CHAPTER 3 • SECTION 3
Catholics would not be persecuted. He gave Maryland to Lord Baltimore as
colony a colony governed by a single owner, or proprietor.
a proprietary colony,
The first settlement, St. Mary’s City, located on the Chesapeake Bay, became
the capital. Colonists were allowed to elect an assembly, and in 1649 the
Act of Toleration forbade religious persecution.
Maryland based its economy on growing tobacco, which required backbreaking work. The tobacco crop quickly used up nutrients in the soil, and
workers had to clear more land. Planters were always searching for laborers.
Most tobacco workers were either indentured servants or slaves.
More About . . .
Tobacco: A True “Cash Crop”
In the 1700s, tobacco was often used for
money in the Chesapeake colonies. Debts,
fines, taxes, and other expenses could be
paid with a specified number of pounds of
tobacco. In Virginia, and later in Maryland,
one of the first forms of currency in
circulation was a receipt for tobacco that a
farmer had delivered to a warehouse. The
receipts were traded like money and could
always be “cashed in” at the warehouse for
actual tobacco.
Religious Conflict In Maryland The colony did not develop as planned.
Answer: Maryland was
meant to be a society
where Catholics and
others would not be
persecuted.
Religious Groups
RELIGION IN THE EARLY COLONIES
Religion in the Early Colonies
In the 17th century, conflict between Catholics and Protestants divided Europeans.
In England and its colonies, there were also disagreements among Protestants.
These disagreements created a variety of religious groups.
Point out to students that the four
Protestant denominations compared in
this feature were not the only ones that
existed at the time, but they were the most
popular in England. Others, such as the
Lutherans in Germany and Scandinavia,
were more popular elsewhere in Europe.
Some denominations, such as Methodists
and Mormons, did not yet exist.
Unit 2 Resource Book
• Primary and Secondary Sources,
pp. 46–47
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Describe the kind of society planned
for Maryland.
COMPARING
COMPARING Religious Groups
CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER
Compare and Contrast Anglicans
Some Catholics, such as Margaret Brent, did settle in Maryland. But they
were outnumbered by Protestants. In 1645 Puritans tried to seize power in
Maryland. Although order was restored, in 1654 Puritans dismissed Maryland’s governor. They got rid of the Act of Toleration and replaced it with an
anti-Catholic law. Eventually the act was restored. However, it was clear that
achieving religious tolerance would be a difficult struggle.
Quakers
Protestants
Catholic
(do not recognize Pope’s authority)
(Pope leads church.)
Baptists
Puritans
Anglicans
Kings and bishops
have no authority.
Church & state
should be separate.
No bishops; congregations
make decisions.
King heads church.
Bishops rule.
Bishops help
govern.
silent prayer
important
sermon important
sermon important
sermon & Catholicstyle ritual
ritual important
CRITICAL THINKING Compare and Contrast Which Protestant denomination
was most similar to Catholicism?
78 Chapter 3
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION
78 • Chapter 3
English Learners
Inclusion
Vocabulary: Prefixes
Understanding Tables
Point out the word outnumbered in the
sentence, “But they were outnumbered
by Protestants.” Explain the meaning
of this sentence: There were more
Protestants than Catholics. Explain that
the prefix out- means “surpassing or
exceeding.” Tell students that together
with the word that follows it, out- works
as a comparative, as in these sentences:
“The good outweighs the bad;” “This
car outperforms that one;” “He thinks
he can outsmart me.”
Review the table on this page with
students, beginning with the two broad
heads (“Protestant,” “Catholic”). Then
go through all the columns so that
students can get a coherent view of each
group. Finally, go through all the rows
so that they can compare the groups on
different points. Encourage students to
ask questions.
CHAPTER 3 • SECTION 3
The Carolinas
KEY QUESTION What attracted settlers to the Carolinas?
During the 1640s England was torn by civil war and colonization stopped. In
1649, a Puritan republic was set up in England. Then, in 1660, the monarchy
was restored, and Charles II became king. He rewarded eight supporters by
giving them land for a new colony named Carolina.
Teach
The Carolinas
Proprietors Plan Their Colony The proprietors, or owners, hoped to
attract settlers by offering religious toleration, large land grants, and political representation. The northern part of Carolina was already populated by
colonists from Virginia. The southern area was settled by English colonists
who had been living in the West Indies. It was in this region that English settlers from Barbados built Charles Town (later called Charleston) in 1670.
The proprietors offered religious toleration to all Christians and Jews. After
Huguenots, or French
1685, Charleston became a refuge for Huguenots
Protestants. Many Huguenots fled France to seek religious
freedom in America.
Think, Pair, Share
• How did Charleston, South Carolina, get its
name? (English settlers from Barbados built a
new town in the colony of Carolina and named
it Charles Town, after King Charles II.)
• How did settlers in Carolina learn to cultivate
rice? (from enslaved Africans, who had grown
it in West Africa)
Rice and Slavery In the 1690s, Carolina’s colonists
started exporting rice. They learned how to cultivate this
crop from enslaved Africans, who had grown it in West
Africa. Growing rice required a large labor force. So planters
imported more enslaved Africans to do the work.
• Problems and Solutions Settlers in North
Carolina wanted more military protection.
What did they do to solve that problem?
(Settlers overthrew the colony’s proprietary
rulers, and both North and South Carolina
became royal colonies.)
PRIMARY SOURCE
“
Our Staple Commodity for some years has been Rice,
and Tilling, planting, Hoeing, Reaping, Threshing,
Pounding have all been done merely by the poor
Slaves here.
”
More About . . .
—letter from a South Carolina doctor, quoted in American Colonies
Reenactors portray slave
life in the South.
Slave labor helped make Carolina planters the richest elite
elite, or high-ranking
group, on the eastern seaboard. However, because they were so outnumbered
by their slaves, this elite lived in constant fear of revolt.
Colonists also captured and enslaved Native Americans. As a result of this,
and the taking of tribal lands, wars broke out between the settlers and Native
American tribes, including the Tuscarora and Yamasee. The wars killed so
many Native Americans that more lands were opened for the settlers.
The Colonists Rebel In 1691 a group of settlers forced the proprietors to
establish a separate government and assembly in “North Carolina.” Colonists were unhappy that the proprietors did not provide enough military
protection from the Spanish and Native Americans. To gain more military
support from the king, in 1719 the colonists overthrew the colony’s proprietary rule. In 1729, both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal
colonies, ruled by governors appointed by the king.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS Explain what attracted settlers to the Carolinas.
Answer: Settlers
were attracted by
religious toleration,
large land grants,
and representative
government.
The English Establish 13 Colonies 79
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
CONNECT
to Science
CONNECT
to Language Arts
Rice Cultivation Facts
Letters to King George
Nearly half of the world’s population depends
on rice for their daily meals. Have students use
reference materials to find the following facts:
the various types of rice; the climate and soil
conditions that rice needs to grow; the places
where rice is cultivated; the growth phases of
a rice plant; the importance of water; and the
effects of rice cultivation on the quality of both
the land and the air.
Have students write letters to the king from
the Carolina elite’s point of view. Help students
get started with a prompt such as: “The year
is 1714. You are a wealthy plantation owner
in South Carolina and have decided to get
together with your friends to write a letter to
King George, who has just ascended the throne.
Tell the king what your problems are, why you
think he should take the colonies away from the
proprietors, and why he should make them royal
colonies.”
Barbados and South Carolina
Soon after Barbados was established as
an English colony, it was covered with
lucrative sugar plantations. Large numbers
of Africans were brought to Barbados to
work the plantations. The fast-growing
population outgrew the small island,
however, and many plantation owners
relocated to South Carolina, bringing with
them enslaved Africans.
More About . . .
Native American Slavery
Although some Native Americans enslaved
members of other tribes as war captives
before the arrival of European colonists, it
was not as part of a forced labor system.
The arrival of English settlers in the
Southern colonies changed that: colonists
needed laborers to cultivate lucrative cash
crops such as tobacco and rice.
As the demand for tobacco and rice grew, so
did the need for more laborers. In addition
to enslaving Africans, English settlers
bought or kidnapped Native Americans.
Soon, Native Americans began selling their
war captives to the English rather than
incorporating them into their own tribes. In
return, the English traded horses, weapons,
beads, cloth, and other items.
Estimates of the numbers of enslaved Native
Americans for the years 1670–1715 range
from 24,000 to 50,000.
Teacher’s Edition • 79