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Outline of presentation
Genotypic Variation for Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index and its
Relationship with Grain Yield in
Cowpea Hybrids under Drought and
Well-Watered Conditions
o Introduction
o Importance of cowpea
o Constraints to cowpea production
o Justification of the study
o Objectives
o Materials and Methods
o Results and Discussion
o Conclusion
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Introduction
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Constraints
Importance of cowpea
Africa farmers’ grain yield
between 0.2-0.4tons/ha
Protein rich
< 3.0tons/ha
 Food and nutrition security
Insect pests
Diseases – fungal,
bacterial, nematodes
Striga gesnerioides
Feed for livestock
 Cropping system
Fixes atmospheric N2
Source: FAOSTAT (2015): 23/10/2015: 10.45am
Drought --17 – 95% yield
reduction (Fatokun et al., 2012)
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(Rosyara et al., 2007)
NDVI using Greenseeker® determines the health
of green tissues under stress
Measures chlorophyll content in the leaf (Hu et al.,
2010)
Combining of seedling stage drought
tolerance + DLS + early flowering =
increase grain yield (Belko et al., 2014)
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 =
𝑅𝑁𝐼𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐷
𝑅𝑁𝐼𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐷
provides single spectra based number (0-1)
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DLS, though convenience; it is highly subjective
May not represent photosynthetic capacity
Cowpea is provides protein in the
diet of million people in SSA
Production under rain-fed
Regions having rainfall below 600mm
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Justification cont’d
Justification of the study
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FIRST USED IN COWPEA IMPROVEMENT !!!
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Materials and methods
Objectives
Plant materials
To examine genotypic variation for NDVI
at different growth stages in cowpea
hybrids
– 100 single F1 crosses (NCII mating design in sets)
Experimental sites
– Ibadan (Drought stress and well-watered
conditions) (07o03´N , 3o9´E , 212masl)
– Kano (Drought stress and well-watered
conditions) (12o 13´N, 3o55´E, 431masl)
Determine its relationship to grain yield
Identify if NDVI can be used as a measure
of tolerance
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Experimental design
– 10 x 10 (0,1) lattice design; 3 replications
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• 3 NDVI measurements
Plot size: 1m single row plot
Plant spacing: 0.20m x 0.75m
Planting: 2 seeds per hill
– Vegetative
– Flowering
– Pod filling
Density of 133,333 plantsha-1
• Number of seeds per plant
• Grain yield
• Under drought stress
Irrigation scheme: 12mm water per week
20m alley between DS and WW blocks
DS block- irrigated till 35DAP
WW block – irrigated till physiological maturity
– Delayed leaf senescence (scale 1-9)
(Muchero et al., 2013)
Weed control: hand weeding
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Data collection
Cultural practices
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Data analysis
ANOVA was performed with PROC GLM
in SAS, using a random statement with the
test option.
Results and Discussion
 Correlation analysis
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Table 1. ANOVA for grain yield and normalized difference
vegetation index under across well-watered environments
Table 1. ANOVA for grain yield and normalized difference
vegetation index across drought stress environments
Growth Stage
Growth Stage
Source
df
Vegetative Flowering
Pod-filling
Grain yield
SDPLT
Source
df
Vegetative
Flowering
Pod-filling
Grain yield
Env
1
10.8035***
4.5670***
0.1080**
102494605*** 2233981.5**
SDPLT
DLSC
Env
1
31.5312*** 1.4013***
22.8572***
77586454*** 6760612.1***
588.13***
Set
3
0.0231*
0.1862***
0.1080***
2481064**
2418045.6***
57.76***
Set
3
0.0073ns
0.0132ns
0.0838***
15002232***
5900877.39***
Env x Set
3
0.0113ns
0.0470**
0.0197*
1342785*
173006.99ns
19.36**
Env x Set
3
0.0676**
0.0287*
0.0470**
5814338***
171315.62ns
Rep(Env)
4
0.0068ns
0.0809***
0.0861***
1206236*
154855.87ns
28.83***
Rep(Env)
4
0.0985***
0.0975***
0.1715***
2858805**
1031635.81***
Blk(Rep*Env)
54
0.0061ns
0.0131**
0.0083ns
505861ns
134348.26ns
5.84**
Blk(Rep*Env)
54
0.0120ns
0.0134**
0.0468***
825156ns
142945.65ns
Cross(set)
96
0.0132*** 0.0269*** 0.0212*** 884286*** 240309.39*** 12.47***
Cross(set)
96
0.0253***
0.0290*** 0.0235***
Env*Cross(set)
96
0.0109***
0.0221***
0.0149***
Error
715452**
342
0.0064
0.0079
0.0064
444068.50
*, **, ***, = Significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.0001 respectively, ns = not significant.
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227648.19***
8.15***
112603.90
3.35
Env*Cross(set)
96
0.0253***
0.0219*** 0.0152**
1734211***
Error
342 0.0116
0.0076
0.0096
748554
*, **, ***, = Significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.0001 respectively, ns = not significant.
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Performance of crosses under contrasting environments
Well-watered
TVu6707 x TVU9797
TVu9693 x TVu9797
TVu8670 x TVu9797
TVu6707 x TVu3562
TVu6707 x TVu79
TVu9693 x TVu3562
Mean
LSD0.05
GY
3786.22
3255.28
2892.26
2833.86
2692.22
2601.95
1278.83
1135.00
SDPLT
1944.23
1393.71
1249.05
1694.38
1115.19
1434.87
666.60
489.05
1
0.60
0.50
0.54
0.55
0.54
0.56
0.55
0.14
NDVI
2
0.82
0.62
0.80
0.84
0.77
0.75
0.73
0.12
3
0.75
0.64
0.69
0.77
0.74
0.73
0.67
0.12
Drought stress
TVu6707 x TVU9797
TVu79 x DANILA
TVu79 x IT90K-277-2
TVu9693 x TVu9797
IT99K-573-1-1 x TVu9693
TVu9693 x TVu79
Mean
LSD0.05
GY
2532.92
1914.09
1685.91
1522.09
1417.20
1403.62
738.18
809.96
SDPLT
1144.49
1051.13
670.95
961.63
771.16
698.70
426.53
421.92
1
0.47
0.58
0.54
0.53
0.55
0.53
0.52
0.10
NDVI
2
0.71
0.71
0.67
0.79
0.77
0.69
0.66
0.12
3
0.50
0.47
0.39
0.52
0.49
0.49
0.47
0.10
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Correlation of NDVI at different growth stage with other
traits under contrasting environments
STYGRN
4.43
6.55
6.58
7.09
6.75
6.01
5.65
2.41
NDVI
V
F
PF
DLSC
SPPLT
Grain yield
0.49***
0.30***
-0.35***
0.32***
0.8***
Seed per plant
0.35***
0.34***
-0.14**
0.31***
DLSC
0.4***
0.21***
-0.42***
V
F
PF
SPPLT
Grain yield
0.32***
0.31**
0.11**
0.83***
Seed per plant
0.15**
0.23***
0.19***
Well-watered
NDVI
*, **, ***, significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.0001 respectively
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242943.85*
169697.4
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Drought stress
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2329462*** 501975.83***
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Conclusion
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Acknowledgment
Significant genotypic variation existed at
each of the three growth stages
Positive correlation with grain yield especially
at vegetative and flowering can be used as
indirect selection for tolerant genotypes
under drought stress
TVu6707 x TVU9797, TVu9693 x TVu9797
potential parents for developing tolerant lines
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