Flexible Queries over Semistructured Data Yaron Kanza Yehoshua Sagiv Institute of Computer Science The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904, Israel Institute of Computer Science The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904, Israel [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT !#"$%"&(')+*,-./01-$"324& "5 .5-#"67&82( 359:3(%:30');'5-"6<15=?>@*@& 2AB".C5D%".#.E3 F"3295D9E3G #H#".5&202 "32I"')16)(02/=H>C:J& D9KL-M&N'"6O.P"Q 2R:@S*C&T5D%".#U#V"-W02B=NX5-J'& "YRKZ& -Q "& D9#."T:N5W@&:@.5-.:V2( 5C"32F:R5#" :V[& &(*\"6FL*C&H05=R10.H5D9E V]H^P_`.5-T"32 \5C2 35=Na& "32B),E3G #N5,.G5-8"2JH2( 35 :#F".-46K:/=JX5-;& ".#"D9".F"3240.'"( 5&;"')16)(02/=b&F:8E3 J5D%".+.5-I0.' (Q "T*,-FKZ& -"&D9cd=8&:J5D9E3 J5D%". .5-%0.'"\KZ& -"& D9#B[&\]H^P_e.\"32%KZ&Q "".#*\:":\N:30')C-=RfH"32U:,5D9E# "32gE3 ;5D%".CL*@&h2 5%i Z;0.' ". ')"<*\:"7:-<9"&85& D9&K: =O]T( 3590.'" 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QUERY CONTAINMENT AND QUERY S"<:EQUIVALENCE Y05%&C#& "C& "ºL"')9.+:j"3V1K &@' #& "lF9K&ºL& "$&R:JD%:"6 P& ".&9:J21Q "6 5:02<'# = .@&"50.".-.B& "."D9"82j"02 "gD9&:& 5;K&ºL& "=`S"o:M5I&T.&' 5D9#152<2B:bj3"R1K$8O&"15& "7&@: 5T[&D:D%(G:"6 =Y^Ç2555& "7&@:T1K++:&0*,Q ')0P ZG-.& "2%:F5& KZ&:FK3KZ0=N>C:"M:,KKZ0 :45D%".%&J.%#O2j3"02i"`D99&8D%:"6 &(')GT!:8' (c +"2I& ".#"D9".Jd0.' 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