Madi Wright
6
[email protected]
CHEM 1001
ML 408
Tuesdays
3:30-4:30pm
Lectures:AtomicEnergiesandPeriodicity1-3
Textbook:Chapter5
Topics:
• Trendsontheperiodictable
• Predictingionicformulas
• Born-HarberCycle
Opener:Howdidthemidtermgo?!
(10minutes)
• Questions?Concerns?
TwoTruths’andaLie!ChemistryStyle:
(25minutes)
Determinewhichstatementisalie,andexplainwhy.
Pauli’sExclusionPrinciple
1. Notwoelectronsinanatomcanhavethesamefourquantumnumbers
2. Eachelectroninanatomhasauniquesetofquantumnumbers
3. ThereareacoupleexceptionstothePauliExclusionPrinciple
Aufbau’sRule
1. Eachsuccessiveelectronisplacedintheleaststableorbitalwhosequantum
numbersarealreadyassignedtoanotherelectron
2. Puttwoelectronsineachtypeofeachorbital;oneofeachspin
3. Thehigherthevalueofn,thelessstabletheorbital
Hund’sRule
1. Putelectronsinasub-shellspin-upuntileachorbitalcontainsone,andthen
addspin-downelectrons
2. Themoststableelectronconfigurationinvolvingorbitalsofequalenergiesis
theonewiththeminimumnumberofelectronswiththesamespin
orientation
3. Theshorthandelectronconfigurationfortheground-stateorbitalenergylevelforthevalenceelectronsinaSulphuratomis[Ne]3s23p4
OctetRule
1. Thereareexceptionstotheoctetrule
2. Informingchemicalbonds,atomsusuallygain,loseorshareelectronsuntil
theyhave8intheoutershell
3. Informingchemicalbonds,atomsusuallygain,loseorshareelectronsuntil
theyhave8intheinnershell
Madi Wright
6
[email protected]
CHEM 1001
ML 408
Tuesdays
3:30-4:30pm
AnomalousElectronConfigurations
1. AUFBAUisn’talwayscorrect
2. Filledandhalf-filledsubshellsareanomalouslyunstable
3. AUFBAUpredictsfortheelectronconfigurationofCoppertobe[Ar]4s23d9,
buttheelectronconfigurationisactually[Ar]4s13d10
Periodicity
1. Thisisregularchangesofphysicalpropertiesacrossaperiod,ordowna
group
2. Electronegativitydecreasesacrossaperiodandincreasesdownagroup
3. Atomicradiusdecreasesacrossaperiodandincreasesdownagroup
ElectronAffinity
1. Increasesgoingdownandtotherightontheperiodictable
2. Removingelectronsrequiresenergy
3. Addingelectronsreleasesenergy
LatticeEnergy
1. Theenergyrequiredforgaseousionsàsalt
2. Increasesacrossaperiod,anddecreasesdownagroup
3. Accordingtotheequation:
⇒ Largerq1,q2àlargerE
⇒ SmallerdàlargerE
PeriodicTrends (5minutes)
Drawarrowstostatethedirectionofthetrendontheperiodictableforeachofthe
following
3.FirstIonizationEnergy
1.AtomicRadius
2.Electronegativity
4.ElectronAffinity
5.EffectiveNuclear
6.LatticeEnergy
Charge(Zeff)
Madi Wright
6
[email protected]
CHEM 1001
ML 408
Tuesdays
3:30-4:30pm
FillintheBlanks: (10minutes)
a)Cationsare__________________thanneutralions.
b)Chemistryisdeterminedbythe_________________electrons.
c)Atomstendtoattainelectronconfigurationsofthenoblegasesby;______________,
_________________,and___________________.
d)Positiveenergychangesare__________________.Energymustbe_______________to
makethereactionproceed.
e)Negativeenergychangesare__________________.Energymustbe__________________to
makethereactionproceed.
StepstotheBorn-HarberCycle (25minutes)
Wewillworkthroughthistypeofquestionindetailtocomeupwithasetofstepsto
followeachtime.
Usethefollowinginformationtocalculatetheelectronaffinityoffluorine:
1.TheenergychangeuponcombiningLi(s)withF2(g)is−617kJmol-1
2.ThebonddissociationenergyofF2(g)is+79.5kJmol-1
3.TheheatofsublimationofLi(s)is+161kJmol-1
4.TheionizationpotentialofLiis+520kJmol-1
5.ThelatticeenergyofLiF(s)is+1050kJmol-1
Madi Wright
6
[email protected]
ML 408
Tuesdays
3:30-4:30pm
CHEM 1001
ElectronConfigurations (10minutes)
Writeoutthecompletegroundstateelectronicconfigurationsaspredictedby
AFBAUforthefollowing.Writeouttheactualelectronicconfigurations,iftheydiffer.
Whymighttheydiffer?
a)Copper(Cu)
b)Chromium(Cr)
Closer:StressedOut?!
(5minutes)
Academic
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thatyoucantalkto,andthatcanhelpyou.J