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Adams, Abigail, 42, 44–45
Adams, John. See also Marshall,
appointment of Chief Justice;
“midnight judges” appointments
Beccarian influence, 242
judicial organization/reform, 14, 16
jurors, role of, 97
Adams, Thomas Boylston, 41–42,
43–45, 47
Alien and Sedition Acts
and common law principles,
191–192
as Federalist policy, 14–15
Hay’s attacks on, 102–103
juries, rights of, 97
Marshall’s opposition to, 51–52
and source of authority, 98
trials under, 108–109
U.S. v. Callender, 92–93
American law
English background of, 92
trial by jury tradition, 93–95
American republic creation. See also
penal measures, American
colonies
inhabitants/establishment of
colonies, 254
Ames, Fisher, 63
Archilochus, 2
assignee clause
in diversity suits, 35–36
federal jurisdiction restriction,
11–12, 18
restoration, call for, 23–24
Aurora (newspaper)
on Federal power, 17
on Jay’s Supreme Court
nomination, 41–42
on Marshall’s Supreme Court
confirmation, 57
on “midnight judges”
appointments, 87
on partisan purposes, 20
on Paterson’s failure to secure
nomination, 55
seditious libel charges, 200
Autobiography (Jefferson), 166
Bache, Benjamin, 192–194
Bassett, Richard, 79–80, 89
Bayard, James
access to federal courts, 22–23
commercial republic, 36
and Judiciary Act of 1801, 21–22,
24
judiciary system revisions, 16–17
juries, rights of, 97
as land speculator, 34–35
“midnight judges” appointments,
68–70, 79–80
277
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278
Bayard, John, 68–69
Bayard, Samuel, 68–69
Bayard v. Singleton, 95
Baynes, John, 252–253
Beccaria, Cesare
deterrence of crime, 150
Essay on Crimes and Punishments,
239–240, 250–251, 259–260
Founding Fathers’ familiarity with,
240–241
as “household” name, 246–248
influence of, 235–237
penal system attack, 239–240
proportional punishment,
248–249
translation/spread of work,
241–242
Bee, Thomas, 81–82, 87, 89
Beeman, Richard, 181
Benson, Egbert, 68–70, 89
Berlin, Isaiah, 2
Bevans, U.S. v., 228–229
Biddle, Green v., 29
Bigelow and Jenkins, U.S. v.,
220–221, 225
Bilder, Mary Sarah, 235–238
“Bill for Proportioning Crimes and
Punishments”
ancient punishments, 159–160
Beccarian influence/precepts,
243–244
court records analysis, 166–173
dueling, 160–163
forfeiture, principle of, 157–158
generally accepted practices, 157
Jefferson’s work on, 100, 151–153,
260–263
legislative action/defeat, 164–166,
271–272
leniency, experiments with, 176
maiming/disfiguring, 163–164
murder/manslaughter, 163
offenses against persons, 164
penalties scale/imprisonment terms,
154, 174
proportionality, symmetry of,
153–156, 160
restitution/compensation to victims,
158–159
Taylor’s sentencing revisions,
173–176
Bingham, William
Judiciary Act of 1801, 25–26
as land speculator, 34–35
“midnight judges” appointments,
75, 78–79
Blackstone, William, 241–242
Blake, George, 223
Body of Liberties, 125
Bollman ruling. See Ex parte Bollman
book, history of the, 235
Boudinot, Elias, 78
Boudinot, Elisha, 78
Bourne, Benjamin, 63–64, 89
Boyd, Julian, 157
Bradford, William, 247–248, 258
Breckinridge, John, 247
Brown, John, 82–84
Bull, Calder v., 107
Burk, John Daly, 192–194
Burr, Aaron, 21–22, 207, 209
Butler, William, 214–216
Cabot, George, 52
Calder v. Bull, 107
Callender, James. See also U.S. v.
Callender
background of, 101
on Marshall’s Supreme Court
confirmation, 57
Callender, U.S. v. See U.S. v.
Callender
capital city, United States, 84
capital punishment records, in
England, 255–256
Carnegie Fellowship, 2
Chase, Samuel. See also U.S. v.
Callender
background of, 101–102
federal common law of crimes,
194–195, 197–199
impeachment of, 92–93
“midnight judges” appointments,
80–81, 89
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punishment and common law,
204–206
Supreme Court justiceship, 3, 42–43
U.S. v. Worrall, 192–194, 195–197
Chauncey, Charles, 70
Chipman, Nathaniel, 67–68,
247–248
Chisholm v. Georgia, 14, 34–35
circuit courts
jurisdiction of, 11, 27–28
jurisdictional amount, 11–12
organization of, 17–18, 27,
60
civil litigation
judicial powers, 11–12
private vs. government interests,
33–34
Clark, Stephen, 219–220
Clark, U.S. v., 219–220, 225
Clay, Joseph, 81–82, 89
clergy, benefit of, 124, 131, 132–134,
148–149
colonial period, 249–250
colonies, inhabitants/establishment of,
254
Columbian Centinel, 24
Commentaries on the Laws of
England (Blackstone)
commercial litigation, 35–36
common law of crimes, federal
admiralty/maritime jurisdiction,
213–216, 218
embargo law/acts, 207–209
English common law applicability,
186–187, 229
familiar cases, 192–194
first federal criminal statute,
187–189
grand jury action/instructions,
189–192
humanitarian doctrines, 228–229
judges’ support of, 194–196
legislative support, 209–213
nature of discourse, 185
non-criminal questions, 230–231
original intent/understanding,
185–186, 229
279
political partisanship/controversy,
199–206, 230
U.S. v. Hudson and Goodwin, 187,
213
Commonwealth v. Tench Coxe, 30
Constitutional Convention, 11
constitutions/declarations of rights,
242–243
Coolidge, Cornelius, 218–221
Coolidge, U.S. v., 218–221, 225,
227
Cooper v. Telfair, 107–108
Cranch, William, 85, 89
criminal law reform. See also “Bill for
Proportioning Crimes and
Punishments”
county courts, character of,
180–183
deterrence, opinions on, 150
felony prosecutions, 272–273
general and county courts, 149–150
law enforcement, inadequacies of,
179–180
legal institutions, role of, 150–151,
176–178
proportional punishment
legislation, 273–275
social customs/control, 178–179,
182, 183–184
trial statistics, 156–157
use of English criminal code,
148–149
Curti, Merle, 2–3
Cushing, William
federal common law of crimes,
189–190
Supreme Court justiceship, 42–43,
44–45, 46, 48–49
Daggett, David, 227
Dallas, Alexander, 203–204,
214–215, 228–229
Davis, John, 66–67
Dayton, Jonathan
on Chief Justice appointment, 54,
56
judiciary system revisions, 15–16
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280
Dayton, Jonathan (cont.)
“midnight judges” appointments,
63
declarations of rights/constitutions,
242–243
Dexter, Samuel
judiciary system revisions,
16–17
“midnight judges” appointments,
62–63, 71–72
district courts, 27–28
District of Columbia, 84
diversity suits
assignee clause in, 35–36
in circuit courts, 11–12
jurisdictional amount in, 11–12,
18–19, 28
original jurisdiction, 28
Documentary History of the Supreme
Court (Marcus), 4
Dooley, Brendan, 236
Douglass, Huidekoper’s Lessee v.,
29
Duane, William, 17, 201–202
Duchy of Tuscany. See Leopold, Peter
(Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Durrell, William, 192–194
Eden, William, 260
Edict of the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
for the reform of criminal law in
his dominions (Leopold),
235–236
Edwards, Pierpont, 207, 209
Ellsworth, Oliver
federal common law of crimes,
194
grand jury action/instructions,
191–192
resignation of, 21–22, 39
U.S. v. Smith, 192–194
English tradition
in American law, 92
jurors, role of, 96
in trial by jury, 93–95
Enlightenment ideology, 249–250,
256–258
Essay on Crimes and Punishments
(Beccaria)
penal system attack, 239–240
translation/quotation of, 241–242,
250–251, 259–260
Every Man His Own Lawyer (Jacob),
238
Ex parte Bollman, 211, 216, 221
Fairfax land title, 23, 31–32
Fairfax’s Devisee v. Hunter’s Lessee,
29
federal common law of crimes
admiralty/maritime jurisdiction,
213–216, 218
embargo law/acts, 207–209
English common law applicability,
186–187, 229
familiar cases, 192–194
first federal criminal statute,
187–189
grand jury action/instructions,
189–192
humanitarian doctrines, 228–229
judges’ support of, 194–196
legislative support, 209–213
nature of discourse, 185
non-criminal questions, 230–231
original intent/understanding,
185–186, 229
political partisanship/controversy,
199–206, 230
U.S. v. Hudson and Goodwin, 187,
213
federal courts/judiciary
access to, 22–23
antagonism to, 97–98
and assignee clause, 11–12, 18
authority question, 11
organization of, 11
Federalist policy. See also Judiciary
Act of 1801, historical
significance; Judiciary Act of
1801, legislative history
of Adams administration, 14–15
popularization of federal courts,
36–37
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Federalists
appointments of, 43
Hamiltonian, 41, 53
removal from power, 39–40
Flaherty, David, 135–136
Fletcher v. Peck, 29
Foster, Dwight, 63
Foster, Theodore, 68–69
Founding Fathers, familiarity with
Beccaria, 240–241
Fowler, John, 86
Franklin, Benjamin, 162, 252–254,
276
Freyer, Tony, 230–231
Gallatin, Albert, 19–20
Georgia, Chisholm v., 14, 34–35
Gibbons, Thomas, 81–82, 87
Giles, William Branch, 90, 101
Goebel, Julius, 131, 193
Goodrich, Chauncey, 16–17,
72–73
Goodwin. See U.S. v. Hudson and
Goodwin
grand jury action/instructions,
100–101, 189–192
Graydon, Alexander, 162
Green v. Biddle, 29
Greene, Ray, 63–64, 87
Greenleaf, U.S. v., 192–194
Griffith, William, 77–78
Griswold, Roger, 21–23
Gunn, James
on Chief Justice appointment, 53
as land speculator, 34–35
“midnight judges” appointments,
81–82
Hamilton, Alexander, 15–16,
20–21
Hamiltonian Federalists, 41, 53
Harmony and Dissonance (Freyer),
230–231
Harper, Robert Goodloe
access to federal courts, 22–23
admiralty courts, 24
on bill opposition, 26–27
281
federal common law of crimes,
199
judiciary system revisions, 16–17
as land speculator, 34–35
“midnight judges” appointments,
89
recommitment of bill, 19–20
Haskins, George, 128
Hay, George
background of, 102–103
embargo law/acts, 209
U.S. v. Callender, 103–104, 106,
110–111
U.S. v. William Smith, 210–211
Henderson, Archibald, 21–22
Henfield, U.S. v., 192–194
Hillhouse, James, 71–72
Hitchcock, Samuel, 67–68, 89
Hobart, John Sloss, 192–194
Hofstadter, Richard, 119
Holland Land Company, 29–30
Hopkinson, Joseph, 74–75
Horwitz, Morton, 3
Howard, John, 252–253
Hudson and Goodwin, U.S. v.,
116–117, 187, 206–207, 213,
230–231
Huidekoper’s Lessee v. Douglass, 29
Hunter’s Lessee, Fairfax’s Devisee v.,
29
Hunter’s Lessee, Martin v., 29, 225
incarceration, 137–138
Ingersoll, Jared
admiralty/maritime jurisdiction,
214–215
“midnight judges” appointments,
74–76
and Supreme Court vacancy, 43–45,
47, 48–49, 50
Innes, Harry, 82–84, 247
Iredell, James
federal common law of crimes, 194
grand jury action/instructions,
190–191
U.S. v. Henfield, 192–194
Isaac, Rhys, 181
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282
Jacob, Giles, 238
Jay, John
federal common law of crimes,
194
on federal court enemies, 13–14
grand jury action/instructions, 190
jurors, role of, 97
nomination of, 40–42, 44–45,
47–48
Supreme Court service, 24–25
U.S. v. Ravara, 192–194
Jefferson, Thomas
Autobiography (Jefferson), 166
“Bill for Proportioning Crimes and
Punishments,” 151–152,
243–244, 260–263, 271–272
federal common law of crimes,
200–201
Jay’s Supreme Court nomination,
41–42
and judicial role/power, 268–269
and Judiciary Act of 1801, 21–22,
25–26, 59
Leopold, comparison with,
237–238
“midnight judges” appointments,
88
as Secretary of State, 85
trials by juries, 100
U.S. v. Callender, 101
Virginia criminal code, 116
Jenkins. See U.S. v. Bigelow and
Jenkins
Jensen, Merrill, 2–3
Johnson, Thomas, 85
Johnson, William, 215–218, 228–229
Johnston, Samuel, 81–82
Jones, John, 214–216
Jones, Meriwether, 101
judges and juries, roles and
relationship. See also U.S. v.
Callender
English background of, 92, 96
and Judiciary Act of 1789, 92–93,
95–96
jurors, role of, 96–97
trials by juries, 93–95
judicial appointments. See “midnight
judges” appointments
judicial competence, 2
judicial system reform/revision
Congressional committee reports,
15–17
Congressional indifference to, 14
Judiciary Act of 1789
antagonism to federal courts,
97–98
dual obligations of justices, 12–13
federal/state court power
compromise, 11
judicial districts, 60
jurisdictional provisions, 11
jury trials, 95–96
and U.S. v. Callender, 7, 92–93
Judiciary Act of 1801, historical
significance
appointment opportunities, 85–86
commercial litigation, 35–36
conflicts, substance of, 28–29
efficiency of national courts, 37–38
land ownership, 29–33, 34–35
popularization of federal courts,
36–37
private civil litigation, 33–34
reorganization of circuit courts,
60
Republican retaliation, 59
Judiciary Act of 1801, legislative
history
access to federal courts, 22–23
amendments to bill, 20
assignee clause, 11–12, 18, 23–24
circuit duty recommendations, 15
committee recommendations,
15–17
extension of jurisdiction, 18–19
in lame duck session, 21–22
organization of judiciary, 17–18,
27
passage/repeal of, 10–11, 25–26,
38, 60, 202–203
postponement efforts, 19–20,
24–25
Republican opposition, 26–27
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jurisdictional amount
in diversity suits, 11–12, 18–19, 28
and quit rents, 22–23
Katz, Stanley N., 1–4, 7
Kentucky lands, 29
Kentucky Resolutions, 108–109
Key, Philip Barton, 80–81, 87
Kittera, John Wilkes, 21–22, 87
land ownership, 29–33
Langdon, John, 62–63
Laurance, John, 16–17
Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall
(English colonial code), 121–122
Lee, Charles, 80–81
Lee, Harry, 26–27
legislative supremacy, 94–95
Leisler, Jacob, 130–131
Leopold, Peter (Grand Duke of
Tuscany)
and Beccarian principles, 265–266
economic reform, 270–271
Edict of the Grand Duke of
Tuscany, 235–236
Jefferson, comparison with,
237–238
and judicial role/power, 269–270
as leader of Tuscan reform,
264–265
protections for accused persons,
267–268
punishment, forms of, 266–267
torture abolishment, 268
lex talionis, 151, 166, 261
Lincoln, Levi, 90, 201–202
Livermore, Edward St. Loe, 63
Livermore, Samuel, 62–63
Livingston, Brockholst, 209
Lowell, John, 64–66, 89, 192–194
Lyon, Matthew, 87
Macon, Nathaniel, 81–82
Madison, James, 21–22, 86, 200–201
Madison, Marbury v., 108
Magill, Charles, 80–81
magistrates, roles of, 93
283
Marbury v. Madison, 108
Marcus, Maeva, 4, 7–9
Marshall, appointment of Chief
Justice. See also Marshall, John
associate justices, 42–43
Ellsworth’s resignation, 39
Ingersoll as possible justice, 43–45,
47, 48–49, 50
Jay’s nomination, 40–42, 44–45,
47–48
judiciary bill’s bearing on, 24–25,
45–46, 49–50
Marshall’s nomination/acceptance,
50–51, 56–57
Paterson as possible chief justice,
53–55
response/sentiments regarding, 49,
51–54, 57–58
Senate approval delay, 54–56
Marshall, Humphrey, 82–84
Marshall, James, 31, 89
Marshall, John. See also Marshall,
appointment of Chief Justice
Bollman ruling, 216, 221
embargo law/acts, 209
Fairfax land title, 31
federal common law of crimes,
200–201
on Jay’s Supreme Court
nomination, 42, 46, 47–48
judiciary system revisions, 16–17
as land speculator, 34–35
Marbury v. Madison, 108
“midnight judges” appointments,
61–62, 63, 73
nomination of, 24–25
on political office, 58
as Preyer’s subject, 2, 4
speech for Adams, 20–21
U.S. v. William Smith, 210–211
Marshall court, land title decisions, 29
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 29, 225
Mason, Stevens Thomson, 86–87
Mazzei, Philip, 237, 263–264
McClung, William, 82–84, 89
McHenry, James, 53–54
Memoirs (Romilly), 252
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284
“midnight judges” appointments
to First Circuit, 62–67
to Second Circuit, 67–74
to Third Circuit, 74–80
to Fourth Circuit, 80–81
to Fifth Circuit, 81–82
to Sixth Circuit, 82–84
burden on Adams, 60–61
Federalist defense of, 88–89
Jefferson’s response to, 59
Marshall’s influence on, 61–62
opposition to, 38
Preyer’s contexualization of, 3
Republican response to, 86–88
timing of, 89–91
modern state, trans-Atlantic
understanding of, 237
Monroe, James, 87–88, 101
Moore, Alfred, 42–43
Morris, Gouverneur, 26–27, 88,
89
Murrin, John, 93–94
National Intelligencer, 201–202
Nelson, Thomas, Jr., 102
Newmyer, Kent, 115–117, 222
Nicholas, John
assignee clause, 23–24
and Judiciary Act of 1801, 19–20,
21–22
jurisdictional amount, 22–23
Nicholas, Philip Norborne
background of, 102–103
U.S. v. Callender, 104, 106
Nicholson, Joseph Hopper, 21–22
Observations on Madan’s Executive
Justice (Romilly), 253
Oliver, Francis, 218–221
On Crimes and Punishments
(Beccaria), 150
Ordinance of Separation from
Virginia, 32–33
original jurisdiction, in diversity suits,
28
Otis, Harrison Gray, 64–67
Otis, Samuel, 47
Paine, Elijah, 67–68, 87
Paine, Thomas, 162
Palmer, U. S. v., 228–229
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
(Boyd), 157
Parsons, Theophilus, 64–65
Paterson, William
grand jury action/instructions,
191–192
as possible chief justice, 53–55,
57
Sedition Act, 108–109
Supreme Court justiceship, 42–43,
44–45, 46–47, 48–49
peace bonds, 129–130, 138
Peck, Fletcher v., 29
penal measures, American colonies
change, nature/pace of, 119
clergyable offenses, 124, 131,
132–134, 148–149
colonial context, 118
corporal punishment, 141–143
data, incomparability of, 140
fines/economic sanctions, 143–144
historical time, 118–119
labor, preservation of, 140–141
Massachusetts’ system, 124–129,
134–136
moral offenses, 134, 136
nature of, questions regarding, 118
New York’s system, 130–131,
138–140
Pennsylvania’s system, 129–130,
136–138, 244–246
property, crimes against, 141
punishment, effectiveness problems,
145–146
scale, sense of, 119–120, 254–255
scholarship, dearth of, 120–121
and slavery, 132, 144–145
transportation, 131–132
Virginia’s system, 121–124
Pendleton, Edmund, 116, 151–152
Penn, William, 244–245
Pennsylvania, penal system of,
129–130, 136–138, 244–246,
275–276
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Peters, Richard
admiralty/maritime jurisdiction,
214–215
federal common law of crimes, 108,
198, 229–230
punishment and common law,
204–206
U.S. v. Coolidge, 227
U.S. v. Ravara, 192–194
U.S. v. Worrall, 200
Pickering, Timothy
on Chief Justice appointment, 53
Jay’s Supreme Court nomination,
41–42
“midnight judges” appointments,
89
seditious libel prosecutions, 200
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 52,
57–58
Powers, Edwin, 126–127
Presser, Stephen, 197–199
Preyer, Kathryn Turner
book, history of the, 235
Carnegie Fellowship, 2
central vision of, 2
contextualizing skills of, 3–4
criminal law essays, 115–117
curriculum vitae, 2
dissertation of, 2–3, 7–8
and documentary evidence, 4, 8
as legal historian, 1, 4
on Morton Horwitz, 3
publication history, 4
transmission, interest in, 235–236
Warren Center Fellowship, 1–2
Principles of Penal Law (Eden), 260
prisons, 137–138
proportionality, principle of, 258
The Prospect Before Us (Callender),
99, 101
punishment. See also criminal law
reform (post-Revolutionary
Virginia); federal common law of
crimes
Quaker theory, 129–130, 138
quit rents, 23
285
Randolph, David Meade, 102
Randolph, Edmund, 12–14, 37, 170
Ravara, U.S. v., 192–193, 194
Rawle, William, 214–215
Read, Jacob
judiciary system revisions, 16–17
“midnight judges” appointments,
81–82, 87
as possible justice, 47
reform. See criminal law reform
(post-Revolutionary Virginia)
rents, 23
Republicans, distrust of federal courts,
14–15
The Richmond Enquirer, 210
Robbins, Jonathan, 81–82, 87
Rodney, Caesar A., 208
Romilly, Samuel, 252–254, 276
Ross, James, 16–17, 34–35
Rothman, David, 121
Rush, Benjamin, 246, 247–248
Rush, Richard, 223–224, 228–229
Rutledge, John, Jr., 23, 24
Scott, Arthur, 133, 156–157
Sedgwick, Theodore
judiciary system revisions, 15–16
on Marshall’s nomination, 52
“midnight judges” appointments,
68–70, 89
Sedition Act
and common law principles,
191–192
and Federalist policies, 14–15
Hay’s attacks on, 102–103
juries, rights of, 97
Marshall’s opposition to, 51–52
trials under, 108–109
U.S. v. Callender, 92–93
Sewall, Samuel, 16–17, 53
Singleton, Bayard v., 95
Sitgreaves, John, 81–82, 89
Smith, James, 192–194
Smith, Jeremiah, 62–63, 89
Smith, Nathanial, 97
Smith, U.S. v., 192–194 See also U.S.
v. William Smith
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286
sovereign immunity, 18–19
The State of the Prisons (Baynes),
252–253
State Trials (Wharton), 197–198
Stockton, Richard, 57, 77–78
Stoddert, Benjamin
dispatch to Adams, 24–25, 49
endorsement of James Marshall, 85
Story, Joseph
Crimes Act of 1790, 209–210
federal common law jurisdiction,
213, 218, 219–228, 231–232
Sturges, Jonathan, 70, 71–73
Supreme Court/judiciary
circuit duty, 15
dual obligations of justices, 12–13
jurisdictional provisions, 11, 95
organizational reforms, 27
Swift v. Tyson, 230–231
Sylvester, U.S. v., 193–194, 199
Taylor, George Keith
“Bill for Proportioning Crimes and
Punishments,” 173–176
“midnight judges” appointments,
80–81, 89
on moral reform, 274–275
proportional punishment, 249
Taylor, John
U.S. v. Callender, 104–105
Virginia Resolutions of 1798,
108–109
Telfair, Cooper v., 107–108
Tench Coxe, Commonwealth v., 30
Thruston, Buckner, 82–84
Tilghman, William, 75, 76–77, 89
torture, 125–126
Tracy, Uriah
judiciary system revisions, 16–17
“midnight judges” appointments,
63, 72–73
Trevett v. Weeden, 95
Troup, Robert, 192–194
Tucker, St. George, 247
Tully, Alan, 137
Tyson, Swift v., 230–231
U.S. v. Bevans, 228–229
U.S. v. Bigelow and Jenkins, 220–221,
225
U.S. v. Callender
admissibility of evidence, 108–109
context for, 98–100
defense, case for, 101, 103
determination of constitutionality,
107–108
dramatis personae, 101–103
fact/opinion difference, 103–104
federal judicial power, 106–107
grand jury action/instructions,
100–101
issues arising under, 92–93
and Judiciary Act of 1789, 7, 8–9
juries, power of, 105–106
jury selection, 104
localism, 109–111
national legal culture, 111–112
nationalizing process, 111
prosecution, case for, 103
questioning, procedure for,
104–105
threats to union, 109
U.S. v. Clark, 219–220, 225
U.S. v. Coolidge, 218–221, 225,
227
U.S. v. Greenleaf, 192–194
U.S. v. Henfield, 192–194
U.S. v. Hudson and Goodwin,
116–117, 187, 206–207, 213,
230–231
U.S. v. Isaac Williams, 192–194
U.S. v. Palmer, 228–229
U.S. v. Ravara, 192–193, 194
U.S. v. Smith, 192–194
U.S. v. Sylvester, 193–194, 199
U.S. v. William Smith, 210–211
U.S. v. Worrall, 108, 192–194,
195–197, 200
Virginia, criminal law reform. See
criminal law reform
Virginia Resolutions of 1798, 99,
108–109
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Index
“Virginia theory.” See also U.S. v.
Callender
and federalism debate, 109–111
juries, power of, 97
repudiation of, 108
Warren Center Fellowship, 1–2
Washington, Bushrod
admiralty/maritime jurisdiction,
214–215
common law of crimes, 203–205
Sedition Act, 108–109
Supreme Court justiceship, 42–43
Washington, D. C., 84
Washington, George, 12–13, 162
Webster, Daniel, 227
Weeden, Trevett v., 95
Wharton, Francis, 197–198
Williams, U.S. v. See U.S. v. Isaac
Williams
287
Wilson, James
Beccarian influence, 247
federal common law of crimes,
194
grand jury action/instructions, 190
U.S. v. Henfield, 192–194
Wirt, William, 102–103, 105–106
Wolcott, Oliver
Jay’s Supreme Court nomination,
41–42
judiciary system revisions, 15–16
“midnight judges” appointments,
70–74, 89
Worrall, U.S. v., 108, 192–194,
195–197, 200
Wythe, George, 116, 151–152
Yazoo lands, 29, 30–31, 35
Zenger, John Peter, 96–97
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