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Why did William’s invasion succeed?
Use this sheet for the Activity on page 113. Choose a good reason for William’s success to
end each of your cards. Be careful! Some of the suggestions in the boxes below are
wrong, or do not fit any of the cards.
Planning
s
William’s plan
were ...
Weapons
The Normans had
better ...
Fighting Forc
es
The English a
rmy
was …
Luck
The weather
helped ...
Leadership
ership
William’s lead
was ...
... tired, having marched south after defeating Harald Hardrada.
... Harold because William didn’t
like the rain
in England but the English were
used to it.
... carefully made an
d included buildin
g
hundreds of ships fo
r the journey to En
gland .
le
em bravely into batt
th
d
le
e
h
se
u
ca
be
men
... inspiring for his
ded to retreat.
en
et
pr
e
h
en
h
w
,
ic
tact
and chose a clever
... cannons so they could shoot at Harold from France.
g for William
... ready and waitin nsey Bay.
Peve
when he landed at
... William because the wind turned to blow him across the
Channel at exactly the time Harold was fighting in the north.
... weapons because
they
held the shield wal had archers and used horses, though
Harold’s men
l against them unti
l the very end of th
e battle .
se he
disorganised becau
d
an
d
ie
rr
u
h
er
th
... ra
anged again .
ch
d
in
w
e
th
re
fo
be
wanted to sail
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Why did the Spanish invasion fail?
Use this writing frame to help write up the reasons for the failure of the Armada.
Copy and complete the introduction below, using your own words to fill in the spaces.
In _________, King Philip II of Spain decided to invade _________ because he
wanted to remove ____________ from the throne and put a new, Roman _________
ruler in her place. However, his planned _________ did not succeed.
Now write one paragraph for each of the five factors you have been investigating, including
some information from each card to support the point you are making. Try to explain links
between the factors. Use the paragraph starters below to help you organise your ideas.
One reason for Philip’s failure was ... (Choose one of the factors – planning, leadership,
fighting forces, weapons or luck – and explain why that did not work in Philip’s favour.) An
example of this was ... (Use evidence to support your point.)
This links with another reason why the Armada was not successful, which was ... (Choose a
different factor, explain how the two factors are connected and how the second factor
contributed to the failure of the Armada, supporting the point with evidence.)
Write one paragraph for each of the remaining three factors, making links between them
when you can. Use the phrases below to help you.
A further problem for the Spanish was ...
This led to ...
Also, ...
In addition, ...
These reasons are linked because ...
A final factor that stopped Philip’s invasion was ...
Finish your answer with a short conclusion. This should sum up what you think is/are the
most important reason/s why the invasion failed. There may be one thing that you feel led
to all the others or you may feel it was a combination of all or several of the factors.
Therefore/Overall, the Spanish invasion of England failed because ...
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Was Nelson the main reason why Napoleon’s
invasion failed?
Use this writing frame to write up the reasons why Napoleon failed to invade England
and decide if Nelson’s leadership was the most important factor.
Copy and complete the introduction below, using your own words to fill in the spaces.
In _______, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte decided to invade ___________ because he
wanted to increase his __________. The __________ government was very worried and
they organised the building of __________ Towers to defend the south coast. However, the
planned _________ did not succeed.
Then write one paragraph for each of the five factors you have been investigating, including
some information from each card to support the point you are making. Try to explain links
between the factors. Use the paragraph starters below to help you organise your ideas.
One reason for Napoleon’s defeat was leadership … (Choose this factor first because it is the
main point of the question.) This was important because ...
An example of good/bad leadership was ....
The leadership factor links with ... (Choose a different factor – planning, fighting forces,
weapons or luck) which is another reason why Napoleon was not successful. (Explain how the two
factors are connected and how the second factor contributed to French failure, supporting
the point with evidence.)
Write one paragraph for each of the remaining three factors, making links between them
when you can. Use the phrases below to help you.
A further problem for Napoleon was ...
This led to ...
Also, ...
In addition, ...
These reasons are linked because ...
A final factor that stopped the French invasion was ...
Finish your answer with a short conclusion. This should sum up what you think, saying either
that you agree that Nelson was the main reason the invasion failed and his role led to all
Napoleon’s other problems, or suggesting that there were other factors that were equally or
more important.
Therefore/Overall, the most important reason/s for Napoleon’s failure to invade England was/were
... and/so Nelson ...
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How significant are these wars?
Copy the four criteria your group has chosen into the boxes on the top row of the grid
below. Decide if you want to adjust the weighting for each criterion, giving up to 5 extra
points for the most important one/s and only 1 or 2 points for criteria you think are less
significant.
Use the Top Trump cards or your own judgement to give a score out of 10 for each war,
measured against each criterion.
Criterion
Weighting
Henry VIII’s wars with Scotland
Elizabeth I and the Armada
Elizabeth I’s wars with Ireland
Anglo-Dutch war
Marlborough’s Wars
Bonnie Prince Charlie’s Rebellion
War of Jenkins’ Ear
Seven Years War
War of American Independence
Napoleonic Wars
Opium Wars
Crimean War
Sikh Wars
Afghan Wars
Zulu War
Boer War
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How were ideas and beliefs about war
changing?
Use this sheet for the Activity on page 138.
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
It is important to stop one country taking
control of the whole of Europe. If necessary we
will make alliances to stop any country
dominating Europe.
We have a right to build up an
overseas empire and trade all
over the world. There is only so
much wealth in the world to
share so we will fight other
countries to defend and
increase our share of empire
and trade.
Having a strong navy is vital for defending Britain against invasion and for defending our
Empire and trade throughout the world.
England needs to go to war to take control
of the rest of Britain.
The king needs to
go to war to show
his people how
powerful he is.
We do not want another country to tell us
what our religion should be.
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Britain has become the richest
nation in the world because of
its empire and trade, so it needs
to fight wars to protect them.
We cannot
afford to let
other
countries
build up
industrial
strength to
match our
own. This will
threaten the
British Empire
and make us
weaker in
wars.
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(continued)
How were ideas and beliefs about war
changing?
Use this sheet for the Activity on page 138.
A
England successfully fought off the Spanish
Armada in 1588.
B
Britain won the Opium Wars against China
in the mid-nineteenth century.
C
John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough,
commanded the British forces who, with their
allies, defeated the French in the late 1600s
and 1700s.
D
G
During the French Revolutionary
Wars and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815)
Britain made a series of alliances with other
countries in Europe.
During the 1800s Britain produced far
more iron and steel than any other
country. The industries were able to make
weapons in wartime and the textile industries
produced uniforms and other equipment.
Britain’s wealth played a big part in defeating
Napoleon’s France.
H
I
The key turning point at the Battle of
Waterloo in 1815 was the arrival of the Prussian
army to fight alongside the British forces.
J
The Seven Years War (1756–1763)
between Britain and France was the first
worldwide war with battles in North America
and India as well as Europe.
Twice in the 1800s Britain tried to take
control of Afghanistan in order to stop Russia
threatening Britain’s empire in India.
E
K
Henry VIII invaded France, wanting to be as
famous a hero as Henry V. He failed.
F
Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in
1805 ended the threat of French invasion.
© Hodder Education, 2009
By the late 1800s Germany, France
and the USA were matching Britain’s industrial
strength and were developing new methods for
producing goods more cheaply and efficiently.
L
Henry VIII spent a great deal of money on his
wars with Scotland.
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