
Single men with
children
Couples/cohabiters
without children
Couples/cohabiters
with children
Total
Number
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
2012
24,5
24,8
26,0
27,8
28,0
28,0
39,0
38,1
39,0
42,3
43,8
44,1
10,9
9,0
10,7
11,3
10,8
10,8
1,3
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
10,0
12,1
11,0
7,8
7,2
6,9
14,2
14,9
12,1
9,7
9,1
9,1
100
100
100
100
100
100
181 604 339 020 271 686 238 848 239 212 238 373
1) Incl. children aged 18 or over living with their parents.
Source: Social Assistance 2012, National Institute for Health and Welfare
67
5 Income
Unemployment benefits in Finland
Unemployment benefits are provided both by unemployment funds and by the Social
Insurance Institution of Finland (Kela). The former pay out earnings-related benefits
to fund members, while the Social Insurance Institution provides basic unemployment benefits to other unemployed persons.
Unemployment funds pay earnings-related unemployment allowance to members
of at least 34 weeks’ standing who satisfy certain conditions regarding past employment .
Basic unemployment allowance is paid by the Social Insurance Institution to unemployed persons aged 17–67 who satisfy the condition regarding past employment
but are not enrolled in any unemployment fund.
Labour market subsidy is paid by by the Social Insurance Institution to unemployed
persons aged 17–67 who have reached the maximum eligibility limit for the basic of
earnings-related allowance or who are not entitled to unemployment allowance on
account of not satisfying certain conditions regarding past employment.
Source: Social Insurance Institution
5.9
Recipients of basic unemployment allowance and labour
market subsidy 1994–2012
Thousands
300
250
200
Men
150
Women
150 190
125 421
100
50
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Source: Statistical Yearbook on Unemployment Protection in Finland 2012,
Financial Supervisory Authority and Social Insurance Institution
68
5
Income
5.10 Recipients of earnings-related unemployment
allowance 1994–2012
300
Thousands
250
200
Women
150
100
Men
M 139 902
W 134 566
50
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Source: Statistical Yearbook on Unemployment Protection in Finland 2012,
Financial Supervisory Authority and Social Insurance Institution
69
5 Income
5.11 Recipients of earnings-related unemployment allowance, basic
unemployment allowance and labour market subsidy by age 2012, %
Age
Earnings-related unem- Basic unemployment
ployment allowance, % allowance, %
Labour market subsidy, %
Women
Women
17–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
Total
Men
30
41
47
52
52
51
49
48
48
48
49
Total nr
Women
Men
70
59
53
48
48
49
51
52
52
52
51
47
45
48
48
48
48
46
45
45
47
47
53
55
52
52
52
52
54
55
55
53
53
134 566 139 902
27 604
31 219
Men
49
41
45
47
48
47
45
44
45
49
45
51
59
55
53
52
53
55
56
55
51
55
97 817 118 917
Source: Statistical Yearbook on Unemployment Protection in Finland 2012, Financial
Supervisory Authority and Social Insurance Institution
5.12 Monthly pensions of all pensioners 2012
€/month
0–499
500–749
750–999
1 000–1249
1 250–1 499
1 500–1 749
1 750–1 999
2 000–2 499
2 500–2 999
3 000–3 499
3 500–3 999
4 000–4 499
4 500–4 999
5 000–
Women
0
5
10
15
20
Men
25
%
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Pensioners in Finland 2012, The Central Pension Security
Institute and the Social Insurance Institution
70
5
Income
5.13 All pensioners by pension component 2000–2012
All pensioners
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Women
Men
743 300
748 400
757 100
761 300
764 233
772 046
779 053
787 262
798 203
811 095
820 872
829 541
833 656
540 900
548 000
560 200
568 700
573 769
584 240
592 891
602 570
615 997
632 094
642 963
653 500
660 769
Percentage of employment Percentage of national
pensioners of all pensioners pensioners of all pensioners
Women
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
92
92
92
92
93
93
Men
92
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
Women
Men
84
63
62
61
60
59
57
56
58
56
55
54
52
79
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
40
39
38
37
36
1) From the beginning of 1996, the basic amount of the national pension became proportional to the
earnings related pension. If the national pension did not include an additional amount the basic amount
was reduced gradually up to the beginning of 2001. This meant that more than 300 000 pension
recipients who had received both a national pension and an earnings-related pension became at the
same time pension recipients who receive only an earnings-related pension.
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Pensioners in Finland 2012, The Central Pension Security
Institute and the Social Insurance Institution
71
5 Income
5.14 Recipients of pension by size of overall pension at 31.12.2012
Overall pension €/month
Women
Number
Men
%
Number
%
0–499
500–749
750–999
1 000–1 249
1 250–1 499
1 500–1 749
1 750–1 999
2 000–2 499
2 500–2 999
3 000–3 499
3 500–3 999
4 000–4 499
4 500–4 999
5 000–
9 908
90 807
151 241
175 545
109 428
75 449
49 735
51 390
21 229
8 356
3 694
1 733
933
1 156
1.3
12.1
20.1
23.4
14.6
10.1
6.6
6.8
2.8
1.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
5 428
53 536
78 346
100 964
80 685
72 385
58 462
73 581
38 344
19 633
10 774
6 473
3 984
8 441
0.9
8.8
12.8
16.5
13.2
11.8
9.6
12.0
6.3
3.2
1.8
1.1
0.7
1.4
Total
750 604
100
611 036
100
Average overall pension euro/
month
Share of statutory earnings-related
pension
Share of national pension
1 322
1 692
1 133
171
1 545
122
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Pensioners in Finland 2012, The Central Pension Security
Institute and the Social Insurance Institution
72
6
6.1
Health and exercise
Self reported health, by age, 2012
Good 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Reasonably good 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Average 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Rather poor 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Poor 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
73
6 Health and exercise
6.2
Body mass index (BMI), by age, 2012
BMI 14–19.99 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
BMI 20–24.99 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
BMI 25–29.99 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
BMI >30 15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
%
40
50
60
BMI =Weight (kg)
Height (m)
2
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
74
6
6.3
Health and exercise
Eating habits, by age, 2012
Type of milk usually consumed
Women
Age
Men
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
0%
20%
Whole milk, fat 4.4 or 3.5%
Low-fat milk, fat 1.5%
Skimmed milk
Do not drink milk
40%
60%
80% 100%
1-milk, fat 1%
Type of bread spread
Women
Age
Men
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Butter
Mixture of butter and oil
Soft margarine
Plant stanol or plant
sterol spread
Low fat spread
None
80% 100%
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
75
6 Health and exercise
Consumption of chocolate or other sweets in the past week
Women
Age
Men
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
0%
20%
40%
60%
0%
80% 100%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
Consumption of fresh vegetables in the past week
Women
Age
Men
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
0%
20%
40%
during 6–7 days
during 3–5 days
during 1–2 days
Never
60%
80% 100%
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
76
6
6.4
Health and exercise
Consumption of alcohol, by age, 2012
Frequency of drinking alcohol
Women
Age
Men
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
0%
20%
40%
60%
0%
80% 100%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
2–3 times a week
Once a week
Daily
A few times a year
Never
2–3 times a month
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
6.5
Consumption of alcohol, by age, 2012
Frequency of consuming six or more portions of alcohol
on a single occasion
Women
Age
Men
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
Daily or
Once a month
Once a week
nearly daily
Less than
Never
once a month
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
77
6 Health and exercise
6.6
Daily smokers, by age and marital status, 2012
Age
Married or
cohabiting
15–24
25–34
Women
35–44
Men
45–54
55–64
Yht.
Single
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Yht.
Divorced
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Total
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
Of widows, 10 per cent of women aged 55–64 are daily smokers.
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
78
6
6.7
Health and exercise
Leisure-time exercise, by age, 20121)
Daily
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
4–6 times a
week
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
2–3 times a
week
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
Once a week
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
2–3 times a
month
Fewer times or not at all 15–24
25–34
(incl. those who
35–44
cannot exercise)
45–54
55–64
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
1) For at least half an hour and causing at least slight perspiration
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
79
6 Health and exercise
6.8a Incidence of selected symptoms and complaints in the past
month 2012
Age group 15 to 64
Headache
Back pain
Indigestion
Insomnia
Joint ache
Cardidialgia
Eczema
Swelling the feet
Depression
Constipation
Sciatica
Tooth-ache
Varicose veins
Chest pain during exercise
Other mental problem
Women
Men
No symptoms mentioned above
0
10
20
30
%
40
50
60
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
6.8b Incidence of selected illnesses (treated or detected by a doctor)
in the past year 2012
Age group 15 to 64
High blood pressure, hypertension
Hay or allergic rhinitis
Elevated blood cholesterol
Back illness
Depression
Asthma
Food allergy
Gastric disease
Diabetes
Other mental problem
Rheumatic arthritis
Cancer
Emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Women
Men
0
5
10
15
20
25
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish%Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
80
6
6.9
Health and exercise
Use of selected medicines in the past week 2012
Vitamins
For headache
Vitamin D
For other aches
Contraceptives
For high blood pressure
Hormone for replacement therapy
For high cholesterol
Sleeping pills
For depression
For cough
Sedatives
For diabetes
Insulin
Erectile dysfunction medicine
Have not used medicines
mentioned above
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population, Spring 2012,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
6.10 Sickness allowance 2012
Women
Men
Total
Total number of
days covered
Recipients of
sickness allowance
Total benefit
expenditure
1 000 pcs
Number
Million €
8 324
7 062
15 386
187 479
134 748
322 227
430.1
412.7
842.8
Per recipient
€
51.7
58.4
Source: Social Insurance Institution
81
6 Health and exercise
6.11 Deaths by cause of death 2012
Total
Women
Men
Diseases of the circulatory system
Neoplasms
Diseases of the nervous system
Accidents and violence
Diseases of the digestive system
Mental and behavioural disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
Diseases of the genitourinary system
Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system
and connective tissue
Congenital malformations
Symptoms and ill-defined conditions
Diseases of blood and blood-forming organs
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Complications of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium
Deaths without death certificates
20 329 10 534 9 795
12 070 5 744 6 326
6 621 4 210 2 411
3 683 1 211 2 472
2 400
959 1 441
2 311 1 516
795
2 026
788 1 238
656
290
366
369
211
158
306
147
159
Total
51 737 26 091 25 646
Source: Causes of Death Statistics, Statistics Finland
82
255
185
162
57
52
27
2
226
161
98
70
30
25
13
2
82
94
87
92
27
27
14
0
144
6
Health and exercise
6.12 The most common causes of death among the working
age population (aged 15 to 64) 2012
Women
Number of deaths
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
%
Neoplasms
Diseases of the circulatory system
Alcohol-related causes
Suicides
Accidents
Diseases of the respiratory system
Other causes of death
1 277
481
329
188
176
65
513
42.2
15.9
10.9
6.2
5.8
2.1
16.9
Total
3 029
100.0
Men
Number of deaths
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
%
Diseases of the circulatory system
Neoplasms
Alcohol-related causes
Accidents
Suicides
Diseases of the respiratory system
Other causes of death
1 691
1 471
1 155
708
523
154
823
25.9
22.5
17.7
10.9
8.0
2.4
12.6
Total
6 525
100.0
Source: Causes of Death Statistics, Statistics Finland
83
6 Health and exercise
6.13 Age-standardised mortality from alcohol-related diseases
and accidental poisoning by alcohol in 1969 to 2012
per 100,000 persons of the mean population
Death rate/100 000
60
50
40
30
Women
Men
20
10
0
1969
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2012
Source: Causes of Death Statistics, Statistics Finland
6.14 Accident mortality in 1936 to 2012 per 100,000 persons
of the mean population
120
Death rate/100 000
Women
Men
100
80
60
40
20
0
1936 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2012
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Source: Causes of Death Statistics, time series, Statistics Finland
84
6
Health and exercise
6.15 Suicide mortality in 1921 to 2012 per 100,000 persons
of the mean population
60
Death rate/100 000
Women Men
50
40
30
20
10
0
1921
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2012
2010
Source: Causes of Death Statistics, Statistics Finland
6.16 Mortality by age for persons aged 0–64 in 2012
18
Per mille
Women
16
Men
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 35
Age
40
45
50
55
60
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
85
6 Health and exercise
6.17 Mortality by age for persons aged 65–94 in 2012
350
Per mille
Women
300
Men
250
200
150
100
50
0
65
70
75
80
Age
85
90
Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland
6.18 All reported cases of Hiv infections in 1985 to 2013
160
Number
Women
140
Men
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
Women 2 6 8 5 6 9 11 18 16 13 27 19 24 30 38 46 33 38 38 23 39 57 51 42 66 54 60 45 57
Men 36 59 46 44 37 74 46 71 45 55 44 47 48 50 104 93 96 91 92 101 95 134 136 105 106 130 112 111 103
Source: National Institute for Health and Welfare
86
6
Health and exercise
6.19 Self reported health of the elderly, by age, 2011
Good
Age
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Reasonably good 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Average
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Rather poor
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Poor
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
87
6 Health and exercise
6.20 Body mass index (BMI) of the elderly, by age, 2011
BMI
Age
14.00–19.00 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
20.00–23.99 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
24.00–26.99 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
27.00–29.99 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
30.00–31.99 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
32.00–
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Women
Men
0
10
20
%
30
40
BMI= Weight (kg)
Height (m) 2
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
88
50
6
Health and exercise
6.21 Eating habits of the elderly, by age, 2011
Women
Type of milk daily consumed
Age
Men
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
Whole milk, fat 4.4 or 3.5 %
Skimmed milk
0%
20%
40%
Low fat milk, fat 1.5 %
Do not drink milk
60%
80% 100%
1-milk, fat 1 %
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
Type of bread spread
Age
Women
Men
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
Butter
Plant stanol or plant sterol margarine
None
0%
20%
Mixture of butter and oil
Low fat (max. 60 %) spread
40%
60%
80% 100%
Soft margarine
Low fat (max. 40 %) spread
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2009,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
89
6 Health and exercise
6.22 Frequency of alcohol consumption among the elderly, by age, 2011
Not at all
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
More seldom than 65–69
once a month
70–74
75–79
80–84
1–2 times a month 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
1–6 times a week
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Every day
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Women
Men
0
10
20
30
%
40
50
60
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011, National
Institute for Health and Welfare
90
6
Health and exercise
6.23 Daily smoking among the elderly, by age, 2011
65–69
70–74
75–79
Women
Men
80–84
0
5
10
%
15
20
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
91
6 Health and exercise
6.24 Incidence of illnesses among the elderly during the past year,
by age, 2011
Women
Men
High blood pressure,
hypertension
Diabetes
Myocardial infarction
Coronary disease
Heart failure
Stroke
Cancer
Rheumatic arthritis
Other articular disease
Back illness
Emphysema,
chronic bronchitis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Uropathy
Green cataract
Osteoporos
Depression
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
%
%
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
92
50
60
6
Health and exercise
6.25 Physical exercise of the elderly, by age, 2011
For at least half an hour
Daily
Age Walking outdoors
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Other exercise
4–6 times a week 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
2–3 times a week 65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Once a week
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
2–3 times
a month
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
A few times
a year
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
Cannot exercise
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
0
10
20
30
40
50 0
%
10
20
30
40
50
%
Women
Men
Source: Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly, Spring 2011,
National Institute for Health and Welfare
93
7 Technology
7.1
Followed some social network service in the past 3 months, 2013
Age
16–29
91
77
77
73
30–39
40–49
63
43
50–59
27
36
18
18
60–74
3
75–89 3
Women
49
44
Total
0
Men
20
40
60
80
100
%
Source: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 2013,
Statistics Finland
7.2
Has a smartphone in own use, 2013
Age
83
79
75
82
16–29
30–39
63
40–49
45
50–59
29
60–74
73
55
36
75–89 2 9
51
Total
0
20
Women
Men
60
40
%
60
80
100
Source: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 2013,
Statistics Finland
94
7
7.3
Technology
Bought over the internet in the past 12 months, 2013
Age
82
80
88
89
81
74
16–29
30–39
40–49
50–59
53
27
60–74
60
36
75–89 2 9
Women
58
61
Total
0
Men
20
40
60
80
100
%
Source: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 2013,
Statistics Finland
7.4
Has read on-line newspaper in the past 3 months, 2013
Age
93
95
91
96
16–29
30–39
83
89
40–49
75
72
50–59
50
60–74
14
75–89
59
21
Women
70
Total
0
20
Men
77
40
60
80
100
%
Source: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 2013,
Statistics Finland
95
7 Technology
7.5
Searched for information about goods and service
on the web in the past 3 months, 2013
Age
88
89
94
96
91
92
16–29
30–39
40–49
77
78
50–59
49
60–74
11
75–89
56
22
70
Total
0
20
Women
Men
77
40
60
80
100
%
Source: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 2013,
Statistics Finland
7.6
Use of internet banking in the past 3 months, 2013
Age
85
85
16–29
99
99
98
95
89
84
30–39
40–49
50–59
64
64
60–74
17
75–89
29
Women
Men
77
80
Total
0
20
40
%
60
80
100
Source: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 2013,
Statistics Finland
96
8
8.1
Violence and crime
Victims of threatening and violence in a relationship during
the year in 2012, %
Threatening with violence
Physical violence, no injury
Physical violence having caused injury
Physical violence total
Physical violence and threatening total
Respondents total (n)
Total
Women
Men
2.5
2.2
1.3
3.2
4.8
4 944
3.5
2.8
1.9
4
6.1
2 669
1.6
2.2
0.7
2.4
3.5
2 275
The figures for different types of acts in the table cannot be added up, because the same respondent
may have experienced both threatening and physical violence.
Source: Intimate partner violence experienced by Finns 2012, The National Research
Institute of Legal Policy
8.2
Victims of threatening and violence by the relationship of the offender
and victim during the past 12 months, %, aged 15 to 74
Total Women
Men
Total
Threatened with physical injury
3.8
3.7
3.8
Obstruction of movement, grabbing, shoving
3.9
4.5
3.3
Physical violence comprising at least slapping
8.1
7.8
8.5
The offender a former or present spouse or partner
Threatened with physical injury
1.2
1.1
Obstruction of movement, grabbing, shoving
2.4
0.9
Physical violence comprising at least slapping
3.6
3.6
The offender some other person known closely by the victim1)
Threatened with physical injury
0.8
0.8
Obstruction of movement, grabbing, shoving
0.8
0.5
Physical violence comprising at least slapping
2.1
2.5
The offender unknown or half-acquainted 2)
Threatened with physical injury
1.9
2.4
Obstruction of movement, grabbing, shoving
1.9
2.2
Physical violence comprising at least slapping
3.6
3.5
Sample size
7 615 4 217 3 398
1) Brother, sister, father, mother, child, friend, acquaintance or co-worker
2) A person encountered by the victim at random, a customer, patient or the like encountered at work
Source: National Crime Victimisation Survey 2012, The National Research
Institute of Legal Policy
97
8 Violence and crime
8.3
Has feared becoming a victim of violence outside home
in the evenings during the year in 2012, %
Total
Once or twice a year
Over 3 times a year
Does not move outside one's home in the
evenings
Sample size
Women
Men
24.4
10.5
27.1
15.1
21.6
5.9
6.8
10.3
3.4
7 375
4 068
3 307
Source: National Crime Victimisation Survey 2012, The National Research
Institute of Legal Policy
8.4
Those having sustained a physical injury as a result of violence
during the year in 2012, %
12
%
10
9.5
10
8
6
5.9
5.4
4.7
4.4 4.5
4
3.4
2
0
1.8
15–24
25–34
45–54
35–44
Women
55–64
Men
Source: National Crime Victimisation Survey 2012, The National Research
Institute of Legal Policy
98
2
8
8.5
Violence and crime
Crime suspects by type of offence 2012
Offences against the Penal Code
%
Women
Men
Total
number
Total
Offences against property
of which:
− Theft
− Petty theft
− Robbery
− Aggravated robbery
− Damage to property
− Embezzlement
− Fraud, petty fraud
Offences against life and health
of which:
− Manslaughter
− Murder
− Assault
Sexual offences
of which:
− Child sexual abuse
− Rape
Offences against public authority and
public peace
17.6
22.6
82.4
77.4
283 622
111 972
15.7
30.3
8.9
13.5
9.5
32.8
28.6
16.8
84.3
69.7
91.1
86.5
90.5
67.2
71.4
83.2
16 281
41 562
1 156
296
13 075
1 187
16 025
34 738
17.9
4.5
14.9
1.9
82.1
95.5
85.1
98.1
39
44
21 964
3 458
2.4
1.4
97.6
98.6
1 423
1 341
17.4
82.6
12 996
Traffic offences
of which:
− Violating the speed limit
− Drunk driving
− Aggravated drunk driving
11.0
89.0
48 248
5.9
12.5
11.9
94.1
87.5
88.1
2 307
8 702
10 363
Other offences against the penal code
of which:
− Drug offences
− Aggravated drug offences
15.3
84.7
72 210
16.0
14.3
84.0
85.7
6 665
1 060
Source: Justice Statistics, Statistics Finland
99
8 Violence and crime
8.6
Children under 15 suspected of crime by type of offence 2012
Offences against the Penal Code
Total
Offences against property
of which:
− Theft
− Petty theft
− Robbery
− Damage to property
− Fraud, petty fraud
Offences against life and health
of which:
− Assault
Sexual offences
Offences against public authority
and public peace
Traffic offences
Other offences against the penal code
of which:
− Drug offences
Source: Justice Statistics, Statistics Finland
100
%
Women
Men
Total
number
28.3
31.7
71.7
68.3
9 668
6 959
21.7
42.1
4.8
9.8
29.4
14.1
78.3
57.9
95.2
90.2
70.6
85.9
539
4 280
63
1 445
221
1 039
13.1
0.0
86.9
100.0
689
55
41.3
11.7
26.7
58.7
88.3
73.3
104
394
1 117
17.2
82.8
29
8
8.7
Violence and crime
Clients of shelters, mother and child homes and homes for addicted
mothers with children 2013
Number
%
Number
%
Adults Women Men Women Men Children Girls Boys Girls Boys
Shelters
1 003
Mother and Child
Homes
371
Homes for addicted
mothers with
children
96
952 51
95
5
1 154 572 580
50
50
284 87
77 23
335 161 174
48
52
73 23
76 24
50
50
60
30
30
The first mother and child home was established in 1942, and sheltered home activity started in 1978.
The first mother and child home specialising in addiction problems was established in 1990.
Source: Federation of Mother and Child Homes and Shelters
8.8
Children placed as an emergency measure for the first time
by age group in 2012
500
400
300
441
200
100
0
340
184 191
0–2-v.
122
179
3–6-v.
364
324 344
13–15-v.
16–17-v.
237
7–12-v.
Girls
Boys
Source: Child welfare 2012, National Institute for Health and Welfare
101
8 Violence and crime
8.9
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Children and young people placed outside home in 1991 to 2012
Girls
Boys
Total
4 203
4 526
4 609
4 925
5 180
5 368
5 585
5 628
5 736
5 932
6 272
6 582
6 710
6 972
7 250
7 431
7 608
7 942
7 916
8 074
8 254
8 464
4 591
4 929
5 041
5 273
5 559
5 797
6 054
6 154
6 349
6 742
7 077
7 412
7 498
7 718
8 011
8 293
8 586
8 965
8 942
9 107
9 289
9 366
8 794
9 455
9 650
10 198
10 739
11 165
11 639
11 782
12 085
12 674
13 349
13 994
14 208
14 690
15 261
15 724
16 194
16 907
16 858
17 181
17 543
17 830
Source: Child welfare 2012, National Institute for Health and Welfare
102
9
9.1
Power and decision making
Parliamentary election in Finland 2011
Candidates
Elected
Number
Total
Women
2 315
200
903
85
Men
1 412
115
%
Women
Men
39.0
42.5
61.0
57.5
Source: Election Statistics, Statistics Finland
9.2
Percentage of female candidates, votes cast for women and
women elected in parliamentary elections 1954–2011
%
50
42.5%
41.8%
39.0%
40
30
20
10
Elected
Votes
Candidates
0
1954195819621966197019721975197919831987199119951999200320072011
The voting turnout in the parliamentary election 2011 was 67.7 % for women and 67.0 % for men.
Source: Election Statistics, Statistics Finland
103
9 Power and decision making
9.3
Members of Parliament 2013 (age by the end of the year)
Age
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
8
6
4
Number
0
2
Women
2
8
6
4
Number
Men
The average age of the Members of Parliament is 48 years for women and 53 years for men.
Source: Finnish Parliament
9.4
Members of Parliament by political party 2013
National Coalition Party
Social Democratic Party of Finland
True Finns
Centre Party of Finland
Left Alliance
Swedish People's Party of Finland
Green League
Christian Democrats
The representative of Åland
30
20
10
0
10
Number
Source: Finnish Parliament
104
20
Number
Women
Men
30
40
9
9.5
Power and decision making
Chairpersons and Vice Chairpersons of Parliamentary Groups 2013
Parliamentary group
Total
Chairperson
Vice Chairpersons
Women Men Women Men Women Men
Total
26
%
National Coalition Party
Parliamentary Group
4
Social Democratic Parliamentary
Group
3
True Finns Party Parliamentary
Group
3
Centre Party Parliamentary Group
3
Left Alliance Parliamentary Group 3
Swedish Parliamentary Group
3
Green Parliamentary Group
3
Christian Democratic
Parliamentary Group
3
Left Faction Parliamentary Group
1
12
14
46.2 53.8
2
3
6
33.3 66.7
9
52.9
8
47.1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source: Finnish Parliament
9.6
Parliamentary Committees 2013 (July)
Social Affairs and Health
Grand
Employment and Equality
Education and Culture
Constitutional Law
Environment
Legal Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Commerce
Administration
Agriculture and Forestry
Transport and Communications
Audit
Finance
Future
Defence
3
14
13
12
11
12
5
6
9
8
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
5
6
16
13
13
4
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Number
Women
Men
The Grand Committee has 25 members, the Finance Committee 21, the Audit Committee 11 and others
17 members each.
The chairs of the Committees are 7 women and 9 men. Vice chairs are 10 women and 7 men (The Grand
Committee has 2 vice chairs).
Source: Finnish Parliament
105
9 Power and decision making
9.7
Composition of the Cabinet of Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen 2013
Women
Prime Minister
Minister of Finance
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of European Affairs and Foreign Trade
Minister of International Development
Minister of Justice
Minister of the Interior
Minister of Defence
Minister of Public Administration and Local
Government
Minister of Education and Science
Minister of Culture and Sport
Minister of Agriculture and Forestry
Minister of Transport
Minister of Economic Affairs
Minister of Labour
Minister of Social Affairs and Health
Minister of Health and Social Services
Minister of the Environment
Minister of Housing and Communications
Total
Source: Finnish Government
106
Men
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
10
9
9.8
Power and decision making
Cabinet Committees and Ministerial working groups 2013
Number
Total
Women
Statutory Cabinet Committees
The Cabinet Committee on Foreign and
Security Policy
The Cabinet Committee on European
Union Affairs
The Cabinet Finance Committee
The Cabinet Committee on Economic
Policy
Ministerial working groups
Ministerial working group on public
administration and regional development
Ministerial working group on educational
policy
Ministerial working group on social and
health policy
Ministerial working group on energy and
climate policy
Ministerial working group on basic social
services
Ministerial working group on transport
and communications policy
Ministerial working group on Russian
affairs
Ministerial working group on fight against
the shadow economy
Ministerial working group on internal
security
Ministerial working group on integration
and migration policy
Ministerial working group for monitoring
work on the Government foresight report
Ministerial working group on Sami affairs
%
Men Women
Men
8
2
6
25.0
75.0
12
12
6
7
6
5
50.0
58.3
50.0
41.7
8
2
6
25.0
75.0
8
6
2
75.0
25.0
8
4
4
50.0
50.0
8
8
0
100.0
0.0
8
3
5
37.5
62.5
9
8
1
88.9
11.1
8
4
4
50.0
50.0
9
3
6
33.3
66.7
8
5
3
62.5
37.5
8
5
3
62.5
37.5
8
5
3
62.5
37.5
8
6
6
2
2
4
75.0
33.3
25.0
66.7
Source: Prime Minister’s Office
107
9 Power and decision making
9.9
Political parties (July 2013)
Chairperson
Women
Men
National Coalition Party
Finnish Social Democratic Party
True Finns Party
Centre Party of Finland
Left Alliance
Green League
Swedish People's Party
Christian Democrats of Finland
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Women
Men
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Chairs and vice chairs
of party councils
(or similar)
Women
Men
National Coalition Party
Finnish Social Democratic Party
True Finns Party
Centre Party of Finland
Left Alliance
Green League
Swedish People's Party
Christian Democrats of Finland
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
1
Party secretary
National Coalition Party
Finnish Social Democratic Party
True Finns Party
Centre Party of Finland
Left Alliance
Green League
Swedish People's Party
Christian Democrats of Finland
Vice chairpersons
Women
Men
1x
3x
–
2
2x
2x
1x
1
–
2x
1
1
1
1x
2
Other members of
executive boards
Women
Men
4
8
2
14
4
5
4
7
14
5
6
19
5
3
7
11
Other members of
party
councils (or similar) 1)
Women
Men
30
27
19
67
27
21
15
29
x = chairperson
1) True Finns: including chairpersons of regional organisations: 1 woman and 16 men
Source: Finnish Political Parties
108
1
2
2
1
1
1
30
32
39
62
28
16
10
31
9
Power and decision making
9.10 Members of current projects* set up by the Prime Minister’s Office
and the Ministries 2013
Ministry
Ministry of Trade and Industry
Ministry of Transport and Communications
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Education and Culture
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Defence
Ministry of the Interior
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
Ministry of Employment and the Economy
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Prime Minister's Office
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of the Environment
Total
Ministry
Members
Total
Women
Men
%
Women
Men
6
404
975
327
686
277
160
656
1 215
1 679
3
88
1 320
911
8 707
25
33
44
49
52
51
22
37
53
48
70
51
45
47
47
75
67
56
51
48
49
78
63
47
52
30
49
55
53
53
Debuty members
Total
Women
Men
%
Women
Men
–
32
45
44
60
64
26
41
56
50
56
55
52
47
50
–
68
55
56
40
36
74
59
44
50
44
45
48
53
50
2
196
756
316
739
284
44
385
1 385
1 521
7
91
1 072
819
7 617
Ministry of Trade and Industry
–
Ministry of Transport and Communications
51
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
272
Ministry of Justice
24
Ministry of Education and Culture
139
Ministry of Education
25
Ministry of Defence
10
Ministry of the Interior
167
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
755
Ministry of Employment and the Economy
521
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5
Prime Minister's Office
12
Ministry of Finance
240
Ministry of the Environment
176
Total
2 397
–
108
327
30
94
14
28
236
603
518
4
10
219
202
2 393
*)
Governing bodies, delegations, committees, commissions, advisory boards, boards,
working groups etc.
Source: Prime Minister’s Office
109
9 Power and decision making
9.11 Highest ministerial offices 2013
Number
Total
Women
Secretaries General and Secretaries
of State
Under-Secretaries of State
Heads of Departments
25
6
54
14
1
15
Men
%
Women
Men
11
5
39
56
17
28
44
83
72
Secretary General of the Office of the President of the Republic of Finland is a man.
Secretary General of the Supreme Court is a woman.
Source: Prime Minister’s Office, Ministries, Office of the President of the
Republic of Finland, Supreme Court
9.12 Percentage of female candidates, votes cast for women,
and women elected in municipal elections 1956–2012
50
%
40.7%
38.8%
36.2%
40
30
20
10
Votes
Candidates
Elected
0
1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
Source: Election Statistics, Statistics Finland
110
9
Power and decision making
9.13 Managers in regional administration
Municipal managers 2012
Number
Total
Women
Men
%
Women
Rural municipalities
Urban municipalities
217
106
43
10
174
96
20
9
80
91
Total
323
53
270
16
84
Men
Source: Statistics on salaries in the municipal sector, Statistics Finland
Chairpersons of municipal executive boards and municipal councils 2009–2012
%
Women
Men
Executive boards
Chairpersons
Vice Chairpersons
21
35
79
65
Municipal councils
Chairpersons
Vice Chairpersons
27
25
73
75
Source: The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities
Chief directors of Regional State Administrative Agencies
Number
Total
2011
2013
6
6
Women
3
3
Men
%
Women
3
3
50
50
Men
50
50
Source: State Provincial Offices, Regional State Administrative Agencies
111
9 Power and decision making
9.14 Central employers’ organisation
(Confederation of Finnish Industries EK) 2013
Number
Total
Presiding officers
Board members
Board of Directors
Women
6
14
9
0
1
3
%
Women
Men
6
13
6
0
7
33
Men
100
93
67
Source: Confederation of Finnish Industries EK
9.15 Central employee organisations 2013
Number
Total
Presiding Officers
Board Members
Members of councils 1)
Members
Women
Men
%
Women
Men
40.0
26.1
46.7
53.2
60.0
73.9
53.3
46.8
20
8
12
69
18
51
180
84
96
2 226 277 1 185 137 1 041 140
1) Akava does not have a council
Source: Central employee organisations
SAK (Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions)
STTK (Finnish Confederation of Salaried Employees)
Akava (Confederation of Unions for Academic Professionals in Finland)
9.16 Polytechnics and universities 2013
Number
Total
Rectors of polytechnics
Rectors of universities
Professors (2011)*)
*) Employment Statistics, Statistics Finland
Source: Polytechnics and universities
112
27
15
2 577
Women
7
4
637
Men
20
11
1 940
%
Women
25.9
26.7
24.7
Men
74.1
73.3
75.3
9
Power and decision making
9.17 The Academy of Finland 2013
Scientific Research Counsils
Chairpersons
Members
Academy professors
(from Jan 1st, 2013)
Number
Total
Women
Men
%
Women
Men
4
40
2
20
2
20
50
50
50
50
51
13
38
25
75
Source: Academy of Finland
9.18 Boards of directors of quoted and state-owned companies 2008–2013
Members of the boards, percentage
Quoted companies
State-owned companies
Women Men
Women Men
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
12.1
14.5
16.6
18.7
21.7
22.9
87.9
85.5
83.4
81.3
78.3
77.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
33.0
33.9
34.7
38.4
39.1
40.4
67.0
66.1
65.3
61.6
60.9
59.6
100
100
100
100
100
100
Source: Quoted and state-owned companies
113
10 Time use
10.1 Total work load of women and men by stage of family
cycle 2009–2010
SINGLE:
Living at home with parent, no children
Gainful employment
Women 3,7 10,2
(Aged under 45)
Domestic work
Men 7 6,4
Living away from home, no children
20,7
14,8
Women
(Aged under 45)
24,6
13,8
Men
Aged over 45, no children
25,6
Women 7,4
15,9
19
Men
Single parent
21,5
34,8
Women
Men . .
MARRIED OR COHABITING:
Aged under 45, no children
Women
Men
Youngest child aged 0–6
Women
Men
Youngest child aged 7–17
Women
Men
Aged over 45, no children
Women
Men
24,5
27,3
17,7
43,8
37,2
30,7
35,7
14,4
13,4
0
.. Data too uncertain to be reported
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
114
19,3
14,8
10
26,6
27,2
19,6
29,8
22,3
20 30 40 50
Hours per week
60
70
10
Time use
10.2 Time used for different types of domestic work in 1987–1988
and 2009–2010
Women
Vehicle maintenance and repairs
Construction and repairs
Heating and water
Help to other households
Dish washing
Care for textiles
Gardening and pet care
Childcare
Cleaning dwelling*
Shopping and services
Food preparation
1
1
1
3
4
3
6
12
19
14
20
14
12
15
25
24
35
36
41
42
58
46
Men
Care for textiles
Dish washing
Vehicle maintenance and repairs
Heating and water
Help to other households
Childcare
Construction and repairs
Gardening and pet care
Cleaning dwelling*
Food preparation
Shopping and services
1
2
4
4
9
9
9
7
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
10
6
0
10
17
17
20
20
1987–1988
2009–2010
32
35
30
40
Minutes per day
50
60
70
* The data from 1987–1988 are not fully comparable.
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
115
10 Time use
10.3 Time used by women for domestic work by age
Minutes per day
300
250
1987–1988
1999–2000
2009–2010
200
150
100
50
0
10–14 15–19 20–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74
75+
Age
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
10.4 Time used by men for domestic work by age
300
250
Minutes per day
1987–1988
1999–2000
2009–2010
200
150
100
50
0
10–14 15–19 20–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74
Age
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
116
75+
10
Time use
10.5 Time used by women for domestic work by main activity
231
222
213
Employed
Unemployed
263
325
322
108
104
96
Student
1987–1988
1999–2000
2009–2010
283
290
276
252
247
261
Unemployable/on
disability pension
On other pension
426
465
440
Caring for own
household
0
60
120
180
240
300
Minutes per day
360
420
480
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
10.6 Time used by men for domestic work by main activity
134
139
153
191
214
188
Employed
Unemployed
1987–1988
68
72
59
Student
1999–2000
2009–2010
194
194
190
193
220
211
Unemployable/on
disability pension
On other pension
0
60
120
180
240
300
Minutes per day
360
420
480
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
117
10 Time use
10.7 Share of married or cohabiting women of total time used
for domestic work in family
%
1987–1988
Aged under 45, no children
Youngest child aged 0–6
Youngest child aged 7–17
Aged over 45, no children
60
69
63
62
1999–2000
2009–2010
59
67
60
58
57
62
58
57
Source: Time use survey, Statistics Finland
10.8 Time used by men as a proportion of that used by women for
domestic work by socio-economic group
%
1987–1988
Farmers on own account
Other own account workers
Upper-level employees
Lower-level employees
Workers
All employed, total
Source: Time use survey, Statistics Finland
118
37
50
66
65
59
58
1999–2000
40
60
66
64
64
63
2009–2010
.
58
80
71
71
72
10
Time use
10.9 Cultural activities 2009
2
1
Acting
Singing
6
Dancing
8
8
2
7
Video photography
Women
Men
11
26
28
Photography
16
Writing
10
Visual arts
Playing musical
instrument
10
12
0
19
17
20
40
60
80
100
%
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
10.10 Physical exercise 2009
Have exercised during 4 weeks
Walking
Home gymnastics
Cycling
Swimming
Skiing, downhill
skiing, skating*
Guided gymnastics
Running, jogging
Gym exercise
Dancing
Individual ball game
Team game
0
4
2
8
7
6
21
18
23
17
15
20
14
19
81
66
42
29
33
30
28
Women
Men
14
20
20
40
60
80
100
%
* November–April
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
119
10 Time use
10.11 Time used for exercise, reading, full-time television watching and
using computer
1987
Physical exercise
30
Women
Men
1999
39
42
46
51
52
2009
Reading
54
48
46
52
43
40
Women
Men
Watching television
97
Women
Men
Using computer
Women
5
0
51
60
120
Minutes per day
Source: Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland
120
146
146
28
17
Men
128
120
113
180
11
Gender attitudes
11.1 Impressions of the status of women and men in the Finnish society
Women
2012
2008
2004
2001
1998
Men
2012
2008
2004
2001
1998
0
1
19
15 1
21
18
14 1
14 11
66
68
58
64
62
14
16
21
21
22
36
36
34
31
30
55
55
52
58
55
5
6
8
8
10
20
40
%
Status of men clearly better than that of women
Men and women enjoy equal status
Cannot say
60
4
3
51
3
32
100
80
Status of men slightly better than that of women
Status of women is better than that of men
Source: The Gender Barometer 2012, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
11.2 The reaction of the workplace to the family leaves, views of wage
earners in the public sector
The share of "not at all difficult" alternative
92
92
90
91
90
88
89
87
Maternity leave or family
leave for mothers
Paternity leave
77
83
81
84
70
65
70
59
65
61
67
57
Nursing leave for mothers
Family leave for fathers
Nursing leave for fathers
0
20
40
%
60
2012
2008
2004
2001
80
100
Source: The Gender Barometer 2012, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
121
11 Gender attitudes
11.3 The reaction of the workplace to the family leaves, views of wage
earners in the private sector
The share of "not at all difficult" alternative
Maternity leave or family
leave for mothers
Paternity leave
Nursing leave for mothers
Family leave for fathers
32
Nursing leave for fathers
29
0
43
44
87
87
84
84
87
82
76
77
73
71
69
62
55
2012
2008
2004
2001
48
37
42
20
40
%
60
80
100
Source: The Gender Barometer 2012, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
11.4 Sexually harassed in the past two years by age group
Under 35 years 2012
35–54 years
2012
2008
2004
2001
1998
0
54
49
51
47
34
33
33
20
14
19
14
13
55+ years 2012
2008
2004
2001
1998
48
21
19
18
22
23
2008
2004
2001
1998
9
29
24
22
14
11
4
11
8
12
6
6
Women
Men
20
30
50
%
40
Source: The Gender Barometer 2012, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
122
50
60
11
Gender attitudes
11.5 Fear of being the victim of violence or being on guard because of that
Moving about outdoors
at night
Women 2012
2008
2004
2001
Men 2012
2008
2004
2001
9
10
14
18
2
2
3
5
In family circle
Men 2012
2008
2004
2001
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
13
2
12
12
Men 2012
2008
2004
2001
2
13
1
11
0
24
34
24
34
15
15
14
31
18
26
26
25
34
28
18
20
23
8
10
6
8
22
25
21
12
15
8
11
12
9
1 4
1 4
1 5
2 6
Women 2012
2008
2004
2001
38
31
35
31
10
In public transport
vehicles at night Women 2012 7
2008 6
2004 6
9
2001
Men 2012
2008
2004
2001
On duty (those working)
Women 2012
2008
2004
2001
31
16
14
10
8
11
8
6
6
15
Often
30
45
%
Every now and then
60
75
90
Very seldom
Source: The Gender Barometer 2012, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
123
Women and Men in Finland 2014.indd 124
5.6.2014 8:34:01
Women and Men in Finland 2014
Women and Men in Finland 2014
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