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Flexible Queries over Semistructured Data
Yaron Kanza
Yehoshua Sagiv
Institute of Computer Science
The Hebrew University
Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Institute of Computer Science
The Hebrew University
Jerusalem 91904, Israel
[email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
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