COUTRY PROFILE
ON
ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
November 1999
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
FOREWORD
Composition and the Contents of this Report
This report presents information on the Environment of the Country in the following arrangement
1. KEYWORDS
Keywords to understand features of the country and major environmental issues are presented briefly on a
page, which helps to overview the whole figures.
2. FACT SHEET
Major significant index of economy, demography, society and natural resources of the country as well as the
characteristics of the natural and social environment are presented.
3. ORGANIZATION AND LEGISLATION
3.1 Organization
Organizations in charge of each environmental issues stated in Chapter 4 and their duties are shown in the
matrix. Responsibility, organization and duties of the relevant organizations also are described. For NGO, name
and their main activities are shown.
3.2 National Policy on Environment
National policy on the environment such as national environmental action plan is stated.
3.3 Legislation
Laws and regulations on the environment and their coverage are presented.
4. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
This chapter summarizes the current status of the following environmental sectors and presents the
organization in charge, applicable standards, past cases and relevant laws and regulations are presented. In the
Chapter 4.3, current environmental issues to be considered are described based on the Local Consultant’s report.
4.1 Air Pollution
4.2 Water Pollution
4.3 Other Environmental Issues
4.4 Solid Waste Management
4.5 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy
4.6 Water Supply
4.7 Wastewater Management
4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification
4.9 Biodiversity
4.10 Natural Resources Management
4.11 Natural Disaster
4.12 Environmental Education
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Economic and technical assistance by the foreign donors in the country are reviewed. Chapter 5.1,
“International Convention on the Environmental Protection” list up the conventions ratified of signed by the
country. Chapter 5.2, “International Donor’s Project on the Environment” list up the assistance project on the
environment by the bi- or multilateral donors with the information on the project. Japan’s assistance project are
mapped.
6. INFORMATION SOURCES
Contact persons of the organizations in the country concerning the environment are listed.
7. REFERENCES
References quoted in this report are listed.
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA
Table of Contents
Page
1. Keywords ......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Keywords to understand the Environment ..........................................................1
1.2 Keywords in the Environmental Issues ...............................................................1
2. Fact Sheet......................................................................................................................2
2.1 Socio-Economic Indicators .................................................................................2
2.2 Geological and Geographical Features................................................................2
2.3 Meteorological Features......................................................................................2
2.4 Ecological Features .............................................................................................3
2.5 Hydrological Features .........................................................................................3
3. Organization and Legislation ........................................................................................4
3.1 Organization........................................................................................................4
3.2 National Policy o]n the Environment ..................................................................7
3.3 Environmental Law .............................................................................................9
4. Current Environmental Issues .....................................................................................10
4.1 Air Pollution......................................................................................................10
4.2 Water Pollution .................................................................................................11
4.3 Other pollution ..................................................................................................12
4.4 Solid Waste Management..................................................................................13
4.5 Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy ...................................................14
4.6 Water Supply ....................................................................................................15
4.7 Wastewater Management ..................................................................................16
4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification ...........................................................17
4.9 Biodiversity.......................................................................................................19
4.10 Natural Resources .............................................................................................20
4.11 Natural Disaster.................................................................................................21
4.12 Environmental Education..................................................................................22
5. International Relations ................................................................................................23
5.1 Global or Trans-boundary Issues ......................................................................23
5.2 Conventions Ratified or Signed concerning Environment ................................24
5.3 International Donor’s Project on Environment .................................................25
6. Information Sources....................................................................................................27
7. References...................................................................................................................30
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA
1. Keywords
1. Keywords
1.1 Keywords to understand the Environment
Relevant Pages
・ _Gross Domestic Products or Gross National Products（97）
GNP per capita : 390 US$ (Japan 32,380 US$; China 750 US$)
Total GNP: 7.2 billion US$ (Japan 4,090 billion US$; China 928 billion US$)
・
2. Fact sheet p.2
・ 2nd cacao-producing country in the world
・ Major gold and manganese-producing country
・ Remarkable progress in economic reform during 1995 and 1997
・ Reconciliation with Togo in 1995 after 15 years opposition
1.2 Keywords in the Environmental Issues
Relevant Pages
・ Soil degradation
・Shifting cultivation (slush and burn)
・Loss of fertility
・Soil erosion
・Desertification
・Causes of floods
4.10 Natural Resources p. 20
4.8 Forest Conservation / Desertification p.17
4.11 Natural Disaster p. 21
・ Deforestation
・Shifting cultivation (slush and burn)
・Forest clearance for agricultural development
・Mining exploitation
・Causes of floods
4.10 Natural Resources p. 20
4.8 Forest Conservation / Desertification p.17
4.11 Natural Disaster p. 21
・ Water Pollution
・Discharge of domestic wastewater without treatment
・Industrial wastewater
・Wastewater from mining
4.7 Wastewater Management p. 16
4.2 Water Pollution p. 11
・ Environmental Sanitation
・Lack of citizen’s awareness on sanitation4.12 Environmental Education p. 23
4.7 Wastewater Management p. 16
・Inadequate urban sanitary facilities
4.11 Natural Disaster p.21
・Epidemic diseases after flood
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
1
2.Fact Sheet
2. Fact Sheet
2.1 Socio-Economic Indicators
Indicators
Population
Data
Year of data
17.2 million
1995
(Average annual growth: 3.0 % during 1980-97)
1997
Ethnic Groups
Black African 99.8 % (Major tribes: Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
1997
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and others 0.2%
Religion
Indigenous 38 %, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, Other 8 ％
1997
Literacy
Male 76% Female 54%
1994
66 %
1997
Urban Population
34 % (Share in total population)
1997
Life Expectancy
60 years
1997
Child Mortality
102
1997
(Mortality of children under five years old against 1,000 birth)
GNP*1
7.2 billion US$ (390 US$ per capita)
1998
GDP*1
7.5 billion US$ (406US$ per capita)
1998
GDP Composition Agriculture: 40.4 % Industry: 28.0 % Services: 31.6 %
1997
Industry
Mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food
1997
processing
Natural Resources
Gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber
1997
65 %
Access to the Safe
1995
Water *2
32 %
Access
to
the
1995
Sanitation *3
Human Development 0.544 (133th in the world, GDP was 134th in the same year)
1997
Indicators（HDI）
Ref.
a)-1
b)
d)
d)
a)-2
b)
a)-3
b)
b)
c)
c)
a)-5
d)
d)
a)-4
a)-4
e)
*1: GNP was converted from that in the national currency, and calculated by using the averaged exchange rate for these three years. GDP is indicated in the US dollars
using the exchange rate in 1997
*2: Access to Safe Water is the percen6tage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe water including treated surface water and untreated
but uncontaminated water, such as from springs, sanitary wells and protected boreholes.
*3：Access to Sanitation is the percentage of the population with reasonable access the pit latrine, flush toilet with sewage, septic tanks and other suitable facilities to
dispose and prevent human from contact with excreta.
2.2
Geological and Geographical Features
Area: Total: 238,540 km2 (0.63 times that of Japan)
Geological Features: The country locates in the western Africa, facing to the Gulf of Guinea on the south, and
borders to Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Togo in the west, the north and the east, respectively. More
than half of the territory is under 150 m in the altitude. Ashanti upland is in the eastern part of the
country.
Highest place: Afadjato 880 m
Sources: Ref. a), d)
2.3 Meteorological Features
Climate: Tropical climate in the south and dry climate in the north
Season: Dual rainy season in the south from May to August and September to October. Single rainy season in the
north from May to October
Average Temperature: Highest 28.1℃ in March and lowest 24.8℃ in August
Annual Rainfall: Annual average is 970 mm in Accra. The wettest area is the extreme southwest where the annual
average rainfall exceeds 2,000 mm (Takoradi). The driest area is the coastal strip where the annual rainfall is
around 750 mm.
Climate Type: Tropical, Savanna and Dry
Source: Ref. a), f)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
2
2.Fact Sheet
2.4 Ecological Features
The territory can be classified into the following 6 types from south to north with respect to the ecological zoning.
1. Coastal Savanna
2. Rainforest
3. Deciduous Forest
4. Transitional zone
5. Guinea Savanna
6. Sudan Savanna
Sources: Ref. a)
2.5 Hydrological Features
Main rivers:
White Volta river
Black Volta river
Pra river
Ankobra river
Tano river
Oti river
Main Lakes:
Volta Lake (Artificial lake)
Bosumtwi Lake
Sources: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
3
3. Organization and Legislation
3. Organization and Legislation
3.1
Organization
3.1.1 Governmental Organisation
(1) Environmental Issues and the Relevant Governmental Organisation
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12
Env. Education
Natural Disaster
Natural Resources
Biodiversity
Forest and Desert
Waste Water Treat
Water Supply
Energy
— — — — — — — — ○ ○ — —
Environmental Protection Council
— — — — — — — — — — — ○
Ministry of Land and Forestry
— — — — — — — ○ ○ ○ — —
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
— — — — — — — — — ○ — —
Ministry of Mining and Energy
— — ○ — ○ — — — — — — —
Ministry of Trade and Industry
— — — — — — — — — — — —
Ministry of Local Governments and Rural Development
Ministry of Transport and Communications
— — — ○ — — ○ — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — —
Ministry of Roads and Transport
○ — — — — — — — — — — —
Ministry of Tourism
— — — — — — — — ○ — — —
Ministry of Education
— — — — — — — — — — — ○
Irrigation Development Authority
— — — — — — — — — ○ — —
District Assemblies
— — — ○ — — ○ — — — — ○
Water Resources Commission
— ○ — — — ○ — — — — — —
Minerals Commission
— — — — — — — — — — — —
Forestry Commission
— — — — — — — — ○ — — —
Wildlife Department
— — — — — — — — ○ — — —
Desertification Control Unit
— — — — — — — ○ — — — —
Natioal Disaster Management Organization
(ADOMO)
District Disaster Committee
Relevant Organization
Solid Waste
○ ○ — ○ — — ○ — — ○ — —
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Note:1) : ○ →
Mining Pollution
Environment Protection Agency
Water Pollution
Governmental
Organization
Air Pollution
Environmental Issues
(No. indicates the relevant chapter)
—
— — — — — — — — — — ○ —
→
— — — — — — — — — — ○ —
No responsible
na → No Information
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
4
3. Organization and Legislation
(2) Environmental Organisation
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology is responsible for policy making on the environment protection.
Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of setting environment standards, monitoring and actual regulation.
(3) Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency is mainly composed of five divisions and one office. The EPA board
supervises the agency.
1) Technical Support Services Division
- Environmental Quality Dept.
- Environmental Information and Development Management Dept.
- Public Affairs Dept.
- Environmental Law Dept.
2) Intersectoral Network Division
- Natural Resources Dept.
- Mining Dept.
- Environmental Education Dept.
- Build Environment Dept.
3) Operation Division
- Manufacturing Industry Dept.
- Environmental Inspectorate Dept.
- Environmental Assessment and Audit Dept.
- Conventions and Project Implementation Dept.
4) Regional Programme Division
- Ashanti Region
- Brong Ahafo Region
- Central Region
- Eastern Region
- Greater Accra Regiopn
- Northern Region
- Upper East Region
- Upper West Region
- Volta Region
- Western Region
5) Finance and Administration Division
- Finance Dept.
- General Administration Dept.
- Human Resource Development Dept.
6) Ozone Office
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
5
3. Organization and Legislation
(4) Other Organisations relevant to the Environment
Organization
Ministry of Land and Forestry
Relevant Department
Forestry Department
Wildlife Department
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Activities
Formulation of Forestry Law
Formulation of policy on food
supply and agricultural promotion
Irrigation Development Authority
Ministry of Local Governments and Rural
Development
Local administration and rural
development
Enacting and enforcing bylaws
and
implementing
the
governmental policies.
Mining pollution control
Mining pollution control
Industrial pollution control
District Assemblies
Ministry of Mining and Energy
Minerals Commission
Ministry of Trade and Industry
Ministry of Transport and
Communications
Ministry of Roads and Transport
Sources: Ref. a)
3.1.2 NGOs
Currently, many NGOs including international NGOs are registerd with the Environmental Protection Agency.
Most of them were established recently but are not much active because of finance shortage.
These Environmental NGOs formed networks such as NENGO (Network of Environmental NGO, formed in
1993) and NUENGO (National Union of Environmental NGO, formed in 1994). GAPVOD, Ghana Association of
Private Voluntary Organizations in Development, is also an umbrella NGO with many NGO’s participation.
Major activities of the environmental NGOs are as follows;
- Establishment of agro-forestry, nursery and tree planting
- Environmental education and communication through seminars and workshops
- Publishing magazines, pamphlets and handbills news on environment
- Afforestation and wildlife conservation
- Water, sanitation, health and clean-up campaigns
Organization
a) Green Earth Organization
b) Ghana Wildlife Society
c) Friends of the National Zoo
d) Friends of the Earth
e) National Conservation Research Centre
f) Ghana Heritage Conservation Trust
g) IUCN (International Union of Conservation of
Nature)
h) CARE Ghana
i) World Vision International
j) Friends of Animals
k) New Initiatives Conservation International
l) Technoserve
m) Third World Network
established
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Major activities
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Not described
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
6
3. Organization and Legislation
3.2 National Policy o]n the Environment
Policy
Formulated
Purpose
Authority
National Environmental
Policy and National
Environment
Action
Plan 1991-20000
1991
The Policy seeks to improve living conditions and the quality
of life of the entire citizenry and to harmonize economic
development with natural resource conservation. The following
specific purposes are exhibited in the policy.
- to maintain ecosystems and ecological processes essential for
the functioning of the biosphere
-to ensure sound management of natural resources and the
environment
-to protect human, animals and plants with respect to the
biodiversity conservation
- to minimize pollution and public nuisance stemmed from
development activity
Ministry
of
Environment,
Science
and
Technology
The Action Plan is the first comprehensive plan for
environmental protection for Ghana in which the following
activities are proposed.
- Investment related to the environmental protection
- Institutional building
- Commitment of the government to policy making, legislation
and management of land resources, forest and wildlife,
water , marine and coastal ecosystem, human settlements and
pollution control
Ghana Environmental
Resource Management
Programme 1993-1998
1993
Forest
Policy
1994
and
Wildlife
The Programme was formulated as an actual programme along
the National Environment Action Plan. The Environment
Protection Agency was established according to this
programme.
The Policy comprehensively covers all aspects of the forestry
and wildlife conservation. It seeks compatibility between forest
conservation and increasing industrial demand of forest
resources in order to ensure rural livelihoods on a limited
resource base, exhibiting the following specific activities.
- Conservation and good management of forest and wild life
resources in Ghana
- Promotion of viable and efficient forest-based industries,
particularly in the secondary and tertiary process
- Raising people’s awareness to involve rural people in forest
conservation and wildlife protection
- Facilitation of research-based and technology-oriented
management of forest and wildlife for their utilization and
development
- Enhancement of capability of national, regional and district
agencies for sustainable forest and wildlife management
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
7
3. Organization and Legislation
Policy
Formulated
Purpose
Authority
Environmental
Sanitation Policy
May 1999
The policy aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe
and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements, as
well as promoting the social, economic and physical well-being
for all the people. The policy includes the following principal
components
- Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes including solid
waste, liquid waste, excreta, industrial waste, hospital waste
and other hazardous waste
- Drainage of storm water
- Street sweeping and cleansing of public spaces including
markets
- Pest control and vector control
- Education on environmental sanitation
- Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations
- Burial of dead body
- Domestic animal control
- Monitoring the environmental quality with respect to the
environmental standards.
Ministry of Local
Government and
rural Development
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
8
3. Organization and Legislation
3.3 Environmental Law
There has been no comprehensive legislation on environment in Ghana, although a number of laws of which most
concerns exploitation of natural resources have specific aspects of the environment. Some of existing laws overlap
their fields, while certain environmental issues, industrial effluents and waste, for example, are not covered by the
law.
Comprehensive environmental law is under preparation. Along with this, Environmental Assessment Regulations
was promulgated in June 1999. Environmental Quality Standard Regulation (water, air and noise) was drafted in
1999.
Laws and relevant Regulation
Environmental Assessment
Regulations
Environmental Quality Standard
Regulation (water, air and noise)
Town and County Planning Ordinance
Town Ordinance
Local Government Act
National Commission Act
National Development Planning
(System) Act
Forest Improvement Fund Act
Concession Act
Trees and Timbers Law (amended)
Forest Products Inspection Bureau Law
Forest Protection Law (amended)
Bush Fires Prevention and Control Law
Trees and Timber-Chain Saw
Operation Regulation
Forest Fees Regulation (amended)
Maritime Zones Law (amended)
Fisheries Law
Merchant Shipping Act
Oil in Navigable Water Act
Road Traffic Ordinance
Road Traffic and Nuisance Regulation
Criminal Code
Road Traffic Law (amended)
Infectious Diseases Ordinance
Quarantine Ordinance
Beaches Obstructions Ordinance
Mineral and Mining Law
Chemical Imports Clearance
Regulation
Frozen Beef and poultry Products
Import Clearance
Pesticide Control and Management Act
Description
Authority
Promulgated in June 1999
(Human settlement)
Final draft was completed in 1999
(Human settlement)
Enacted in 1951, regulating planning and
development of human settlement in general.
Enacted in 1951, including promotion of public
health.
Enacted in 1994
Enacted in 1994
Enacted in 1994
(Human settlement)
Enacted in 1960
Enacted in 1962
Enacted in 1983
Enacted in 1985
Enacted in 1986
Enacted in 1990
Enacted in 1991
(Forestry)
(Forestry)
(Forestry)
(Forestry)
(Forestry)
(Forestry)
(Forestry)
Enacted in 1993
Enacted in 1986
Enacted in 1991
Enacted in 1963 and amended in 1969
Enacted in 1964
(Forestry)
(Marine environment)
(Marine environment)
(Marine environment)
(Marine environment)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Industrial and Public Health)
(Mining and Minerals)
(Others)
Enacted in 1974
Enacted in 1963
Enacted in 1987
Enacted in 1986
(Human settlement)
(Human settlement)
(Human settlement)
(Human settlement)
(Others)
Enacted in 1996
(Others)
Sources: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
9
4. Current Environmental Issues
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.1
Air Pollution
Air pollution has not yet been serious in Ghana. The problem is of local importance especially in industrial and
mining areas.
Vehicular Emission
Currently, vehicular emission is not so problematic. The EPA monitors the air quality in Accra in collaboration
with Vehicle Examination and Licensing Division of the Ministry of Road and Transport.
Industrial Emission
Major pollution industries and their typical pllutants are as follows;
Aluminum smelter and alumina transportation; fluorides, sulfur dioxide, alumina dust
- Oil refinery; sulfur dioxide
- Cement and asbestos plants; asbestos particles and cement dust
- Steel works; iron oxides
- Sawmills and wood processing plants; dust
- Gold mining; arsenic, antimony oxides, sulfur oxides
- Bauxite and manganese mining; dust
These pollutants may be causes of bronchial and lung diseases in the polluted area and damage vegetation and soil.
Environmental Protection Agency monitors air quality in industrial and mining areas. Industries and mining
operators are required to submit Environmental Management Plans to the EPA to control pollution, while emission
standards are under preparation.
Sources: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Environmental Protection Agency
Vehicle Examination and Licensing Division, Ministry of Road and Transport
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulations
・ Law on air pollution
・ Ambient air standards
・ Emission std. (fixed or mobile)
・ Result of air monitoring
・ Guidelines
Existence
Title or References
△
×
△
○
？
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
10
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.2 Water Pollution
Major pollution causes are domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater and agricultural chemicals.
Most of domestic wastewater is discharged directly into the water bodies without treatment.
For the industrial sources, major polluters are the followings;
- Breweries
- Textile mills
- Food and beverage industry
- Oil refinery
Agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and harbicides are also the pollution causes.
Most polluted river is the Densu river for these three pollution causes, while the river is a water source of
Accra-Tema metropolitan area. Therefore, elimination of the pollutants from the water for domestic and industrial
use costs high.
Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of water pollution control and Water Resources Commission assists
it. However, legislation on the water quality control is still in progress including institutional development,
monitoring system, water quality standards, and so on.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Resources Commission
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
・ Law on water pollution
・ Water quality standard
・ Effluent standard
・ Drinking water quality standard
・ Result of water monitoring
・ Guideline for water quality control
Existence
Title or References
×
×
×
？
×
×
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
11
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.3
Other pollution
(1) Mining Pollution
Mining is a major exporting industry in Ghana. Especially since 1983 when the Economic Recovery Programme
started, mining sector has been developed and generated environmental problems such as air, water and soil pollution
and solid waste. Hazardous chemical used in the refining process may also cause pollution.
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust are common air pollutants in the mining area. Arsenic and antimony
oxides are more hazardous pollutants. It is reported that arsenic was detected from the soil, water and vegetation
around the gold mines in Obuasi.
Cyanide is used for gold refining from auriferous ore and it sometimes damaged aquatic life.
Mining operators are required to prepare Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan,
while environmental guidelines and regulation on mining is prepared.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Ministry of Mining and Energy
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
Laws on Mining
Laws on Prevention of Mining
Pollution
Result of Monitoring on Mining
Pollution
Guidelines on Prevention of
Mining Pollution
Existence
Title or References
○
？
？
○
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
12
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.4
Solid Waste Management
District Assemblies is responsible for waste collection service, but in average less than 40 % of urban residents
can accept waste collection service due to the rapid population growth and inadequate resources.
In Accra, 55% of solid waste generated in the city is collected and dumped at the site which is not well prepared.
Abandoned quarries, depressions, valleys, beaches and wetlands are sometimes used for dumping sites.
Industrial waste is disposed in an uncontrolled manner.
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development prepared the National Environmental Sanitation Plan
in 1999 to develop and maintain a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment for human settlements. Along this
policy, local governments are going to develop Strategic Environmental Plans to implement the programmes
proposed in the Policy.
The Environmental Protection Agency has drawn up solid waste management guidelines for municipalities, and
also established standards for design, construction and management of waste disposal system to protect public health
and the environment.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Environmental Protection Agency
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
District Assemblies
Source: Ref. a
Laws and Regulation
Solid Waste Management Law
Hazardous Waste Management Law
Guideline for Solid Waste Management
Existence
Title or References
？
？
○
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
13
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.5
Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy
Ghana heavily depends on fuel woods as an energy source. It covers 70 % of all energy consumption and reaches
95 % of domestic and commercial use. Logging for fuel wood has induced deforestation.
The government emphasize the use of natural gas in its policy but it is not yet prevailed because of high cost.
In 1998 electricity deficiency happened due to water shortage in Akosombo Dam and Volta lake. The government
bought the electricity from the neighboring country and also started up thermal power stations.
Currently, mini-hydro power stations are being developed in rural areas under the National Electrification Project.
Ministry of Mining and Energy has promoted alternative and renewable energy and energy conservation projects
as follows;
- Improved wood fuel stove for high energy efficiency
- Solar energy
- Bio-gas
- Wind energy generation
- New technology for charcoal production with less energy consumption
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Ministry of Mining and Energy
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
Law on Energy Conservation and Energy Use
Exist
Title or References
？
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
14
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.6 Water Supply
Ghana is endowed with water resources but the amount of available river water fluctuates.
Flow of the White Volta river in dry season is only 6 % of that in rainy season, and 11 % of annual mean.
Water resources distribute more in south-western part of the country than the coastal and northern parts.
Current available water per capita is 3,000 m3 per capita/year but it is sharply decreasing due to rapid population
growth.
Ground water resource is also degraded due to loss of vegetation by deforestation, bush fire and cultivation. In
consequence, surface water in rainy season flow shows high peaks with short duration while the flow disappears in
dry season.
Water Resource Commission is in charge of management of water resources.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Water Resource Commission
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
・ Water Resources Management Law
・ Water Resources Control Law
Existence
Title or References
？
？
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
15
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.7 Wastewater Management
No modern sewerage system exists in Ghana except a minor sewer network in Old city of Accra. Domestic
wastewater is discharged into the nearest lagoon or the Gulf of Guinea via water ditches on the roadsides. Untreated
domestic water has caused serious water pollution.
The sewer system in Old Accra was constructed during the colonial era. Some 10 % of citizens in Accra uses the
sewer system to dispose of the wastewater and excreta. Some 40 % of the citizens uses buckets to dispose of the
excreta which is scooped and transported to an oxidation pond in Achimota. Other 40 % depends on suction manhole
system to treat and dispose of wastewater and excreta. The rest 10 % uses septic tanks from which treated water
flows into rainwater drainage. Public conveniences and pit latrines are also used.
Currently, the World Bank is conducting “Urban Environmental Sanitation Project 1996-2000” in Accra, Kumasi,
Tamale, Takoradi and Tema including construction of sanitary infrastructure such as night soil treatment plant and
private toilets. DFID supports other “Accra Waste Management Project” subjected to wastewater and night soil
treatment.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Environmental Protection Agency
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
District Assemblies
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
Sewerage Law
Laws and Regulation on Industrial Wastewater
Control
Effluent Standards
Monitoring Results
Existence
Title or References
×
？
×
？
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
16
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification
(1) Forest Conservation
Natural forest of Ghana is composed of two types, closed forest and Savanna forest.
The closed forest is composed of the following forest types.
- Wet evergreen forest
- Moist evergreen forest
- Moist semi-deciduous forest
- Dry semi-deciduous forest
The Savanna forest is composed of the followings.
- Interior Savanna (Guinea Savanna)
- North-east Savanna (Sudan Savanna)
- Coastal Savanna
Total area of forest is about 95,000 km2 accounting for 40 % of the country. Forest Reserves and Wildlife
Reserves are designated for forest conservation as shown in the table blow. Two third of forest reserves, 21 % of the
total area of the forest reserves and the wildlife reserves, are located in the closed forest, while 91 % by area of
Wildlife Reserves are in the Savanna forest.
Type
Forest Reserves
Wildlife Reserves
Total
Area and Share of Forest Reserves and Wildlife Reserves
Number of Sites
Area (km2)
Share in the territory
291
26,300
11 %
18
12,200
5%
38,500
16 %
The forest has been decreased in an annual rate of 1.3 % for these years. Main causes of the deforestation are
forest clearance for agricultural development, excessive logging for fuelwood and timber export, bush fire and so on.
Forestry Department of Ministry of Land and Forestry is responsible for forestry and forest management. They
formulated Forest and Wildlife Policy and Forestry Development Master Plan in 1994 and 1996, respectively.
Timber Resources Management Act was approved by the Parliament in 1998.
Source: Ref. a)
(2) Desertification
Desertification is extending over 83,500 km2 accounting for 35 % of the land territory, mainly in the Upper East and eastern
part of the Northern Region. It is also a trans-boundary issue at a border to Burkina Faso. The coastal Savanna of the Accra
Plains is also at risk.
National Plan to Combat Desertification was adopted in 1988 and the Desertification Control Unit was established.
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
17
4. Current Environmental Issues
Relevant Organization
Forestry Department of Ministry of Land and Forestry
Desertification Control Unit
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
・ Forest Conservation Law
・ Laws and Regulation on Protected Area
・ Laws on Prevention of Desertification
Existence
○
？
？
Title or References
Timber Resources management Act
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
18
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.9
Biodiversity
Ghana spans both the forest and Savanna zones and has a wide variety of biodiversity. There are 222 species of
mammals, 725 species of birds and more than 850 species of butterflies, but 32 plants, 12 mammals, 7 birds and 4
reptiles are endangered. Waldoron’s Red Colobus and Diana monkey are typical indigenous species to Ghana.
The wildlife is important for Ghanaian traditional culture, tourism, traditional medicine, international trade etc.
Deforestation by agricultural development and excessive logging for fuel wood has led loss of habitat for wildlife.
The number of wildlife species decreased and some vulnerable species are extinct in some area.
Ministry of Land and Forestry, Forestry Commission, Wildlife Department, Ministry of Environment, Science and
Technology and Ministry of Tourism are responsible for wildlife management.
In 1994, Forest and Wildlife Policy was adopted and in 1998 Wildlife Development Plan was prepared to define
priority actions and planning process with local ownership.
Currently 18 sites of Wildlife Reserves are designated including 7 national parks, 6 Resource Reserves, 4 Wildlife
Sanctuaries and 1 Strict nature Reserve. Besides, 5 coastal lagoons and 1 inland wetland were designated as Ramsar
sites.
Number of Known Species and Endangered Species in 1996
Category
Known Species Endangered Species
Mammals
222
12
Birds
725
7
Reptiles
unknown
4
Amphibian
unknown
0
Higher Plants
3,600
32
Source: Ref. a), g)
Relevant Organization
Ministry of Land and Forestry
Forestry Commission
Wildlife Department
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Ministry of Tourism
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
・ General Law for Conservation of Fauna and Flora
・ Laws and Regulation on the Conservation of Species
・ Laws and Regulation on Hunting
・ Laws and Regulation on Protected Area
・ Definition in the Red Data Book
Existence
Title or References
？
？
？
？
？
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
19
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.10 Natural Resources
(1) Land use
Area and shares by land use category is shown in the table below.
Area and Shares by Land Use Category (1993 estimated)
Area (km2)
16,100
34,500
85,100
27,600
55,200
Category
Cropland
Pasture land
Forest
Arable Land
Others
Share (%)
7
15
37
12
24
Source: Ref. a), d)
(2) Soil Erosion
Soil degradation is becoming more and more serious in Ghana. Loss of fertility, salinization, soil contamination, erosion as
well as coastal degradation and desertification happen.
Main cause of the soil degradation is a shifting cultivation (slush and burn). This form of cultivation has been practiced
traditionally. Recently interval of shifting rotation becomes shorter as the population grows, and it is too short to recover the
vegetation and soil fertility. Loss of vegetation on slope will cause soil erosion. Volta Lake basin suffers soil erosion and siltation
due to the bush clearance on the bank of the lake.
Quarrying and mining also affect the soil erosion. Exploitation of sand, gravel, stone and clay as well as open-cast mining and
dredging of gold damage vegetation in large scale and may lead soil erosion.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Environmental Protection Agency
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Irrigation Development Authority
Ministry of Land and Forestry
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
・ General Law on Natural Resources Management
・ Laws on Mineral Resources Management
・ Laws on Grand Resources Management
・ Laws on Fishery Resources
Existence
Title or References
？
？
？
？
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
20
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.11 Natural Disaster
Flood
Flood occurs almost every year in the northern area because a rainy season is unimode and rain fall tends to
concentrate in a specific month. Discharge of river water from Bagre Dam in Burkina Faso may induce the flood
when it is done during rainy season. An epidemic of cholera breaks out after the flood, and many young people left
their village for the urban area.
Earthquake
Earthquakes sometimes occur in Ghana. Focus of the earthquake is a fault in a coastal area. However, measures
against the earthquakes have not been taken.
Insects
Swarms of armyworm appeared in the northern area in 1999 and damaged crops. A reason of the swarms is not yet
identified.
National Disaster Management Organization (ADMO) is in charge of prevention, mitigation and management of
both natural and anthropogenic disaster. At local level, District Disaster Committee is responsible for disaster
management.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
National Disaster Management Organization (ADMO)
District Disaster Committee
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
Existence
・ Laws on Natural Disaster Control
？
Title or References
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
21
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.12 Environmental Education
Importance of environmental education is presented in the National Environmental Action Plan prepared in 1991.
In 1994, Environmental Protection Council prepared “Environmental Education Strategy for Ghana” as an
implementation guide of the Environmental Education Action Plan. The strategy mentioned both formal and
non-formal education by National Environmental Council, Ghana Education Service, District Assemblies, National
Council on Women and Development NGOs and so on.
The Environmental Protection Agency has the following activities along the strategy.
- Capacity building of the District Assemblies to implement Environmental Education programmes
- Development of textbooks on environment
- Capacity building of the environmental NGOs involved in sanitation improvement and gender issue
For the formal education, Ministry of Education, in collaboration with Environmental Protection Council,
incorporated the environmental themes into relevant subjects such as social studies, general science, agricultural
science, life skill, vocational skill, etc. as a part of Education Reform Programme. However, the education for
teachers and parents is needed, though the curriculum and textbooks were developed.
For the non-formal education, Non-formal Education Division (NFED) of the Ministry of Education is promoting
it. Locally, Environmental Management Committees of the District Assemblies is in charge of enhancing people’s
awareness on the environmental management.
NGOs also play important roles of the dissemination of environmental education through workshops, seminars
exhibitions, debates and through media.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization
Ministry of Education
Environmental Protection Council
Environmental Management Committees of the District Assemblies
Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation
Existence
・ Education Law
？
・ Guidelines for the Environmental Education
？
Title or References
Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
22
5. International Relations
5. International Relations
5.1 Global or Trans-boundary Issues
(1) Desertification
Desertification is a common issue among Ghana, Burkina Faso and Togo. The Ghanaian government prepared the
National Plan to Combat Desertification in 1988 and established Desertification Control Unit
(2) Marine Pollution in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea is polluted and its ecosystem is affected. Fishery resource declined. UNDP as a GEF project
started “Pollution Prevention of the Gulf of Guinea Large marine Eco System” .
(3) International Rivers
Flood control, pollution control and aquatic weed control are the issues of the international rivers such as White
Volta river. Water Resources Commission was formed and negotiation and collaboration among relevant countries
are expected.
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
23
5. International Relations
5.2 Conventions Ratified or Signed concerning Environment
Convention
International Plant Protection Convention
Convention on the High Seas
Convention on the Continental Shelf
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
Convention on African Migratory Locust
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Test in the Atmosphere in Outer Space and Under Water
International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
Treaty on Principles Government Activities of States in the Exploration and Use Outer Space
including the Moon the other Celestial Bodies
9) International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution
Casualties
10) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats: Ramsar
Convention
11) Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Becteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on the Destruction
12) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
13) International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for
Oil Pollution Damage (as amended)
14) Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: CITES
15) Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer
16) Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer
17) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
18) Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
19) London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer
20) Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development on the Marine and Coastal
Environment of the West and Central Africa Region
21) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: FCCC
22) Convention on Biological Diversity: CBD
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Ratified
1951
1958
1958
No data
1962
1963
1966
1962
1969
1971
1972
1972
1971
No data
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
No data
1996
1992
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
24
5. International Relations
5.3 International Donor’s Project on Environment
Donor Country
The World Bank
The World Bank
DFID
GTZ
FAO
EU
EU
EU
EU
AfDB
NEDA
NEDA
WFP
DANIDA
DANIDA
The World Bank
DFID
AfDB
UNDP
DANIDA
GTZ
The World Bank
Duration
Projects and related Institution
1999-2001 Natural Resources Management Programme, Unbrella programme of
natural resources management, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
-1999
Coastal Wetland Management Project, Community-based coastal
wetland management, NGO
1999-2004 Forest Sector Development project
Phase II, Implementation of
Forest Policy, Forestry Department
1998-1999 Forest Protection and Resource Use Management Project, Protection of
Natural Forest
1998-1999 Land Use Planning Project, Development of Institutional Framework for
Land Use, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
1997-1999 Protected Area Development Project, Development of management plan
for Bia National Park, Wildlife Department
1997-1999 Forest Management Certificate Project, Development of a system for
certifying forest management
1998-2001 Woodworking Sector Development Programme, Promotion of exports of
value-added timber products
1999-2004 Support to Forest Plantation Development Project, Technical support for
forest plantation, Forestry Department
1999-2009 Forest Plantation Development Project, Credit facilities for forest
plantation, Forestry Department
1999-2001 Bushfire Control and Management in the Transitional Zone, Reduction
of bushfiresimpact on forest reserve
1999-2004 Development Plan for Mole National Park, Reorganization of the
management system of Mole National Park
1999-2003 Support to Savanna Resource Management in Northern Region, Food
aid assistance to Savanna Zone
1994-1999 Land and Water Management Project, Capacity building of Ministry of
Food and Agriculture for improved land management, Ministry of Food
and Agriculture
1999-2001 Support to Traditional Energy Marketing, Strengthening of capacity for
sustainable woodfuel production
Urban Environmental Sanitation Project, Storm drainage, Sanitation,
Solid waste, Upgrading of low-income urban areas, Capacity building,
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ministry of
Works and Housing
1996-2000 Accra Waste Management Project, Solid and Liquid West Management,
Accra Metropolitan Assembly
-1999
Accra Sanitation Study, Review and update of the feasbility study report.
Community-Based Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme,
Improvement of health and standard of living of the rural population
1993-1997 Volta rural Water Supply and Snitation Project, Supply of Safe Drinking
Water, Ghana Water and Sewarege Corporation
1995-1998 Accra Solid Waste and Nightsoil Disposal System, Support to Waste
Management Department of Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Accra
Metropolitan Assembly
1996-2001 Mining Sector Development and Environmental Project, Development of
environmentaly friendry Mining, Ministry of Mines and Energy,
Minerals Commission
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
25
5. International Relations
Donor Country
UNDP-GEF
UNDP
UNDP-GEF
UNDP-GEF
UNDP-GEF
UNDP
UNDP-GEF
DANIDA
UNDP
EU
JICA
JICA
JICA
JICA
JICA
Duration
Projects and related Institution
1995-1999 Prevention of Pollution of the Guinea Gulf Large marine Ecosystem,
Protection of Marine Ecosystem of Giea Gulf
1998-2000 Cooonservation of Forestry Ecosystem of Upper Guinea, Conservation
of Ecosystem of Upper Guinea
1997-1998 Building Capacity iin Subsaharan Africa to respond to the UN
Frameworl convention on Climate Change
1999
Preparation of Initial National Communication on Climate Change
1995-2000 Ozon Deplation Substance phase out Projekct, Environmental Protection
Agency
1998-2000 Priority Conservation
-Setting for Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem
1998-2001 Renewable Energy-Based Electricity for Rural, Social and Economic
Development, Electrification in rural areas, Ministry of Mines and
Energy, Volta River Authority, Northern Electricity Department
1994-1999 Environmental Information System Development, Improvement of
National Environmental Information System, Environmental Protection
Agency,
Ministry of Environment,
Science and Technology
1998-2000 Ghana Capacity 21 Programme, Capacity building for imlpementation of
Agenda 21., Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
1996-1999 PACIPE (Regional Technical Assistance Programme for Information
and Awareness Creation for the Protection of the Environment),
Environmental Eduction,
Awareness Creation, Ministry of
Environment, Science and Technology,
NGOs,
Media
1997-2000 Integrated Watershed Management of Inland Valleys in the Republic of
Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Crops Research
Institute
1997-2000 Project for the Improvement of the Maternal and Child Health InService Training System and Program in Ghana, Ministry of Health
1999-2003 Infectious Diseases Control Project at the Noguchi Memorial Institute
for Medical Research, Ministry of Health
1997-2002 Small- scale Irrigated Agriculture Promotion Project in the Republic of
Ghana, Irrigation Development Authority, Ministry of Food and
Agriculture
1998Study on Reserve Forest Management in Transitional Zone in Ghana,
Ministry of Land and Forestry
Source: Ref. a), h)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
26
6.Information Sources
6. Information Sources
(1) Governmental Organizations
Sector
Institution
Contact Person
Address
Agricultural
Production/Agro Forestry
Ministry of Food and
Agriculture
Tel:021-6668187
Fax:021-780526
Agriculture in Savanna
Savanna Agric. Research
Institute
University of Science &
Technology
Crop Service
Division/Agro Forestry
Director
Director
Agro-Forestry, Wildlife
Appropriate Technology
Climate, Weather
Ecology, Plant Science
Ecology, Wildlife
Ecology, Wildlife
Environment
Environment
Environmental Impact
Assessment,
Environmental Education
Environmental Sanitation
Meteorological Service
Department
Environmental Protection
Agency
Ministry of Environment,
Science and Technology
Forestry
Ministry of Local
Government and Rural
Development
Forestry Department
Forestry
Forestry Commission
Forestry
Forestry
Forestry Research
Institute of Ghana
Hydrology, Water
Management
Industrial Pollution,
Mining
Industrial pollution
Water Resources
Research Institute
Information of
Environmental Research
Institute of Renewable
Natural Resources
Technology, Technology
Consultancy Centre
Director
Department of Botany
Department of Zoology
Department of Zoology
Mr. Jonathan A. Allotey
(Director:Regional
programmes)
Mr. Edwin P. D. Barnes
(Chie Director)
Faculty of
Environmental & Dev.
Studies
Chief director
Mr. Edward Osei
Nsenkyire (Chief
Conservator of Forests)
Chief Administrator
Forest Information
network Librarian
Director
Mariiam A. Jiagge
Institute of Mining and
Mineral Engineering
Ministry of Trade &
Industries
Council for Scientific &
Industrial Research
Prof. W. S. Alhassan
(Director General)
Tel:071-22411
Fax:071-22793
Tel:051-5350
Tel:051-5351
Tel:021-777172
Tel:021-75381
Tel:042-2440
Tel:021-664697
Fax:021-662690
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel:021-666049
Fax:021-666828
E-mail:
[email protected]
Tel:051-5351
Tel:021-663668
Tel:021-776145
Fax:021-772728
Tel:021-221315
Fax:021-220818
E-mail:
[email protected]
[email protected].
gh
Tel:051-60123
Fax:051-60121
E-mail:
[email protected]
Tel:021-775351
Fax:021-77710
Tel:051-5350
Fax:051-3137
Tel:021-663327
Fax:021-65114
Tel:021-774772
Fax:021-777655
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
27
6.Information Sources
Sector
Institution
Contact Person
Address
Land Use
Land Use Planning
Project
Ministry of Lands and
Forestry
National Project
Coordinator
Mr. E. Sisi-Wilson
(Technical Director)
Institute of Aquatic
Biology
C.A.Biney AG. Director)
E-mail:
[email protected]
Tel/Fax:021-666711
E-mail:
[email protected]
Tel:021-775511
Fax:021-777655
Land, Forestry
Limnology, Pathogenic,
Biology, Abiotic and
Biotic, Fauna and Flora
Marine Ecosystem
Department of
Oceanography &
Fisheries Marine
Biology Project
Tarkwa School of Mines
Mining Engineering,
Mineral Resources
Mining Pollution
Minerals Commission
Chief Executive
Marine Ecosystem
University of Ghana
Department of
Oceanography &
Fisheries
C. J. Vanderpuye
Department of
Geography & Resource
Development
Rural Energy
Division/Renewable
Energy Development
Programme
Mr. Wisdom
Ahiataku-Togobo
Department of
Geography
Managing Director
Natural Resources, GIS
Renewable Energy
Ministry of Mines and
Energy
Resources Management
Timber
Water Pollution,
Freshwater Management
Water Resources
Water Resources
Management
Water Supply,
Environmental Sanitation
Wildlife
Others
Others
Others
Others
Timber Export
Development Board
Irrigation Development
Authority
Volta River Authority
Department of Fisheries
and Aquaculture
Chief Executive
Ms. Agnes O. Nortey
Ghana Water and
Sewerege Corporation
Wildlife Department
Chief Wildlife Officer
Ministry of Work and
Housing
University of Ghana
University of Cape Coast
University of
Development Studies
Malme Library
Library
Director of Agriculture
Department
Tel:021-775381
Tel:0362-324
Fax:0362-306
Tel:021-772783
Fax:021-773324
Tel:021-775381
Tel:021-667151
Fax:021-668262
E-mail:[email protected]
Tel:031-22921
Fax:031-23339
Tel:051-3133
Tel:021-662050
Tel:021-664941
Fax:021-662610
Tel:021-775409
Fax:021-775409
Tel:021-664654
Fax:021-666476
Legon
Tel:071-23620
Fax:071-23675
E-mail:
[email protected]
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
28
6.Information Sources
(2) Consultants and NGOs
Sector
Institution
Contact Person
Address
Ecological Management
Eco-Management
Consultant
Centre for the
Development of People
Mr. Samuel Anku
Tel:021-400143
Mr. Tony (D.K.) Dogbe
(Executive Director)
Green Earth Organization
Mr. George Ahadzie
(ExecutiveDirector)
Friends of the Earth
Director
Technoserve
Director
Tel:051-24581
Fax:051-26026
E-mial: [email protected]
Tel:021-232762
Fax:021-230455
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel:021-225963
Fax:021-227993
Tel:021-773873
Fax:
Tel:021-22001
Fax:021-764547
E-mail:[email protected]
Tel:021-776551
Fax:021-223275
Tel:021-774351
Fax:021-773137
Tel:021222467
Fax:021-228668
Agro-Forestry,
Conservation of water
CARE-International
Ecology, Environmental
Sanitation
Wildlife
Energy Conservation
Agro-Forestry
Community Forstry,
Environmental Education
Community Forestry
Aforestation, Water
Bodies
Forest Conservation,
Urban Sanitation
Friends of the National
Zoo
World Vision
International
National Union of
Environmental NGOs
(NUENGO)
Ghana Wildlife Society
Executive Secretary
Women's Action Group
on the Environment
Advantist Development
and Relief Agency
Integrated Ecosystem
Conservation & rural
Development Centre
Global Youth Friends of
Nature
Community Forestry &
Social Development
Organization
Voluntary Workcamp
Association
Christian Council of
Ghana
Ms. Florence E. Dovlo
New Initiatives
Conservation
International
Field Director
Samuel
Anyumadu-Amaning
Executive Director
George Baiden
John Atibila (Director)
George Kudzo Awu
Anthony Aidoo
Mr. Francis Atta Donkor
(General Secretary)
Mr. Gyampah
Amoako-Gyedu
(Co-ordnator of health
and Environment)
Director
Tel:021-663500
Fax:021-780610
E-mial:[email protected]
Tel:021-7754442
Fax:021-667947
Tel:021-220779
Fax:021-220243
P. O. Box 88 Bawku,
Upper East Region
P. O. Box 661 Ho, Volta
Region
TEl:021-229988
Tel:021-663486
Fax:021-665960
Tel:021-777718
Fax:021-778725
E-mail:[email protected]
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
29
7.References
7. References
a) Country Profile on Environment, Ghana, 1999, JICA Ghana Office
a)-1 Analysis of Demographic Data, 1995, Ghana Statistical Service
a)-2 Ghana Living Standards Survey, 1995, Ghana Statistical Service
a)-3 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 1995, Ghana Statistical Service
a)-4 Ghana Common Country Assessment, 1997
a)-5 Bank of Ghana Annual Report 1997, 1997, Bank of Ghana
a)-6 United Nations Conferences on Environment and Development (UNCED) Environmental and
Development in Ghana National Report, 1991, Environmental Protection Council
a)-7 Ghana Environmental Action Plan (Volume I), 199l, Environmental Protection Council
a)-8 Ghana Environmental Action Plan (VolumeⅡ), Technical Background Papers by the Six Working Group,
1994, Ebenezer Laing
a)-9 Environmental Protection Agency Republic of Ghana Strategic Plan 1999 - 2003, 1999, Environmental
Protection Agency
a)-10 Ghana Environmental Protection Agency 1997 Annual Report, 1998, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-11 Ghana Environmental Protection Agency 1998 Annual Report, 1999, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-12 Ghana Historical Date on the Environment (HIDEN), A Bibliographic Database, 1994, Environmental
Protection Council
a)-13 Implementation Manual for NRMP, Phase One (1999 - 2001), 1999, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
a)-14 Forest and Wildlife Policy, 1994, Ministry of Lands and Frosty
a)-15 Forestry Development Master Plan, 1996, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
a)-16 Ghana’s Water Resources Management Challenges and Opportunities, 1998, Ministry of Works and
Housing
a)-17 National Land Policy, 1999, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
a)-18 Coastal Zone Profile of Ghana, 1998, Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
30
7.References
a)-19 A Report Submitted by the Land Use Planning Committee 1979 (Re-Published), 1994, Environmental
Protection Council
a)-20 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 2, Institutional Reform, 1998, Wildlife Department
a)-21 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 3, Training needs and human resources development,
1998, Wildlife Department
a)-22 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 4, Community conservation, 1998, Wildlife Department
a)-23 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 5, Ecotourism Development and Promotion, 1998,
Wildlife Department
a)-24 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 6, Sustainable Use of Bushmeat, 1998, Wildlife
Department
a)-25 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 7, Research and Monitoring, 1998, Wildlife Department
a)-26 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 8, Protected Area Infrastructure and Management Costs,
1998, Wildlife Department
a)-27 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 9, People in Protected Areas: Conflict Resolution, 1998,
Wildlife Department
a)-28 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 10, Public Education, 1998, Wildlife Department
a)-29 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 11, Wildlife-Based Enterprise Development, 1998,
Wildlife Department
a)-30 A Logging Manual for Ghana, 1998, Forestry Department
a)-31 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section A, 1998, Forestry
Department
a)-32 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section B, 1998, Forestry
Department
a)-33 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section C, 1998, Forestry
Department
a)-34 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section D, 1998, Forestry
Department
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
31
7.References
a)-35 Save Sea Turtles: A primer on sea conversation for coastal communities in Ghana, 1997, Resource and
Environmental Development Organization
a)-36 Land Tenure System and Ecological Degradation in Northern Ghana; What Role for Local Authorities?,
1994, Kasim Kasanga
a)-37 Land Degradation in Ghana, 1990, G. Behheh, G.T. Agypong, J. A. Allotey
a)-38 Land and Biodiversity, 1994, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
a)-39 The Coastal Zone of West Africa: Problems and Management, 1997, S. M. Evans, C. J. Vanderpuye, A.
K. Armah
a)-40 Towards an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for Ghana, 1997, Environmental Protection
Agency
a)-41 Strategic Plan for the Grater Accra Metropolitan Area, Volume 2, Strategic Plan, 1991, Ministry of Local
Government, Department of Town and County Planning
a)-42 Strategic Plan for the Grater Accra Metropolitan Area, Volume 3, Five Year Development Plan (FYDP),
1991, Ministry of Local Government Planning
a)-43 Preliminary Study on the Accra Metropolitan Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Improvement Plan in the
Republic of Ghana, Study Report, 1994, The Overseas Construction Association of Japan
a)-44 Preliminary Study on the Cape Coast Sewerage System in the Republic of Ghana, Study Report, 1994,
The Overseas Construction Association of Japan
a)-45 Environmental Sanitation Policy, 1999, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
a)-46 Environmental Problems and the Urban Household in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Areas (GAMA)
-Ghana, 1993, George Benneh, Jacob Songsore, John S. Nabila, T. Amuzu and Gordon McGranahan
a)-47 Water Supply and Sanitation in Low and Middle Income Cities: Comparing Accra, Jakarta and Sao Paulo,
1996, Marianne Kjellen, Anna Bratt and Gordon McGranahan
a)-48 Ghana's Mining and Environmental Guidelines, 1994, Minerals Commission and Environmental
Protection Council
a)-49 Environmental Education Strategy for Ghana, 1994, Environmental Protection Council
a)-50 Environmental Education in Ghanaian Schools, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-51 Where Have All the Trees Gone?, 1997, A. Ofori-Mensah and E. O. A. Asibey
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
32
7.References
a)-52 Where Have All the Rivers Gone?, 1997, A. Ofori-Mensah and E. O. A. Asibey .
a)-53 Garbage Garbage Everywhere, 1998 , A. Ofori-Mensah and E. O. A. Asibey
a)-54 Ghana INFOTERRA Directory of Environmental Information Sources, 1995, Environmental Protection
Agency
a)-55 Guidelines on Environmental Management for District Assemblies, Environmental Protection Council
a)-56 Environmental Protection Agency (At A Glance), 1996, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-57 Basic Social Studies Atlas for Ghana, 1987, SEDCO Publishing
a)-58 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure, 1995, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-59 Environmental Impact Assessment in Ghana, A Guide, 1996, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-60 Environmental Assessment Regulations, 1999, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
a)-61 Report on Trainer’s Workshop for District Environmental Management Committees of District
Assemblies of Ghana, 1996, Environmental Protection Agency
b) World Development Indicators, 1999, The World Bank
c) World Development Report, 1999, The World Bank
d) The World Fact Book 1999, CIA
e) Human Development Report 1999, UNDP
f) Chronological Science Tables, National Astronomical Observatory ed., Maruzen Co., Ltd.
g) World Resources 1996-97, World Resource Institute, UNEP, UNDP and the World Bank
h) JICA Annual Report, 1999, JICA
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
33