9/13/2011
Key Terms
Psychology: A Work In Progress
•
•
•
•
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
conception
Chapter 3
Developmental Psychology
Why study human
development?
Prenatal development
• Development and growth does not
stop with ____________
• Development continues throughout
the life cycle; it continues “from womb
to tomb”
• Developmental psychology explores
the physical, cognitive, and social
changes throughout the life span
• Conception occurs the moment sperm penetrates
an ovum – this marks the beginning of your
development
• The _____ chromosome determines gender
The Germinal Period
The Germinal Period
• Initiated by ______ and lasts for about 2 weeks.
• The fertilized egg (the _____), divides in 24
hours establishing __________________.
• After the 5th day an inner cell mass known as
the embryoblast begins to form.
• The embryoblast is the source of embryonic
_______ that give rise to all the structures of
the developing organism.
– the XY combination – male
– the XX combination – female
• Prenatal development is divided into 3 periods
– _____
– _____
– _____
• The blastocyst is derived from the embryoblast
it attaches to the wall of the uterus between
days 5 and 7.
• By the end of the 2nd week, the blastocyst is
attached to the uterus and the ____________ is
functioning; the child now enters the
__________.
1
9/13/2011
The Embryonic Period
• The embryonic period from 2 to 9 weeks after
conception; the developing organism is now called an
_____.
• The child is _______ by the placenta.
• The child is now _______ to any biohazard to which
the mother is exposed.
– At 15 days, the human embryo is 1/10th of an inch in
diameter
– By 8 weeks, the human embryo will grow to about 1
inch in length and will form primitive eyes, arms,
and legs
Fetal movement
• By the 3rd month; by the 4th month,
fetal muscle movements will cause
_______ of movement or flutter in the
mother ________
• By the 5th month, this quickening has
become a “kick”!
The Fetal Period
• The Fetal Period beings at about _______ and
ends when the infant is born (40 weeks).
• The _______ of the fetus can be heard, and the
major organs are established and beginning to
function.
Prenatal Development
• About _____ of all embryos conceived are miscarried
by the 6th week from the mother’s last menstrual
period.
• _______________ rates are higher for male embryos
compared to that for female embryos.
• The frequency of miscarriages is reduced to less than
2% once the embryo has achieved the fetal stage of
development.
Teratogen
• Any factor, drug, chemical, or infective agent
that can disrupt the growth trajectory of the
embryo and induce a miscarriage or cause a
birth defect is called a _______.
• Poor nutrition, viral or bacterial infections, X-ray
exposure, lead, mercury, cigarettes, alcohol,
aspirin, marijuana, cocaine, and other
prescribed or illicit drugs can induce
_________or heighten the risk of miscarriage.
2
9/13/2011
Twinning
• 32 sets of twins are born for every 1,000 births.
• ________ (DZ) twins or,fraternal or non-identical twins
are the most common (92%).
• __________________(MZ) twins comprise about 8%
of all twins. Monozygotic twins result when one zygote
splits and forms two embryos. The two variations of
monozygotic twins are female-female twins and malemale twins (the least common).
Twinning
• The prenatal environment is not identical in dichorionic
twins: one twin may be exposed to a teratogen while
the other is not.
• The concordance rate for one type of schizophrenia in
monochorionic identical twins is 60%, whereas that for
dichorionic identical twins is about 11%.
• These findings show that ___
Twinning
• Dizygotic twins are always have independent
placenta and chorionic/amniotic sacs
• Monozygotic twins may share one placenta
and the chorionic/amniotic sac – this is referred
to as monochorionic twins; if the twinning
occurs before day 4, these twins are dichorionic
twins and each blastocyst develops its own
_______________and chronic/amniotic sacs
Birth
• Birth is an abrupt
and demanding
transition for both
the infant and its
parents.
• The newborn child
must breathe air,
ingest nutrients, and
thermoregulate for
the______________
Birth
The Newborn
• The average newborn child urinates
______________________________
daily. A significant portion of parental
time and resources are devoted to
infant care
• The typical newborn weighs 7 pounds
at birth, and is 20 inches in length.
• The birth weight _______ by 6 months of
age and triples by the child’s first birthday.
– At 1 year of age the average child weighs 21
pounds and is 28 inches tall.
• A newborn’s brain size will double by age
2, and it will double again by adulthood.
• These_____
3
9/13/2011
What Can Infants See and
Hear?
• Infants can distinguish differences in their caregiver’s
voice over that of a stranger by 1 week of age, and they
can distinguish the difference between basic facial
expressions and speech sounds by 3 to 4 months of age.
Principles of Development
• The progression of development is directional:
__________ (from head-to-foot) and
___________(from center-to-periphery).
• This is to say that motor development appears to
organize the control of structures closer to the brain
and spinal cord before organizing the control of
structures positioned greater distances from the
central nervous system.
Motor Development
• In the 1st year of life the progression
of development is indexed by
_______ milestones.
• Bayley Scale norms
– rotate from back to side at 4.4 months
of age
– sit without support at 6 months
– crawl at 8 to 9 months
– walk with assistance at 9 to 10 months
– walk alone at about 12 months
Principles of Development
• Development is progressive, orderly, and
predictable, but seems to _____________.
• These spurts and transitions in childhood
abilities support the idea that development
_________.
• The idea of stages of development are seen in
the work of several important scholars including
Piaget, Kohlberg, and Freud.
Principles of Development
• Development is dependent on the
____________________. The nature of this interplay
is more important at some developmental ages than
others.
• If the interplay is disturbed during a _______ period,
the disturbance will lead to a permanent impairment in
development (e.g., rubella - mentally retardation)
• If the interplay between maturation and experience
occurred during a ________ period, the disturbance
will lead to an impairment that may be partially
overcome by experience at a later age of
development.
Cognitive Development
• Cognitive development
refers to the
_________________
• Much understanding of
cognitive development
was inspired by the
work of Jean _____
• He proposed that
children’s thinking
exhibits abrupt
transitions yielding 4
stages
4
9/13/2011
Piaget
• He proposed that learning is not
passive but involves an intention to
_________________________of
objects and events the child
encounters in his environment.
• Children and adults seek to
understand the world by applying a
________ (a preconception, mental
representation, or prototype) to their
experiences.
Cognitive Development
• Piaget proposed that cognitive development
sorts into four stages
Sensorimotor period
– Near the end of this stage, children
develop the awareness of object
__________, which is the concept that
objects continue to exist even when
they are not in sight
– _______ anxiety, or anxiety evoked by
a stranger, and __________ anxiety, or
anxiety evoked from the absence of
one’s caregiver
Cognitive Development
• ____________ is the process of absorbing the
elements of your experience in the world and
assigning this experience to membership in one
category in your inventory of schemas.
• ______________is the process of altering your
classification system to create a new schema in
your inventory of mental prototypes to better fit
your experiences in the world.
• Young children are unable to understand the world
from an adult perspective because their life
experience and their library of schemas are limited.
Stage 1: __________period
(birth to 18 months):
• Children learn to differentiate themselves from
external objects; they learn to see themselves
as an ________________.
Stage 2: __________ period
(18 months to 7 years):
• In this stage ________ skills are emerging, and children exhibit
_______________________________________
– At this stage of development, children are __________: they
can only see their own perspective
– Preoperational children are also _______________, which
means that they perceive human qualities in inanimate
objects.
5
9/13/2011
Egocentric
• Unable to see the world from
____________________
Stage 3: Concrete operational
period (7 to 11 years):
– Children develop an understanding of
______________: the realization that
properties of objects stay the same
even when they are made to look
different
– An _____________ is a mental
transformation
– As children develop operational logic,
their thought processes are less
constricted by intuition
Stage 4: _____________
period (11 years and up)
• Adult _________
abstract reasoning
begins during this
stage
• The age at which
children experience
transitions between
these cognitive stages
is dependent on the
sophistication of their
educational system.
Stage 3: ______________
period (7 to 11 years):
• Children are
attending school,
they learn to read,
and they recognize
that symbols can
represent actions
and objects. They
________________
about objects and
events.
Stage 3: Concrete operational
period (7 to 11 years):
• Preoperational children
learn to count on their
fingers, and as they
develop operational
logic, they can derive
the answer in their head.
• During the Concrete
operational stage,
mental processing
_______ increases
significantly.
Piaget Drag & Drop
• http://webcom8.grtxle.com/intropsych
ology/uploads/Brown_Cognitive_Dev
elopment_Ch4_LO_Beta.swf
6
9/13/2011
Vygotsky
• _________ – structuring
the environment in an
attempt to guide children
to perform the target
behavior before they
have actually learned it.
• Children will learn to
perform a response
independently, but they
profit from structured
assistance at the outset.
Moral Development
• Lawrence Kohlberg
focused on the
reasoning individuals
employed to
_________________.
• He focused on moral
reasoning, what is your
justification for
supporting an ethical
decision.
Conventional Level
• Conventional morality is
_____________________________________.
– Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships. Morality
is seen as something that upholds the expectations
of family and community. The best course of action
is deemed that which would be the most popular
choice for the individual’s peers.
– Stage 4: Maintaining the social order. In this stage
the individual becomes more concerned with
preserving the interests of society as a whole. Moral
decisions are framed in reference to a hypothetical
third person.
_____________development
• Vygotsky believed that for
each skill, children
progress from a phase
when they are unable to
learn the skill, even with
tutoring, to the zone of
proximal development,
during which they can
learn the new skill with the
help of scaffolding.
Pre-conventional level
• Respondents
_____________________________________
– Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation The individual at this stage believes that authority
figures have a fixed set of rules that must be
followed without question.
– Stage 2: Individualism and exchange - Children
now recognize that there is more than one possible
answer to a hypothetical dilemma. Moral decisions
are based on which course of action best satisfies
the individual’s personal needs.
Postconventional Level
• Postconventional reasoning is
_____________________________________.
– Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights - At
this stage individuals recognize that societies
change over time, and that the rule of law should
correspondingly change
– Stage 6: Universal principles - At this stage of
reasoning individuals embrace principles that
extend beyond the legislative process.
• Stage 6 reasoning is a slippery slope because it is above
the law; e.g., there is a fine line between justifications
that resonate with one religion or worldview vs. those of a
fanatic
7
9/13/2011
Moral reasoning
Attachment
• Our sense of self and our understanding of our
capacity to relate to others are rooted in the first
attachments we form; attachment is
_______________________________________.
Attachment in Humans
Attachment in Humans
– Attachment _________; it may take 6 months for a
mother to grow to fully love her child, and for the
infant to respond in kind.
– Attachment is ___________________________,
and it requires extended, consistent interactions
between them.
– The ________ Period for attachment is 6–24
months.
– The child _________ his or her caregiver from all
others.
– Separation Anxiety is normal, and the child exhibits
distress in the absence of the caregiver.
– Clinging behavior is amplified following a major
separation.
– Attachments may be formed with multiple
individuals, but they usually arise _________
over time, and are __________ in significance.
– Normal exploratory behavior is dependent on
the establishment of a secure attachment.
– Fostering attachment promotes early
__________.
– “Mothering” is a _______ role, not a biological
role. Men can be outstanding mothers.
Attachment in Humans
Infant Temperament
•
• Some women experience postpartum
depression; the thought of mothering is
burdensome.
• These experiences will pass, and they do not
mean that the mother is
___________________________________.
•
Temperament is the basic emotional pattern of the infant that emerges
early in development.
It is largely a ________________________________.
• 10% of infants are _________ relative to peers. They are the
“scaredy-cats,” and they may be at risk for developing anxiety
disturbances at later stages of development.
• 20% are __________ infants, and these children are believed to
potentially be at risk for the expression of impulsive risk-taking
behaviors in later childhood.
• The majority of infants (70%) are in the middle of the inhibition
dimension.
8
9/13/2011
Infant Temperament
– _______ - these infants are usually in a good mood, and they readily adapt to
changes in the routine and setting. These infants are not normally fussy, are
easy to calm down, and are able to calm themselves.
– ________________ – these infants generally seem shy and they appear to
approach life with an abundance of caution. These infants will gradually adapt to
new situations, but need to be introduced to new situations calmly, and need to
be given time to become comfortable.
– __________ – these infants generally respond more vigorously to physical
discomfort than do their peers. They exhibit signs of distress following any
disturbance, are fussier, and are harder to soothe.
– Parents learn to adjust to temperament differences in their infants, and
temperament differences influence the parenting styles that families develop.
Parenting Styles
– ____________ parents are at the opposite end of
the spectrum. They are strict and strong
disciplinarians. They do not lavish affection on their
children. In these families the children are to be
“seen and not heard.”
– _____________ parents are affectionate with their
children, but they establish firm limits and
boundaries for their children. The Authoritative
Parenting Style tends to promote the early
development of social competence in most children.
Language Development
• The most intense period for language
development is during the first 3 years of life.
• The transition from ______ behavior to ______
is a profound change
– At birth all infants __________. Both are vocal
responses in reaction to a prior stimulus or event.
– At about 6 months children begin to display the
spontaneous repetitive production of speech
sounds. This is the onset of the __________stage.
Parenting Styles
• Parenting styles sort into four categories
– In __________ parenting the children are ignored or
neglected. Infant-parent attachment is weak. Children
raised in this setting tend to feel rejected by their
parents, and they tend to experience the greatest
difficulty in life.
– __________________ parents are involved with their
children and are very affectionate. They are lenient and
employ minimal punishment. However, in these families
the children appear to be in charge. Children raised in
these families tend to be reluctant to accept
responsibility for their behavior, or inhibit impulsivity.
Parenting Styles
– In most communities in the industrialized world
children _________when raised in an authoritative
environment.
Language Development
– ____________are the building blocks of speech;
babbling is characterized by the repetitive
production of phonemes. The words mad, had, lad,
sad, tad, bad, and pad differ in the phoneme that is
in the initial position in the syllable.
– Children babble if they have normal hearing, and
they babble if they are _____.
– Children soon learn the ____________ as
caregivers respond to them. Children display vocal
turn-taking in the exchange of bursts of babbling
with caregivers.
9
9/13/2011
Language Development
• By 1 year most children say their __________.
• Before 2 years they recognize that words
represent objects and actions, and they put
words together to generate their
_______________.
• By 3 years some children have a vocabulary of
several hundred words, and they may generate
sentences employing 8 to 12 words.
• Initial employment of the rules of __________ is
apparent by age 4.
Disfluency and Stuttering
• The boundary between normal disfluency and stuttering
is subtle, and stuttering involves an element of a _____
in the vocal apparatus associated with speaking.
• It tends to arise between the ages of 2 and 5 as children
are developing language skills.
• The more severe the stuttering the longer it is likely to
persist. The emergence of a “morbid awareness” of
the possibility of being disfluent heightens the level of
difficulty associated with resolving the problem.
• It is a ____________ disorder.
• Stuttering may run in families; this could reflect the
interplay of ____________________________.
Dyslexia and Other Language
Difficulties
• Dyslexia means _____________.
• Developmental dyslexia is the failure to acquire
the skill of reading at an age-typical rate of
mastery.
• It is specific to reading and may include difficulty
identifying the _________________ within a word
and understanding how letters represent those
sounds, impaired spelling, and aberrant
_____________________.
• Like stuttering, it is a male-biased disorder. Its
prevalence in males is about 4 times that in
females.
Disfluency and Stuttering
• Young children frequently have difficulty
producing all the phonemes used by adults.
• A ___________ is an irregularity or break that
disrupts otherwise ______________.
• ____________ is a disorder in which the
normal flow of speech is disrupted by
repetitions, prolongations, or hesitations.
Disfluency and Stuttering
• Stuttering is aggravated by ___________
factors and may reflect acute awareness of a
treacherous emotional terrain in the household
or community.
• It is rare when speaking to oneself, when
speaking to pets, or when speaking to younger
children. Most stutterers can sing fluently and
are fluent when participating in choral reading.
Many stutterers are fluent on stage.
• Recovery from stuttering is a gradual process.
Dyslexia and Other Language
Difficulties
• The prevalence of dyslexia varies with
___________________________________________.
• In Italian 25 phonemes are represented by 33 letter
combinations. The incidence of dyslexia is low in Italian.
• In English the relationship between the sounds of
speech and the letters that represent them is
complicated.
– Standard American English employs 26 letters to represent
_______________ that can be spelled with 1,120 different
letter combinations.
• The prevalence of dyslexia is relatively high in Englishspeaking (and French-speaking) countries; 27% of
eighth-grade students in the United States were
dyslexic, and were unable to read at the basic level
required for that grade.
10
9/13/2011
Dyslexia and Other Language
Difficulties
• In an early manifestation of dyslexia, children with ____________
eye movement patterns may read the word was as saw (and vice
versa), and the early introduction of long polysyllabic words in the
reading curriculum (giraffe and hippopotamus) may hinder the
development of phonological awareness in some children.
• Instead of forcing the eyes to move from left to right and learning to
work the sounds out of the combination of letters, the child adopts the
rule that the long word starting with the letter h is hippopotamus.
Some of these children appear to be reading until they get to about
the fourth grade. The reading curriculum has not forced these
children to learn to sound out words, and they have not developed a
phonological awareness on par with many of their peers.
• Abruptly some families discover that their son or daughter is a grade
and a half behind in reading and their child is diagnosed as dyslexic
Dyslexia and Other Language
Difficulties
• ________ is impaired recall for words with no impairment for
word comprehension or word repetition.
– some children tend to answer questions in an indirect manner.
Because these children cannot retrieve the word they are seeking
at the right moment, they provide an alternative or substitute, and
this roundabout response is called _____________
– If a child born in November is asked “When is your birthday?”, and
the word “November” is not accessible at this moment, the child
may provide a response that brackets the missing information.
• E.g., “My birthday is after Halloween, and before Thanksgiving.”
• A young student afflicted with anomia may provide
responses to a teacher’s inquiries that evoke peer teasing
and ridicule. This can lead to heightened anxiety in the
classroom, and this increase in tension may amplify the
prospect of stuttering.
Adolescence
• Adolescence – a period of
______________________________.
• _________ -the onset of sexual maturity; the point at which a
person becomes capable of reproduction. The initiation and
course of puberty are controlled by the hypothalamus and its
regulation of the pituitary gland.
– ________ sex characteristics - reproductive organs and
external genitalia
– ___________ sex characteristics - pubic and underarm
hair, voice changes and facial hair in men, breast and hip
development in women.
Adolescence
• In the United States today menarche and
spermarche begin at about 12½ and 13 years
of age respectively.
• About 8% of white girls and 25% of black girls
begin breast development and public hair
growth before _________.
Adolescence
_________ , or the first
menstrual period and the
onset of puberty in women,
and __________, or the first
ejaculation in men, firmly
escort youth into the world
of adolescence.
The growth spurt in girls
precedes that in boys and
women mature more rapidly
than do their male
counterparts.
Adolescence
• The onset of
puberty occurs at
____________in
the United States
than it did in the
1890s, and the
marriage age has
increased.
11
9/13/2011
Adolescence
• Because the duration of
adolescence has been
expanded today, many
families will likely encounter
greater opportunity for
________ between parental
prohibitions and expectations
and the adolescent drive for
independence
• Adolescents approach
adulthood as ________; they
are apt to make choices that
they regret and would chose
not to repeat.
Adolescence
• Adolescent _____________ from the family increases the
social significance of the time spent with peers, and also
increases exposure to ____________ - an active attempt to
induce the adolescent to conform to peer group expectations
and to abandon parental and sibling expectations.
Adolescent Sexuality
• A variety of _________ influence the likelihood
that teens act on sexual impulses. Teen sex
may be…
– a way to rebel against adult prohibitions
– an attempt to be more like an adult
– an attempt to impress peers
– an attempt to simply escape from the present stage
of childhood
Adolescence
• ________cascades disturb
an individual’s emotional
reactivity; adolescence is
punctuated by oscillations
in emotions.
• On some days it may seem
that the world is at your
beck and call, and on other
days the reverse is true.
Adolescence
• The adolescent _____________is resolved
when the individual is comfortable making
choices that are true to himself or herself.
• ________ has been achieved when the
individual is able to comfortably make choices
that are sometimes discrepant with either (or
both) peer and parental wishes, and when the
reasoning behind the choice is explained, the
choice is endorsed and recognized as being
appropriate by both peers and parents.
Adulthood
• The end of Adolescence may
come earlier for some, and
much later for others.
• Adulthood is _________, not
a biological or chronological
milestone.
• Adulthood reflects a mature
consciousness in one’s
contribution to relationships,
work, and family.
• It is the longest stage of
human development.
12
9/13/2011
Adulthood
• ____________is the biological change in an
organism as it ages after achieving maturity.
– ________ aging - inevitable changes due to the
passage of time
– __________ aging - impairments that are induced
by lifestyle choices that lead to abuse, disuse, and
exposure to disease and toxins
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
of Development
• Stage 1 -Trust Versus Mistrust (infant; birth to 1 year of age):
The developmental crisis for a newborn infant is to learn that
we are social creatures, and that
________________________________________________
– If successful in dealing with this crisis, the child learns to
trust in people and to expect that life in the future will
continue to be rich, predictable, stable, and pleasant.
– This stage is another way of conceptualizing the attachment
process described earlier in the chapter.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
of Development
• Stage 3 - Initiative Versus Guilt (preschool child; ages
3–5): The preschooler seeks to master the world around
him. Children will initiate plans that are within their ability
level part of the time, and at other times,
______________________________________________
• The developmental crisis for the preschooler is to resolve
the question: “Am I good, or am I bad?”
– If the child resolves this crisis, the child learns that they,
in fact, are good and _____________, and that their
true nature is to want to pursue activities that they are
capable of independently planning and successfully
completing.
Adulthood
• Middle adulthood is characterized by stability.
• There is little evidence of a ______________
• Though muscle strength, cardiac efficiency, and
reaction time may not be at their peak, there is
little evidence of significant impairments.
• Most adults display ________ - they
compensate for any reductions in their motor
abilities so that they can reliably fulfill their role
obligations.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
of Development
• Stage 2 - Autonomy Versus Shame and
Doubt (toddler; ages 1–3): The developmental
crisis for the toddler is to learn that they are
__________________________________.
Toddlers learn to walk, talk, feed themselves,
dress themselves, and become toilet trained.
– If the child successfully resolves this crisis, the child
exits this stage with a sense of confidence and selfassurance.
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages of Development
• Stage 4 - Industry Versus Inferiority (elementary school
child; ages 5–12). They seek praise for their
accomplishments.
• The developmental crisis for the elementary school child
is to resolve the question:
_____________________________________________
– If the child and his caregivers successfully resolve this
crisis, the child will pursue a course of advancement
marked by diligently striving to be industrious, to
complete assignments on-time (or even ahead of
schedule), and to be willing to delay gratification.
13
9/13/2011
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages of Development
• Stage 5 - Identity Versus Role Confusion
(Adolescence; ages 12–19): At this stage the individual
exits childhood and begins the transition to Adulthood.
• The developmental crisis for the adolescent is to
resolve the questions:
____________________________________________
– If the individual successfully resolves this crisis, their
self-concept has become solidified; they now know
who they are (and what they are becoming). They
are able to make decisions that are true to their
nature and that will strengthen their personal fidelity.
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages of Development
• Stage 6 - Intimacy Versus Isolation (young adulthood;
ages 20–30+): At the start of this stage the individual’s
identity is confronted with the questions of intimacy and
commitment.
• The developmental crisis for the young adult is to
resolve the question:
____________________________________________
– If the individual successfully resolves this crisis, they are able to
form and sustain loving relationships with other individuals.
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages of Development
• Stage 7 - Generativity Versus Stagnation (middle
adulthood; ages 35–65): Generativity is the desire to
contribute to society, to help establish and guide the next
generation.
• The developmental crisis for middle adulthood is to
resolve the question:
_____________________________________________
– If the individual successfully resolves this question
they live a life decade after decade that makes the
world a better place. They empower other people.
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages of Development
• Stage 8 - Ego Integrity Versus Despair (seniors; ages
65 and up): At this stage of life, the individual makes the
transition to senior citizen.
• The developmental crisis of seniors is to resolve the
question: _____________________________________
– If the individual successfully resolves this crisis, they
feel contentment and integrity. They look forward to
tomorrow, and seek to find new ways to continue to
contribute to their families and community.
Erikson’s Stages of
Development Learning Object
Old Age
•
• http://webcom8.grtxle.com/intropsych
ology/uploads/Psychosocial%20Stag
es%20of%20Development.swf
•
•
Today in the United States
life expectancy is 78.4
years.
Male mortality _______
that for females across the
life span.
Currently the longest
confirmed Life Span for
humans is 122 years, a
record held by Jeanne
Calment.
14
9/13/2011
Research Methods
Research Methods
• In ___________________, the
performance of subjects in different
age brackets is measured at the
same point in time.
• In ________________, the same
group of subjects is tested and
retested at set intervals over much of
the course of their lives.
Old Age & Dementia
• As American’s live longer health care
___________________________.
Life Satisfaction
• Life satisfaction does not diminish
_________.
15