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Introduction to Chemistry
What is chemistry?
Definition:
The study of matter, its structure and properties, and how it changes
during chemical reactions.
Properties of Matter:
Characteristics of a material that allow you to identify it.
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Homework: Pure Substances and Mixtures
Matter
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Properties of Matter
What are some examples of properties of matter?
(Remember, a property is a characteristic that you can use to identify a material)
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Properties of Matter
Two types of properties:
Physical
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Chemical
Chemical Changes
There are five main signs you look for that tell you a chemical reaction has happened between two materials:
1)
There is a color change
2)
A solid has formed from mixing two liquids (this is
called a precipitate )
3)
Bubbles are formed, without adding heat
4)
There is a change in energy (heat is produced or absorbed,
light is given off)
5)
There is a change in smell (an odor given off)
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Chemical Changes
Chemical changes are what happens to matter during a chemical reaction.
Chemical changes are different from physical changes in a couple of very important ways:
*During a chemical change, a new material is formed (for example, when you burn wood in a fireplace, you produce
smoke and ashes)
*Chemical changes are usually not reversible (you can't un­burn the piece of wood.
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Chemical Reactions Demonstration
Create a chart like the one shown below to record your observations for each of the chemical reactions that are demonstrated:
Observations before reaction:
Observations during/after reaction:
Signs that a chemical reaction has ocurred:
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Chemical Reactions Demonstration
Reaction 1: Silver nitrate solution and Sodium chloride solution
Reaction 2: Iron and copper (II) sulfate solution
Reaction 3: Copper (II) nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution
Reaction 4: Hydrochloric acid and zinc metal (use a lit wooden splint to identify the gas)*
Reaction 5: Silver nitrate solution and Sodium iodide solution
Reaction 6: Magnesium metal and oxygen (combustion)*
Reaction 7: Iron (III) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate
Reaction 8: Silver nitrate and potassium dichromate
Reaction 9: Copper (II) chloride solution and Sodium hydroxide solution
Reaction 10:
Barium hydroxide and ammonium thiocyanate (solids)*
*What is the difference between an endothermic reaction and an exothermic reaction?
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Chemical Reactions Demonstration
Complete Questions #1­8 on page 75
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States of Matter
What are the three states of matter?
Describe the properties you could use to identify each state.
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Changes of State
Two useful property of a material are its melting and boiling points. These are the temperatures at which the material changes state, going from a solid to a liquid (melting), or from a liquid to a gas (boiling...slower transition from liquid to a gas is called vaporization or evaporation.)
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Changes of State
These changes can also happen in reverse:
A change from a gas to a liquid is called condensation
A change from a solid to a liquid is called solidification or freezing
It is also possible for a material to change from a solid to a gas, or gas to solid, directly, without ever becoming a liquid in between. This is called sublimation.
Can you think of some examples of this happening?
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Particles of Matter
We say that all matter is composed of "small particles".
What do we call the smallest particles of matter?
We define atoms as the simplest particles of matter which retain their properties .
The last part is important...atoms are not the absolute smallest particles of mattera, but a single atom still has all the same properties as the material it's made of...if it is broken down any further, those properties are lost.
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Atoms
What do we call a material composed entirely of a single type of atom?
Examples of elements:
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Periodic Table
All of the elements are listed in the periodic table.
There are about 120 known elements, although many of these are very uncommon, and some do not occur naturally.
There is a great variety of properties among the elements.
Most are solid at room temperature, some are a gas at room temperature, and only two (Bromine and Mercury) are liquid at room temperature.
The elements can be divided into groups based on their properties.
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Metals and Nonmetals
Two major groups of elements are the metals and the nonmetals .
Look at the examples below. Which ones are metals? Nonmetals?
How can you tell?
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1
Periodic Table of the Elements
H
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
11
Most of the elements are metals. They are listed 5
B
on the left side of the table. Nonmetals are on the right side.
13
The far right are a special group called the inert Al
gases, or noble gases.
Be
Beryllium
Mg
Sodium
Magnesium
K
Potassium
37
20
Ca
Calcium
38
Rb
Sr
Rubidium
Strontium
55
56
Cs
Cesium
87
Fr
Francium
Boron
12
Na
19
He
Helium
4
Li
2
Ba
Barium
88
Aluminium
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
7
6
8
9
N
O
F
Ne
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
14
15
Si
Silicon
32
16
17
P
S
Cl
Ar
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
33
34
35
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
41
42
43
Y
Yttrium
57
40
Zr
Zirconium
72
Nb
Mo
Tc
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
73
74
La
Hf
Ta
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
89
Ra
Ac
Radium
104
105
75
45
Ru
Rh
Rhodium
76
77
Ir
Pt
Iridium
Platinum
106
107
Actinium Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
58
60
62
63
Cerium Praseodymium
90
91
61
Pm
109
Mt
Meitnerium
64
79
49
Cd
Cadmium
80
50
51
52
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
81
82
Au
Hg
Tl
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
83
84
Pb
Bi
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
65
66
67
68
69
70
Tm
Yb
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
93
94
Np
Pu
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
95
96
Am Cm
Americium
Curium
86
At
Rn
Astatine
Radon
The noble gases are special nonmetals that are very unreactive...in other words, they almost never react with other elements.
Er
U
85
Po
Ho
92
54
Antimony
Dy
Pa
53
Tin
Tb
Th
Krypton
Sn
Gd
Samarium
Kr
Bromine
In
Eu
Promethium
36
Br
Indium
Sm
Neodymium
Title: Periodic table (20 of 31)
78
Os
Hs
Nd
Silver
Osmium
Bh
Pr
Ag
Re
108
48
Pd
Rhenium
W
47
Palladium
Tungsten
Sg
59
46
Ruthenium
Db
Ce
Rf
44
18
Phosphorus
Sc
39
10
C
97
98
99
100
101
102
71
Lu
Lutetium
103
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
1
Periodic Table of the Elements
H
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
11
Each element on the periodic table has a name and a symbol.
Be
Beryllium
12
Na
Mg
Sodium
Magnesium
19
K
Potassium
37
20
Ca
Calcium
38
Rb
Sr
Rubidium
Strontium
55
56
Cs
Cesium
87
Fr
Francium
He
Helium
4
Li
2
Ba
Barium
88
The symbol can be a single capital letter, or a capital and lowercase letter.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
5
7
6
8
9
C
N
O
F
Ne
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
13
14
Al
Aluminium
31
15
Si
Silicon
32
16
17
P
S
Cl
Ar
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
33
34
35
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
41
42
43
Y
Yttrium
57
40
Zr
Zirconium
72
Nb
Mo
Tc
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
73
74
La
Hf
Ta
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
89
Ra
Ac
Radium
104
105
75
45
Ru
Rh
Rhodium
76
77
Ir
Pt
Iridium
Platinum
106
107
Actinium Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
58
60
62
63
Cerium Praseodymium
90
91
61
Pm
109
Mt
Meitnerium
64
79
49
Cd
Cadmium
80
50
51
52
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
81
82
Au
Hg
Tl
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
83
84
Pb
Bi
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
65
66
67
68
69
70
Tm
Yb
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
93
94
Np
Pu
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
95
96
Am Cm
Americium
Curium
97
98
99
100
101
102
71
Lu
Lutetium
103
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
86
At
Rn
Astatine
Radon
The symbols are usually related to the element's name, but not always.
Er
U
85
Po
Ho
92
54
Antimony
Dy
Pa
53
Tin
Tb
Th
Krypton
Sn
Gd
Samarium
Kr
Bromine
In
Eu
Promethium
36
Br
Indium
Sm
Neodymium
Title: Periodic table (21 of 31)
78
Os
Hs
Nd
Silver
Osmium
Bh
Pr
Ag
Re
108
48
Pd
Rhenium
W
47
Palladium
Tungsten
Sg
59
46
Ruthenium
Db
Ce
Rf
44
18
Phosphorus
Sc
39
10
B
Compounds
When two or more elements combine in a chemical reaction, they form a compound .
The atoms of each element join together, making a larger particle called a molecule.
There are many more compounds in the world than elements:
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Compounds
Why do you think there can be so many more compounds than elements?
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Pure Substances
Atoms and compounds are called pure substances , because they are composed entirely of the same type of particle.
What would the particles look like in an element?
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What would the particles look like in an compound?
Mixtures
A mixture is two or more elements or compounds
There are even more mixtures than there are compounds. Not all elements will combine in a chemical reaction to form a compound, but any two (or more) elements or compounds can be tossed together to make a mixture.
What are some examples of mixtures?
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Mixtures
There are two types of mixtures:
Solutions appear the exact same no matter what part of the mixture you look at. All the particles are spread out evenly. Solutions will still usually be transparent. *Solutions may have color, but you can still see that light passes through them.
In heterogeneous mixtures , you can see obvious differences in how different parts of the mixture look.
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Mixtures
Classify the examples as solutions or heterogeneous mixtures:
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Drawing Mixtures
Remember what the particles in elements and compounds looked like?
What would the particles in a mixture look like?
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In­Class Assignment
Read Section 2.2 in the book ( pages 76­77 )
Write the answers to Questions #1­3 on page 77 in the Assignments section of your binder.
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