title:
short title:
00: Computational Biology 1
cb1_intro
Computational Biology 1 - Protein structure (for Informatics) -
TUM summer semester
lecture: © Burkhard Rost
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Informatics
et al.
© Burkhard Rost
2
CONTACT: Lothar Richter [email protected]
Announcements
Videos:
THANKS :
YouTube / www.rostlab.org
.
Special lectures:
Dmitrij
Nechaev
EXERCISES:
• 07/xx Predrag Radivojac - Indiana Univ.
• 06/xx Yana Bromberg - Rutgers Univ.
No lecture:
Lothar
Richter
Christian
Dallago
•
•
•
•
05/15 Ascension day
05/23 Student assembly (SVV)
06/06 Whitsun holiday
06/15 Corpus Christi
LAST lecture: Examen: bef: Jul 11
after: Jul 28
WEDNESDAY(!!) July 12: 18:00-19:30 TBA
•
Makeup:
TBC: Oct 17 & 19, 2017 - lecture time
© Burkhard Rost
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Protein Prediction
- Part 1: Structure
Computational
Biology 1
© Burkhard Rost
4
Definitions
Computational Biology
biology replacing experiments by computers (include
neurobiology, image processing)
Bioinformatics
anything that has to do with storing and using the
information about bio-sequences
http://www.rostlab.org/talks/
© Burkhard Rost
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Who are we?
© Burkhard Rost
6
Burkhard Rost
© Burkhard Rost
7
Some Professional Positions
© Burkhard Rost
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Study complex systems
© Burkhard Rost
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© Burkhard Rost
10
© Burkhard Rost
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Rostlab
ISMB/ECCB
2010 Vienna
ISMB/ECCB
2013 Berlin
Garching TUM 2014
www.rostlab.org
© Burkhard Rost
12 /115
www.rostlab.org
Andrea
Maria
Schafferhans Schelling
Inga
Weise
Juan Miguel
Cecjuela
Jonas
Reeb
Tatyana
Goldberg
Guy
Yachdav
Christian
Dallago
Dimitrij
Nechaev
Valérie
Marot
Jiajun
Qiu
Michael
Heinzinger
Caroline
Gergen
Yulia
Oscar
Gembar- Salvador
zhevskaya
Alexander Alexandru
Galtesev
Buff
Michael
Bernhofer
Theresa Venkata P Martin
Wirth Satagopam Steinegger
Tim
Karl
Lothar
Richter
Maximilian
Miller
Yannick
Mahlich
Jade
Martins
Syeda
Tanzeem H
Charu
© Burkhard Rost
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ROST= [email protected]
© CNN - http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/08/tech/innovation/universe-expansion-astronomers/
© Burkhard Rost
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Inga Weise [email protected]
Inga
Weise
© Burkhard Rost
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Lothar Richter [email protected]
Lothar
Richter
© Burkhard Rost
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TOC today
Biology introduction
• Organisms
• Genes
• Central dogma
Protein introduction
• some numbers/idea
NEXT lectures
• building blocks
• domains
• 3D comparisons
© Burkhard Rost
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Nobel Prizes
in Informatics?
© Burkhard Rost
18
2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
“for the development of multiscale models for
complex chemical systems” (nobelprize.org)
Martin Karplus
Harvard Univ, USA &
Univ Strasbourg,
France
Michael Levitt
Stanford Univ, USA
Arieh Warshel
USC, Los Angeles,
USA
© Burkhard Rost
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Protein structure comparisons
All-alpha
All-beta
3sdh
AlphaBeta
1bww
1xne
© Burkhard Rost
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Predict protein function
© Burkhard Rost
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Classical physics vs quantum physics
Ⓒ NobelPrize.org
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/
laureates/2013/advanced-chemistryprize2013.pdf
© Burkhard Rost
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2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Martin Karplus
Michael Levitt
Arieh Warshel
Harvard Univ, USA & Univ
Strasbourg, France
Stanford Univ, USA
USC, Los Angeles, USA
Michael Levitt (AP): It’s sort of nice ... to see that
computational science, computational biology is being
recognized. ... It’s become a very large field and it’s always in
some ways been the poor sister, or the ugly sister, to
experimental biology.
Arieh Warshel (NobelPrize) [experimental results are] like seeing a
watch and wondering how actually it works. ... what we developed
is a way which requires a computer to look ... and then to
eventually understand how exactly [a protein]
does
what it does.23 /115
© Burkhard
Rost
Background
© Burkhard Rost
24
Life is diverse
David Pacchioli: Logic of Organisms
Trilobite Bergeroniellus spinosus
Lena River Gorge, Siberia
http://www.emory.edu/COLLEGE/ENVS/
research/ichnology
© Burkhard Rost
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How does life work?
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
Vitruve Luc Viatour (~1492)
© Burkhard Rost
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How does life work?
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
Vitruve Luc Viatour (~1492)
© Burkhard Rost
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Common 2 Life?
David Pacchioli: Logic of Organisms
Trilobite Bergeroniellus spinosus
Lena River Gorge, Siberia
http://www.emory.edu/COLLEGE/ENVS/
research/ichnology
© Burkhard Rost
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Terms/facts
DNA
protein
RNA
© Burkhard Rost
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Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA
RNA
information, code,
library, manual
Protein
intermediate step
machinery of life
4 nucleotides
4 nucleotides
20 amino acids
GATC
GAUC
ACDEFGHIKLMNPRSTVWY
transcription
© Wikipedia
translation
© Burkhard Rost
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A gallery of proteins
scale reduced
1ej9 Topoisomerase
1i6h RNA Polymerase
1ais TATA-binding Protein/
Transcription Factor IIB
1cgp Catabolite Gene
Activator Protein
1tau DNA Polymerase
1lbh+1efa lac
Repressor
1aoi Nucleosome
1aoi Nucleosome
1tub Microtubule
1b7t Myosin
© David Goodsell
© Burkhard Rost
1bkv Collagen
1atn Actin
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Images
© Burkhard Rost
32
What is similar?
© Burkhard Rost
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What is similar?
© Wikipedia
© http://www.lionsons.com
© Burkhard Rost
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What is similar?
silicone
© Wikipedia
glass
© http://www.lionsons.com
© Burkhard Rost
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What is this?
Diamond
Graphite/coal
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
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What is this?
Diamond
Graphite/coal
carbon
diamond lattice
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
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Periodic table
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
38 /115
Which molecule
dominates our body
weight?
© Burkhard Rost
39
Which molecule makes most of our body?
H2O - water
how much?
© Burkhard Rost
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What elements make most of our body?
H2O - water
about 50-65% in adults
© Burkhard Rost
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What elements make most of our body?
© Burkhard Rost
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Which ones make up life?
oxygen - O
carbon - C
hydrogen - H
65.00
oxygen - O
18.60
carbon - C
9.70
hydrogen - H
nitrogen - N
nitrogen - N
calcium - Ca
calcium - Ca
phosphorus - P
potassium - K
3.20
1.80
1.00
phosphorus - P
0.40
potassium - K
sodium - Na
sodium - Na
chlorine - Cl
chlorine - Cl
magnesium - Mg
sulfur - S
0.20
0.20
0.10
magnesium - Mg
0.05
sulfur - S
0.03
iron - Fe
iron - Fe
iodine - I
iodine - I
body weight
© Wikipedia
0.03
96.5 0
10
© Burkhard Rost
20
30
40
50
60
70
43 /115
Which ones make up life?
oxygen - O
carbon - C
hydrogen - H
65.00
oxygen - O
18.60
carbon - C
9.70
hydrogen - H
nitrogen - N
nitrogen - N
calcium - Ca
calcium - Ca
phosphorus - P
potassium - K
3.20
1.80
1.00
phosphorus - P
0.40
potassium - K
sodium - Na
sodium - Na
chlorine - Cl
chlorine - Cl
magnesium - Mg
sulfur - S
0.20
0.20
0.10
magnesium - Mg
0.05
sulfur - S
0.03
iron - Fe
iron - Fe
iodine - I
iodine - I
body weight
© Wikipedia
0.03
96.5 0
10
© Burkhard Rost
20
30
40
50
60
70
44 /115
Which ones make up life?
oxygen - O
carbon - C
hydrogen - H
65.00
oxygen - O
18.60
carbon - C
9.70
hydrogen - H
nitrogen - N
nitrogen - N
calcium - Ca
calcium - Ca
phosphorus - P
potassium - K
3.20
1.80
1.00
phosphorus - P
0.40
potassium - K
sodium - Na
sodium - Na
chlorine - Cl
chlorine - Cl
magnesium - Mg
sulfur - S
0.20
0.20
0.10
magnesium - Mg
0.05
sulfur - S
0.03
iron - Fe
iron - Fe
iodine - I
iodine - I
body weight
© Wikipedia
0.03
96.5 0
10
© Burkhard Rost
20
30
40
50
60
70
45 /115
What is this?
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
46 /115
What is this?
© Wikipedia
Escherichia coli
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
47 /115
What is this?
© Burkhard Rost
Luke Jerram - http://www.duskyswondersite.com
48 /115
What is this?
Escherichia coli /E coli
© Burkhard Rost
Luke Jerram - http://www.duskyswondersite.com
49 /115
What is this?
bigbackground.com
© Burkhard Rost
50 /115
What is this?
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
51 /115
What is this?
Salmonella bongori
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
52 /115
What is this?
© Burkhard Rost
Luke Jerram - http://www.duskyswondersite.com
53 /115
What is this?
Avian or bird flu (virus)
© Burkhard Rost
Luke Jerram - http://www.duskyswondersite.com
54 /115
What is this?
© Burkhard Rost
Luke Jerram - http://www.duskyswondersite.com
55 /115
What is this?
HIV
virus
© Burkhard Rost
Luke Jerram - http://www.duskyswondersite.com
56 /115
What is this?
© Burkhard Rost
57 /115
Velcro - invented by George de Mestral
George de Mestral
(1907-1990)
velcro
http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/WofMatE/
polymers.htm
• swiss electrical engineer
• invented velcro 1949
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
58 /115
Velcro copied from plants
http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/WofMatE/
polymers.htm
George de Mestral
(1907-1990)
velcro
• swiss electrical engineer
• invented velcro 1949
burr
(seed of fruit)
© Wikipedia
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
59 /115
Bacteria differ in shape
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
60 /115
What do they have in common?
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
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Common to bacteria: single cells
single cell
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
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Cells
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
63 /115
Do we carry bacteria?
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
Vitruve Luc Viatour (~1492)
© Burkhard Rost
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we carry bacteria
when we are sick
© Burkhard Rost
65
Our bodies are teeming with bacteria
© NATURE REVIEWS
MICROBIOLOGY 9:244-53,
COPYRIGHT 2011
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/findings/jan12/body-bacteria.asp
© Burkhard Rost
66 /115
Common?
David Pacchioli: Logic of Organisms
Trilobite Bergeroniellus spinosus
Lena River Gorge, Siberia
http://www.emory.edu/COLLEGE/ENVS/
research/ichnology
© Burkhard Rost
67 /115
DNA/Gene
www.chemistryexplained.com
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
68 /115
Where do we have genes?
© Burkhard Rost
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Genes in nucleus and mitochondria
green: cell (actin)
red: mitochondria
blue: nucleus
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
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Genes in nucleus and mitochondria
green: cell (actin)
red: mitochondria
blue: nucleus
© Wikipedia
© Burkhard Rost
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Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA
information,
code, library,
manual
RNA
intermediate step
Protein
machinery of life
© Laszlo Kajan, TUM
© Burkhard Rost
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Quiz
1. what is the smallest building block of life that can replicate?
• protein - quarks - cells - organelles
2. different cells in typical human?
• 20 - 200 - 400 - 1000
3. what are the parts of cells called?
• cellular parts - organelles - organs - celluoplasts
4. which part of cells is called the “powerhouse”?
• nucleus - Golgi apparatus - mitochondria - Endoplasmic reticulum
5. what part of a plant cell is involved with photosynthesis?
• mitochondria - nucleus - smooth reticulum - chloroplast
6. what is mitosis?
• cell death - cellular respiration - cell division - cellular communication
7. who first used the term cell?
• Aristotle - Captain Hooke - Robert Hooke - James Watson
8. how many elements are found in amounts larger than trace amounts (0.01%) in
our bodies?
• 92 - 48 - 13 - 11
9. when communities of living things interact with non-living things they are called ...?
• population - community - biosphere - ecosystem
10.the most common molecule in the human body is?
© Ask a Biologist (askabiologist.asu.edu)
© Burkhard Rost
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Q&A
1. what is the smallest building block of life that can replicate?
• protein - quarks - cells - organelles
2. different cells in typical human?
• 20 - 200 - 400 - 1000
3. what are the parts of cells called?
• cellular parts - organelles - organs - celluoplasts
4. which part of cells is called the “powerhouse”?
• nucleus - Golgi apparatus - mitochondria - Endoplasmic reticulum
5. what part of a plant cell is involved with photosynthesis?
• mitochondria - nucleus - smooth reticulum - chloroplast
6. what is mitosis?
• cell death - cellular respiration - cell division - cellular communication
7. who first used the term cell?
• Aristotle - Captain Hooke - Robert Hooke - James Watson
8. how many elements are found in amounts larger than trace amounts (0.01%) in our
bodies?
• 92 - 48 - 13 - 11
9. when communities of living things interact with non-living things they are called ...?
• population - community - biosphere - ecosystem
10.the most common molecule in the human body is?
• H20
© Ask a Biologist (askabiologist.asu.edu)
© Burkhard Rost
74 /115
Life: The Players
© Burkhard Rost
75
What is life?
© Burkhard Rost
76
Life is diverse
David Pacchioli: Logic of Organisms
Trilobite Bergeroniellus spinosus
Lena River Gorge, Siberia
http://www.emory.edu/COLLEGE/ENVS/
research/ichnology
© Burkhard Rost
77 /115
Can you define life?
© Burkhard Rost
78
Descriptive definition of life
Homeostasis
(regulation of internal environment to maintain constant state)
Organization - unit: cells
Metabolism
(transfer of energy)
Growth
Adaptation
Response to stimuli
Reproduction
© Burkhard Rost
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Descriptive definition of life
Homeostasis
(regulation of internal environment to maintain constant state)
Organization - unit: cells
Growth
Adaptation
Response to stimuli
(transfer of energy)
ru
s
lif es
e? =
Vi
Metabolism
Reproduction
© Burkhard Rost
80 /115
Central dogma as information flow
General
Special
Unkown
DNA->DNA
Replication
RNA->DNA
protein->DNA
DNA->RNA
Transcription
RNA->RNA
protein->RNA
DNA->protein
protein->protein
RNA->protein Translation
NarayaneseCentraldogmanodetails-Wikimedia
slide: Edda Kloppmann
© Burkhard Rost
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Central dogma of molecular biology
© 2014 David Goodsell &
RCSB Protein Data Bank
[email protected]
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
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Codon wheel
© yourgenome.org
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
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Translation in action
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
84 /115
DNA sequencing
© yourgenome.org
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
85 /115
Illumina: MiSeq
run: 6 hours
full capacity: raw: ~5-10 TB data / day
reduced: 50-200GB/day
Illumina - Early 2012
© Burkhard Rost
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Illumina: HiSeq 2000
run: 1-8 days, 24 GB/day
1 human genome @ 30x / day
full capacity: raw: 25 TB data / day
reduced: 100-500 GB
120 x 76 x 94 cm
BGI - Shenzhen
Illumina - 2011
© Burkhard Rost
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Illumina HiSeq 2016
~2TB/run (<3 days)
© Burkhard Rost
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Entire Manual / Library
0.3 μm
Wikipedia
Haemophilus Influenzae
(Pfeiffer’s bacillus)
40 authors
RD Fleischmann, et al. & C Venter (1995) Science 269: 496-512
0.05 μm
Mycoplasma Genitalium
Venter Inst.
3 μm
CM Fraser, et al. & C Venter (1995) Science 270: 397-403
Sacharomyces cerevisiae
B Dujon (1996) Trends in Genetics 12: 263-70
A Goffeau, et al. (1996) Science 274: 546, 63-7
Wikipedia
Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode - worm The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998) Science 282: 2012-8
1mm
Wikipedia
Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly 195 authors
MD Adams, et al. (2000) Science 287: 2185-95
© Burkhard Rost
5 mm
Wikipedia
89 /115
Genome sizes
Mycoplasma genitalium
470
Haemophilus influenzae
1740
Methanococcus jannaschi
1,738
Escherichia coli
4,288
Sacharomyces cerevisiae - yeast
6,600
Drosophila melanogaster - fruit fly
13,600
Caenorhabditis elegans - worm
19,000
Arabidopsis thaliana - mustard
26,735
Oryza sativa - rice
50,000
*100,000
Homo sapiens
* Estimate from 1999
© Burkhard Rost
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Manual for human
not Jan 1, 2000
© Burkhard Rost
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Manual for human
not Jan 1, 2000
number of genes/
proteins:
Oct 1999 (after >5 years):
100,000
© Burkhard Rost
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Manual for human
not Jan 1, 2000
number of genes/
proteins:
Oct 1999 (after >5 years):
100,000
Nov 1999: oops there are only
30,000
© Burkhard Rost
93 /115
Degree of novelty: biology vs. physics
Speed of light
0
© Burkhard Rost
2015
1
1950
2
novelty in
physics
1885
2015
1950
1885
0
1690
1
1820
2
1755
novelty in
biology
3
Year Value [km/s]
1690 220,000
1862 298,000
1972 299,792
1820
3
Who
Huygen
sFoucaul
tCGPM
4
1755
4
knowledge added
Number
100,000
30,000
20,000
Year
1999
2003
2015
1690
Human proteins
94 /115
Genome sizes
Mycoplasma genitalium
470
Haemophilus influenzae
1,740
Methanococcus jannaschi
1,738
Escherichia coli
4,288
Sacharomyces cerevisiae - yeast
6,600
13,600
Drosophila melanogaster - fruit fly
Caenorhabditis elegans - worm
*21,000
Arabidopsis thaliana - mustard
*26,735
Oryza sativa - rice
*50,000
Homo sapiens
*25,000
* Estimates from 2010
© Burkhard Rost
95 /115
Now we know it all?
Like for every good manual:
you hardly ever find what you look for
when you find it, it is difficult to understand!
Anna Tramontano, La Sapienza Rome, Italy
http://static.open.salon.com
http://i42.tinypic.com
© Burkhard Rost
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Central dogma
Function
Structure
[email protected]
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
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Amino acid sequence determines protein 3D structure
Christian Anfinsen
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972
© Burkhard Rost
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Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA
information,
code, library,
manual
RNA
intermediate step
Protein
machinery of life
© Burkhard Rost
99 /115
FANTOM 3: Functional annotation of mouse
143 authors
Science 2005 309:1559-63
The Transcriptional Landscape of the
Mammalian Genome
Numbers:
• Total transcripts: 181,047
• New protein-coding transcripts: 16,247
• New proteins: 5,154
• Multiple splice variants: 65%
• 1.35 5’ start sites for each 3’ end
• 1.83 3’ ends for each 5’ end
© Burkhard Rost
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Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA
information,
code, library,
manual
RNA
intermediate step
Protein
machinery of life
Still the central dogma,
but we know that reality
is more complicated
© Burkhard Rost
101 /115
What are proteins?
© Burkhard Rost
102
Protein functions
• Defense (e.g. antibodies)
• Structure (e.g. collagen)
• Enzymes – metabolism, catabolism
• Communication / Signaling (e.g. insulin)
• Ligand binding / Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)
• Storage (e.g. ferritin)
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
103 /115
Gallery of proteins 1
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
104 /115
Gallery of proteins 2
slide: Andrea Schafferhans
© Burkhard Rost
105 /115
Protein sequence
>gi|16128674|ref|NP_415226.1| potassium translocating
ATPase, subunit A [Escherichia coli K12]
MAAQGFLLIATFLLVLMVLARPLGSGLARLINDIPLPGTTGVERVLFRALGVSDREMNWK
QYLCAILGLNMLGLAVLFFMLLGQHYLPLNPQQLPGLSWDLALNTAVSFVTNTNWQSYSG
ETTLSYFSQMAGLTVQNFLSAASGIAVIFALIRAFTRQSMSTLGNAWVDLLRITLWVLVP
VALLIALFFIQQGALQNFLPYQAVNTVEGAQQLLPMGPVASQEAIKMLGTNGGGFFNANS
SHPFENPTALTNFVQMLAIFLIPTALCFAFGEVMGDRRQGRMLLWAMSVIFVICVGVVMW
AEVQGNPHLLALGTDSSINMEGKESRFGVLVSSLFAVVTTAASCGAVIAMHDSFTALGGM
VPMWLMQIGEVVFGGVGSGLYGMMLFVLLAVFIAGLMIGRTPEYLGKKIDVREMKLTALA
ILVTPTLVLMGAALAMMTDAGRSAMLNPGPHGFSEVLYAVSSAANNNGSAFAGLSANSPF
WNCLLAFCMFVGRFGVIIPVMAIAGSLVSKKSQAASSGTLPTHGPLFVGLLIGTVLLVGA
LTFIPALALGPVAEYLS
© Burkhard Rost
106 /115
Some facts about proteins
how many in human?
• 20-25K in human
how long are they?
• ~35-30k, median around 400
do they consist of units?
• most proteins have more than 2 domains
how many proteins known?
© Burkhard Rost
107 /115
Bio-sequence data explodes
© Uniprot EBI Cambridgeshire
© Burkhard Rost
108 /115
Protein WITH annotations grow less
© Swiss-Prot Geneva/Lausanne
© Burkhard Rost
109 /115
Raw protein sequence data vs. annotations
Swiss-Prot
© Uniprot EBI Cambridgeshire
© Burkhard Rost
110 /115
PDB: Proteins with experimentally known 3D structure
© PDB Rutgers Univ
© Burkhard Rost
111 /115
PDB: known structure ~ 0.2% of sequences
UniProt=all (0.2%)
Swiss-Prot=Annotation (20%)
© PDB Rutgers Univ
PDB=3D
© Burkhard Rost
112 /115
Proteins = gene products
= machinery of life
From the book: “DNA: The Secret of Life” by
James Watson and Andrew Berry
© Burkhard Rost
113 /115
Proteins - genetic code
http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/1/132e5720f3b37836571a1aeb9d163ac3/genetic_code.gif
© Burkhard Rost
From the book: “DNA: The Secret of Life” by James Watson and Andrew Berry
114 /115
Kingdoms similar in amino acids usage
J Liu. & B Rost (2001) Prot Sci 10, 1970-1979.
B Rost (2002) Curr Op Struct Biol, 12, 409-416
© Burkhard Rost
115 /115
organisms DO differ
in the codon usage
nucleotide amino acid
GCT
GCA
GCC
GCG
A
© Burkhard Rost
116
Lecture plan (CB1 structure)
01: 04/25 Tue: no lecture
02: 04/27 Thu: no lecture
03: 05/02 Tue: Organization of lecture: intro into cells & biology
04: 05/04 Thu: Intro I - acids/structure - domains
05: 05/09 Tue: Possibly no lecture - Alignment 1
06: 05/11 Thu: Alignment 2
07: 05/16 Tue: Alignment 3
08: 05/18 Thu: Comparative modeling & experimental structure determination & secondary structure assignment
09: 05/23 Tue: SKIP: student assembly (SVV)
10: 05/25 Thu: SKIP: Ascension Day
11: 05/30 Tue: SKIP: Whitsun holiday (05/15-17)
12: 06/01 Thu: 1D: Secondary structure prediction 1
13: 06/06 Tue: SKIP: Whitsun holiday (06/03-06)
14: 06/08 Thu: 1D: Secondary structure prediction 2
15: 06/13 Tue: 1D: Secondary structure prediction 3 / Transmembrane structure prediction 1
16: 06/15 Thu: SKIP: Corpus Christi
17: 06/20 Tue: 1D: Transmembrane structure prediction 2 / Solvent accessibility prediction
18: 06/22 Thu: 1D: Disorder prediction
19: 06/27 Tue: 2D prediction
20: 06/29 Thu: 3D prediction / Nobel prize symposium
21: 07/04 Tue: TBA
22: 07/06 Thu: recap 1
23: 07/11 Tue: recap 2
24: 07/12 Thu: examen
25: 07/13 Tue: TBA
26: 07/18 Thu: TBA
27: 07/20 Tue: TBA
28: 07/22 Thu: TBA
29: 07/25 Thu: TBA
© Burkhard Rost
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