Review for Exam on 25 March: The following covers the transport material we didn’t have on the last exam, and the systematics material. I’ll post a guide for the remainder of the material for the upcoming exam on Sunday. READ THE CHAPTER SUMMARIES if nothing else. See what sounds familiar in them, and what you understand. Then go study what you don’t understand. Topic: Systematics (Ch. 12) What is “systematics” or “systematic biology?” What is taxonomy? What is the importance of binomial nomenclature? Whose system of binomial nomenclature do we use today? When did that system of nomenclature originate? What are the two parts of a binomial? Which part can be used alone? Sometimes a name is included after the binomial. Whose name is it (the person who described the species, that’s who). How does a natural classification system differ from an artificial classification? What is a “monophyletic group?” You should be able to “read” a phylogenetic tree and answer questions, like: -­‐ Suppose there is a genus, X, that includes three species, D, E, and F, on the phylogenetic tree to the left. Is genus X monophyletic? Is a classification system that recognizes Genus X a natural classification? What could be done to “fix” the classification? What is convergent evolution? What is a taxon (plural = taxa)? What is taxonomic rank (i.e. category). What does it mean when we say taxonomic ranks/categories are “nested?” Which rank/category is most inclusive? Least? Name the 7 basic ranks/categories, from 1)Kingdom to 7)Species. What is a homology (homologous character)? What is an analogy (analogous character)? What is a synapomorphy? On which branch of the tree would a synapomorphy for species A B and C appear? You do not need to know the life cycles (they do appear in the slides but we didn’t cover them yet.) Topic: Water and movement of material in Xylem and Phloem (start with slide 21 in the Feb 18 lecture slides, and see Ch. 30) Which materials move through xylem? In which direction? Which materials move through phloem? In which direction? What is transpiration? Is it different from evaporation? How? Where does evaporation take place in plants? What is plasmolysis? Why does it occur (describe in terms of water potential)? Understand the cohesion-­‐tension theory of water movement in Xylem. What is cohesion? Why is cohesion important? What is tension? Where does this tension “come from?” What are the main water conducting cells in xylem? Describe how xylem cells are specialized for their role in conducting water. What is a perforation? What is a perforation plate? What is a circular bordered pit? What is an embolism? What features do some water conducting cells have that mitigate the effects of embolisms? Understand the pressure-­‐flow model of transport in phloem. What is the importance of active transport? What is “assimilate?” What parts of plants are “sources” and what are some examples of “sinks.” What is symplastic loading and what is apoplastic loading? How do cells of the phloem differ from cells of the xylem? Why is this important in phloem function? Understand the importance of water potential gradients in the operation of xylem and phloem. In which tissue, xylem or phloem, is the “pressure” positive? In which is the pressure negative? Or is it positive/negative in both? Neither? What is root pressure? Why does it occur? What is radial micellation of cellulose microfibrils? What cells can it be found in? How is it important in the function of those cells? Trace the movement of a water molecule from the soil through the plant and into the atmosphere, by listing the cells and/or tissue layers it would pass through. Topic: Primary growth Ch 23 What is primary growth? What meristems are involved? What is the result of primary growth? Shoot and root apical meristems: Initials in the apical meristems of roots and shoots divide to produce three primary meristematic tissues: protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium. Cells in those tissues may divide a few more times, but shortly they (or their derivatives ) differentiate to form the mature primary tissues of shoots and roots: epidermis, ground tissues (cortex, pith, mesophyll in leaves), and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). What is an “initial?” Know the differences between parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells and tissues. Which cell types are living when mature, and which are dead? Which type performs photosynthesis? Which type conducts sugars? Which type conducts water? Which type is wood made of mostly? What are fibers? What is their function in plants? What do humans use them for? What does totipotent mean? Which type of cell tends to be totipotent? Parenchyma, collenchyma, or sclerenchyma? Know the three primary meristematic tissues, and which primary tissues and cell types are derived from them. Eg. A vessel element in a vascular bundle of alfalfa stem originated from the procambium. How do tracheids differ from vessel elements ? What is a perforation plate, and what is its purpose? What is the role of the companion cells in phloem? (p 552) Describe the primary dermal tissue system. What cells or other structures are present? Topic: roots. Ch. 24 What are four functions of roots? Which two of those are uniqe to roots? What is the rhizosphere? What is a primary root? Whish type of root system, fibrous or taproot, consists of a primary root and its branches? A root system that consists of adventitious roots and their lateral branch roots, and in which no one root is more prominent than another, is called what? If a plant’s root system is damaged, what effect will this have on growth of new leaves and stems? Know the parts of a root tip and what mostly goes on in each part: root cap (main function: protect apical meristem, secrete mucilage). Apical meristem/region of division, region of elongation, region of maturation/differentiation. Don’t be concerned with “open”/”closed” meristem info or quiescent center. What are root hairs and where do they occur? What symbiotic relationships do plants have that involve their roots? Name three, and the type of root structure or modification involved. Know the basic organization of tissues in roots: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, stele/vascular cylinder, How is the epidermis of roots different from epidermis of stems or leaves? Describe the endodermis. Where is it found? What is a casparian strip? What are suberin lamellae? Know these root modifications: aerial roots, prop roots, buttress roots, Topic: primary growth of shoot (stem and leaves) Ch 25 How does the shoot apical meristem differ from the root apical meristem? Define: phytomere, leaf primordium, tunica, periclinal wall, anticlinal wall, periclinal division, anticlinal division, tunica, corpus. What tissues does the tunica give rise to? The corpus? Know how tissues are organized in stems and leaves. Undestand how leaf tissues are oriented relative to the upper and lower leaf surfaces. What does herbaceous mean? Understand the differences between monocots and dicots, the organization of tissues in their stems and roots, their leaf veination. What are leaf traces? What is meant by proto-­‐ and meta-­‐, as in protozylem and metaxylem? What are the parts of a leaf? Petiole, stipules, blade. What is the function of each? How does a compound leaf differ from a simple leaf? What is a sessile leaf? What is mesophyll? What are the two types? What are their main functions, and how doe the cell shapes in each contribute to that function? What is leaf abscission? What is a leaf scar? Stem modifications: What is a bulb? What is a tuberous stem? What is a rhizome? Stolon? Leaf modifications: How do hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xeriphytes differ in terms of their leaf anatomy? What are some other leaf modifications? For climbing plants? For protection?