Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science
Department of Demography and Geodemography
United Nations Population Fund
Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office
Population Structure of Turkey
Executive Training Course on Population and Development
Murat ALTINSOY
Sunay Ferai KEÇECİ
MINISTRY of DEVELOPMENT
Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
GEOGRAPHY
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
2
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some Basic Information
2011
Total Population (thousand)
74.724
Urban Population (%)
76,8
GDP Growth Rate (%)
8,5
GDP per capita (USD)
10.363
Unemployment Rate
9,8
Most Populated cities
Population (million)
Percent of Total Population
İstanbul
13,6
18,2
Ankara
4,9
6,6
4
5,3
İzmir
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
3
POPULATION POLICY
• In Turkey, pro-natalist population policy was
implemented from 1923 (the establishment of Turkish
Republic) to 1965. High mortality in war period, big
share of rural activities, high infant mortality, increasing
nationalism, lack of labour force are some of the
reasons of this policy. In this period, general health
condition and social services were improved. Induced
abortion was illegal. Importing of contraceptives were
prohibited. Cash incentives provided for big families.
Migration of Turkish origin people from neighbour
countries was considered as a policy to increase the
population.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
4
POPULATION POLICY
• Pro-natalist policy implemented in this period caused
unwanted pregnancies, uncontrolled induced abortions
and high maternal mortality.
• With a Law on Population Planning enacted in 1965,
Turkey discontinued the pro-natalist population policy.
After this date the importance of family planning has
increased. This law allowed individuals to have as many
children as they wish and when they want. Use of
contraception was legalized . Termination of pregnancy
until the end of the 10th week has became legal in th,d
period. Abortion until 24 week was legalized in case of a
medical necessity.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
5
POPULATION POLICY
• Family planning and abortion is one of the most arguing
issues in Turkey nowadays. Turkish Prime Minister
recommends at least 3 children to every couples and he
declared that he is against abortion. The political
declarations and legal situation are different. But it is
expected that the current law and regulations are going
to change and Turkey will start to implement pronatalist population policies in near future.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
6
DATA SOURCES
• Three Main Data Sources:
• 1- Registration: Address Based Population Registration
System (ABPRS) was introduced at 2007. This system
provides population by age, gender and settlement.
Fertility and mortality data produced by ABPRS is not
reliable yet. The system is relatively new and it is still
improving.
• 2- Census: Since 1935 in every 5 years, since 1980 in every
10 years censuses have been implementing. Last census
was realized at 2011. But it was not an actual census,
sampling was used based on ABPRS. Results are not
declared yet.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
7
DATA SOURCES
• 3- Surveys: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were
implementing since 1963 in every 5 years. Last survey was
realized in 2008. Data directly collected from 15-49 aged
women. General main outputs of DHS are, informations
about fertility, infant mortality, access to reproductive
health and familly planning. They may also include
different questions according to current issues.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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POPULATION STRUCTURE
• Turkey’s population has reached to 74,724 thousands at
the end of 2011.
• 0-14 age group is 25,3 percent,
• 15-64 age group is 67,4 percent,
• 65+ age group is 7,3 percent of total population.
• Median age is 29,7
• 76,4 percent of population lives in urban areas
• Total dependency ratio is 48,4 percent
• Child dependency ratio is 37,5 percent
• Aged dependency ratio is 10,9 percent
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
9
POPULATION STRUCTURE
POPULATION PYRAMID 2011, TURKEY
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
MEN
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
WOMEN
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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LAST 20 YEARS-TOTAL POPULATION
Mid-year population ('000)
80 000
75 000
70 000
65 000
60 000
55 000
50 000
45 000
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
40 000
Source: Population estimations based on ABPRS
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
11
LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
Source: Estimations based on ABPRS
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
Total Fertility Rate
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
2011
Source: 1998-2008 DHS, 2011 estimation
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
13
LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
• Regional, economic and educational differences in
fertility
Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
2,00
Region
West
2,68 Central
2,16
East
1,73
2,2
3,37
Education
No education/primary
incomplete
Wealth
2,65
Lowest
quintile
3,39
2,25
Middle
quintile
2,19
Lower secondary
1,3
Highest
quintile
1,36
Secondary and more
1,53
Primary
Source: 2008 DHS
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
Postponement in fertility:
• Mean age of childbearing is increasing (27,1 for 2011)
• According to 2008 DHS 25-29 age group has the highest
age spesific fertility rate, but 20-24 age groups was the
highest in all the previous surveys.
• Median age at first birth was 22,3 years according to
2008 DHS. It was 21,8 years according to the previous
DHS.
• Compulsory education increased to 12 years from 8
years in 2012. This arrangment will result more
postponement in fertility.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
15
LAST 20 YEARS-SOME DEVELOPMENTS
Some developments in reproductive health and family planning.
According to 2008 DHS :
• 92 percent of women received antenatal care from a medical provider (81
percent in 2003)
• 90 percent of all birth were delivered at a health facility (78 percent in 2003)
• 37 percent of deliveries were caesarean deliveries
• 82 percent of women had a post natal checkup by a doctor
• Contraceptive prevalence rate is 73 percent (71 percent in 2003)
• 46 percent of women using any modern method (42,5 percent in 2003)
• The proportion of women who have ever had an abortion is 22 percent
(induced abortion is 10 percent)
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
16
LAST 20 YEARS-MORTALITY
Crude death rate (‰)
7,2
7,0
6,8
6,6
6,4
6,2
6,0
5,8
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Estimations based on ABPRS, DHS
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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LAST 20 YEARS-MORTALITY
Infant mortality rate (‰)
60
50
40
30
20
10
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0
Source: Estimations based on ABPRS, DHS
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
18
LAST 20 YEARS- NUMBER of DEATHS
Deaths by sex and age groups
100 000
90 000
80 000
70 000
60 000
50 000
total
40 000
men
30 000
women
20 000
10 000
0
0 1 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35 - 40 - 45 - 50 - 55 - 60 - 65 - 70 - 75 +
14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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LAST 20 YEARS-MORTALITY CAUSES
• Most common causes of death are:
- Hearth disease (33,7 percent)
- Malignant neoplasms (15,4 percent)
- Symptoms and ill-defined conditions (10,7 percent)
- Cerebrovascular disease (7,4 percent)
- Ischaemic heart disease (4,8 percent)
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
20
LAST 20 YEARS-LIFE EXPECTANCY at BIRTH
78,0
76,0
74,0
72,0
70,0
Total
68,0
Males
66,0
Females
64,0
62,0
60,0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
58,0
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
21
LAST 20 YEARS- POPULATION GROWTH
Population increase rate (‰)
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
22
MIGRATION
•
As a traditional migration country, Turkey has a special profile in international
migration movement. Due to its geo-political location, Turkey has been at the
cross road of massive migration flows.
•
According to 2000 Census, the proportion of immigrants in total population is
3,8 % in 1995-2000 period. When 1975-2000 period is considered, the highest
proportion is seen in 1980-1985 period. In this period, the immigration rate
has increased to 9,2%. The immigration rate has decreased after the year 1985.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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MIGRATION
•
•
•
Turkey is among one of the top migration country. The geostrategic location of
Turkey partly explains the country’s status as a sending country for Europe and
receiving/transit country for the neighboring regions.
Turkey’s growing regional economical, political and cultural impact has made it
an attractive destination for migration not only for people originating from the
Middle East, the southern Mediterranean and the Caucasus, but even for those
coming from European countries.
In the 1975-2000 period it has been observed three kind of migration type in
Turkey.
Circular migration: after the collapse of the communist system
Transit migration: after political unrest in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
Asylum seeking: after political unrest in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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MIGRATION-DATA
•
•
•
•
The Turkish Statistics Institute (TurkStat) in collaboration with other
institutions collects and analysis data on international migration
General Directorate of Security records (i.e. residence permits, asylum and
refugee registers, border registers) are maintained for administrative purposes
and constitute the basis for most statistics on international migration.
Main data sources on international migration in Turkey are population
censuses and administrative sources (covering border registers, residence
permits, work permits, visa registrations, asylum and refugee records,
citizenship, and naturalization records). Also some small and large scale
general surveys as well as special migration surveys are among the data
sources. Until very recently, population registers which are common in most
developed countries were not available in Turkey. Recently launched
registration system ABPRS is, therefore, a big step forward.
But information on immigration flow and stocks are not systematically and
regularly reported in Turkey.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
25
MIGRATION POLICY
Turkey's Asylum System in Transition
• The Government successfully concluded a Twinning Project with the Danish
and UK governments in 2005 producing a "Turkish National Action Plan for the
Adoption of the European Union Acquis in the Field of Asylum and Migration"
endorsed by the Prime Ministry in March 2005. The National Action Plan
covers the legal and institutional arrangements needed to harmonize Turkey's
procedures and practices for asylum and migration with EU standards,
including the investments and external support needed to achieve these goals
Fight Against Illegal Migration
• Nearly 700.000 illegal migrants were apprehended in Turkey within the period
1995-2007. One of the main features of illegal immigration is the fact that it is
being conducted by organized networks.
• To fight against illegal migration and to formulate and implement an effective
migration policy Turkey is constituting new legal arrangements and establishing
new institutions coherent with EU.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
26
MIGRATION POLICY
The Expatriate Turkish Citizens
• Today, the major part of the Turks living abroad, a considerable number of
whom have obtained the citizenships of the destination countries, are
permanent residents. Currently, the continuation of the growth of the
expatriate Turkish population is mainly due to family reunification and the
relatively high fertility among the immigrants.
• Turkey defines integration as active participation of the migrants to the social,
economical, cultural and political life of the destination countries while
maintaining their ties to their motherlands, mother tongues and original
cultures and living as happy, prosperous, successful individuals respecting local
laws and customs.
• It is estimated that nearly 6 million Turkish population are living abroad.
• But 3,7 million of them registred and 80 percent of them were migrants in
European countries.
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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TURKISH MIGRANTS IN EUROPE (2006-2010)
YEARS*
2006
COUNTRIES
A) EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Germany (1)
Austria (2)
Belgium (3)
Bulgaria***
Denmark** (4)
Finland
France (5)
Netherlands ** (6)
United Kingdom (7)
Spain
Sweden (8)
Switzerland (9)
Italy***
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Hungary***
Norway
Poland
Romania***
Serbia
Greece
Others European Countries
TOTAL
2007
2008
2009
2010
CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS
1.738.831
113.635
39.664
63.580
73.861
14.124
461.753 1.738.831
52.839 116.882
15.155
39.419
28.296
23.774
57.129
5.825
92.992 441.667
104.000 368.600
22.458
52.893
3.395
5.000
65.720
34.200
72.633
6.414
20.882
15.356
2.500
12.000
5.814
12.875
1.586
3.253
3200
20447
54.859
7.000
423.471
364.333
52.893
48.880
3.024.987
3.563
48.880
826.934 3.103.441
548.327 1.713.551 564.092 1.658.083 544.382 1.629.480 544.382
55.021 109.716
39.900 110.678
45.500 110.678
45.500
10.241 42.014
9.716
39.419
9.716
39.419
9.716
1.100 28.296
1.100
28.296
1.100
28.296
1.100
33.066 57.129
33.066
57.129
33.066
57.129
33.066
5.825
5.825
5.825
189.394 459.611 195.794 459.611 195.794 459.611 195.794
128.900 372.728 128.000 372.728 128.000 372.728 128.000
22.458 52.893
22.458
52.893
22.458
52.893
22.458
1.097
3.395
1.097
3.395
1.097
3.395
1.097
67.731
67.731
67.731
34.200 71.692
34.200
71.692
34.200
71.692
34.200
6.414 20.882
6.414
20.882
6.414
20.882
6.414
808
254
808
254
808
254
472
242
472
242
472
242
5.814
5.814
5.814
12.875
15.000
6.000
15.000
6.000
1.586
3.253
1.586
3.253
1.586
3.253
1.586
3200
20447
3200
20447
3200
20447
3200
2.194
2.194
2.194
3.563 48.880
3.563
48.880
3.563
48.880
3.563
6.903
2.709
6.903
2.709
6.903
2.709
1.038.567 3.107.109 1.047.391 3.052.133 1.039.281 3.023.530 1.039.281
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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THANKS…
http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR,24310/turkiyetanitim-filmleri.html
Lecture XXX
Executive Training Course on Population and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012
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